Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Naturalizing Epistemic Virtue
  • Cited by 6
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
April 2014
Print publication year:
2014
Online ISBN:
9781139236348
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139236348
Subjects:
Epistemology and Metaphysics, Ethics, Philosophy
Information

Book description

An epistemic virtue is a personal quality conducive to the discovery of truth, the avoidance of error, or some other intellectually valuable goal. Current work in epistemology is increasingly value-driven, but this volume presents the first collection of essays to explore whether virtue epistemology can also be naturalistic, in the philosophical definition meaning 'methodologically continuous with science'. The essays examine the empirical research in psychology on cognitive abilities and personal dispositions, meta-epistemic semantic accounts of virtue theoretic norms, the role of emotion in knowledge, 'ought-implies can' constraints, empirically and metaphysically grounded accounts of 'proper functioning', and even applied virtue epistemology in relation to education. Naturalizing Epistemic Virtue addresses many core issues in contemporary epistemology, presents new opportunities for work on epistemic abilities, epistemic virtues and cognitive character, and will be of great interest to those studying virtue ethics and epistemology.

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
  • Chapter 6 - Moral virtues, epistemic virtues, and the Big Five
    pp 92-117
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This is the introductory chapter of the book, which aims to launch a powerful and largely unexplored position in epistemology, naturalized virtue epistemology. Many of the chapters in the book examines empirical findings on the nature of cognitive dispositions and personality traits (Alfano, Battaly, Miller, Pritchard), and this is clearly one direction for naturalized virtue epistemology to take. The book also examines two significant worries for a would-be naturalized virtue epistemology. One problem a naturalistic turn might create for virtue epistemology is the persistent worry about normativity in naturalistic theories. A second worry is that the relevant results from the sciences will signal bad news for virtue epistemology. The book addresses a wide range of issues relevant to the project of developing a naturalized virtue epistemology. Virtue epistemology should be informed by an important development in personality psychology called the Big Five personality traits or Five- Factor Model of traits.
  • Chapter 7 - Epistemic dexterity
    pp 118-142
  • A Ramseyian account of agent-based knowledge
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Virtue epistemology standardly divides into two camps: virtue-reliabilism and virtue-responsibilism. This chapter discusses the epistemic warrant in terms of features of reliable belief-forming faculties. By treating epistemic virtue in terms of functions, and functions in terms of history, it sets out to understand functions, virtues, and warrant. The chapter explicates the etiological functions. The etiological account of functions entails an account of normal functioning and normal conditions. On the etiological account, functions arise when an item produces a beneficial effect that in turn enters into a feedback mechanism, where the mechanism explains why the item persists or reoccurs because of the beneficial effect. The chapter identifies three functional norms for any item with an etiological function: function fulfillment, normal functioning, and function fulfillment because functioning normally. Natural selection requires three elements: variation, copying, and beneficial consequences. Trial-and-error learning involves trials, variations in behavior, errors, negative reinforcers and successes, positive reinforcers.
  • Chapter 8 - Re-evaluating the situationist challenge to virtue epistemology
    pp 143-154
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter considers whether, in epistemology, ought implies can. It offers an account of the epistemic ought. This account of oughts and cans will be virtue theoretic in that epistemic norms are cashed out in terms of proper functioning and essential kinds. In order to isolate the kind of can that is implied by the epistemic ought, the chapter considers three recently proposed views of the epistemic ought. It turns out that, while each of these views is insightful, and to some extent true, none of them is explanatorily adequate. Nicholas Wolterstorff clarifies the notion of proper functioning at issue by appeal to other, typically non-epistemic. Richard Feldman takes the epistemic ought to fall into a general category of ought that he calls role oughts. The criticism of Feldman's account of the epistemic ought was anticipated by Hilary Kornblith, in an article critical of Feldman's account of the ought.
  • Chapter 9 - Stereotype threat and intellectual virtue
    pp 155-174
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter talks about the naturalism and epistemic norms of inference. Norms of inference can be classified by analogy with the more familiar distinction between doxastic and propositional justification with respect to propositions. The chapter only considers the analog of doxastic justification for inferences, and token inferences. It focuses on the epistemic status of basic inferences, an inference whose epistemic status is not derived from those of the subject's other inferences or beliefs. However, versions of the Open Question Argument (OQA) are liable to be raised as objections to the naturalizing strategy under development. The strategy of appealing to a non-propositional insight offers a promising way to avoid the risks inherent in invoking epistemic reliance on something that looks too much like an additional premise. The chapter sketches the outlines of an epistemological account of how some basic inferential moves have the epistemic status of solidity.
  • Chapter 10 - Acquiring epistemic virtue
    pp 175-196
  • Emotions, situations, and education
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter develops the version of indirect epistemic teleology (IET) that is supported by pluralist teleology, and explores how it might answer at least some of the more important objections. It lays out the basic ideas of pluralist teleology. The chapter explains that IET is the view that results from applying pluralist teleology to the field of epistemic normativity. It explores IET in relation to both meta-epistemic issues and issues in normative epistemology. IET is structurally analogous to a kind of rule-consequentialism in ethics. The chapter discusses the concept of justified belief and other epistemic evaluative concepts. It evaluates the epistemic practices in all possible worlds, considered as hypothetical or counterfactual possibilities, relative to the actually optimal set of norms. The chapter considers objections to IET and briefly explores the ability of the theory to respond to the objections.
  • Chapter 11 - Virtue and the fitting culturing of the human critter
    pp 197-222
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter provides a detailed assessment in philosophy of the Big Five approach, specifically on the question of whether it provides empirical support for the widespread possession of the moral and epistemic virtues. It briefly reviews some of the recent discussions in philosophy concerning the empirical adequacy of the virtues. The chapter also provides an overview of the Big Five approach in personality psychology. It focuses on three important reasons for why the Big Five taxonomy, however well supported it might be, does not offer any empirical support for the widespread possession of the traditional moral and epistemic virtues. Three important concerns are: Big Five traits are only summary labels; problems for the leading causal trait model of the Big Five; and Big Five and responsibility. The labeling approach can apply to the facets which use virtue concepts.
  • Chapter 12 - Expressivism and convention-relativism about epistemic discourse
    pp 223-246
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter critically assesses some of the psychological and semantic commitments of John Greco's account and provides an alternative proposal that, like Greco's, will ground epistemic assessment in agent-level mental states in the context of action, but requires more robust causal and motivational connections between an agent and their successful outcomes than Greco. It outlines the reliabilist theory of epistemic virtue with a semantics that explicitly incorporates aims, motivations, and goals, and is based on the most recent psychological evidence. Epistemologists have assumed that there is only one type of agency involved in basic perceptual belief-forming processes, and reliabilists, in particular, have assumed that all perceptual belief is reliable and sensitive to accurate information from other perceptual cognitive processes. Epistemic agents may succeed based on abilities to which they lack conscious access.
  • Bibliography
    pp 247-266
  • View abstract

    Summary

    The situationist challenge to virtue theory arose with respect to virtue ethics. The expression of the situationist challenge to virtue epistemology is offered by Mark Alfano. The chapter begins with Alfano's situationist attack on responsibility virtue epistemology. Alfano's strategy is to cite experiments which appear to show that situational factors have a significant bearing on agents' abilities to complete certain intellectual tasks. The chapter shows that Alfano offers a different version of the situationist critique of virtue epistemology depending on whether it is responsibilist or reliabilist virtue epistemology that is at issue. It briefly considers a version of robust virtue epistemology which has been offered by John Greco, and which is broadly speaking a reliabilist proposal. Once one recognizes the epistemic dependency of knowledge, then robust virtue epistemology ceases to be an option. Modest virtue epistemology, in contrast, is entirely compatible with the epistemic dependence of knowledge.
References

Bibliography

Adams, R. M. (2006). A Theory of Virtue. Oxford University Press.
Alfano, M. (2012). Expanding the situationist challenge to responsibilist virtue epistemology. Philosophical Quarterly, 62(247), 223–49.
Alfano, M. (2013). Character as Moral Fiction. Cambridge University Press.
Alfano, M. (In press a). Extending the situationist challenge to reliabilism about inference. In A. Fairweather (ed.) Virtue Scientia: Bridges between Philosophy of Science and Virtue Epistemology. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
Alfano, M. (In press b). What are the bearers of virtues? In H. Sarkissian and J. Wright (eds.) Advances in Moral Psychology. New York: Continuum.
Alfano, M. and Fairweather, A. (In press). Situationism and virtue theory. Oxford Bibliographies: Philosophy.
Allport, G. and Odbert, H. (1936). Trait Names: A Psycho-Lexical Study. Psychological Monographs 47. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Anscombe, G. E. M. (1958). Modern moral philosophy. Philosophy, 33(124), 1–19.
Aristotle. (1998). The Nicomachean Ethics, trans. D. Ross. Oxford University Press.
Aronson, J., Lustina, M., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C., and Brown, J. (1999). When white men can’t do math: necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29–46.
Asch, S. E. (1952). Social Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ashton, M. and Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. European Journal of Personality, 15, 327–53.
Ashton, M. and Lee, K. (2005). Honesty-humility, the Big Five, and the Five-Factor model. Journal of Personality, 73, 1321–53.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. London: Oxford University Press.
Axtell, G. (1997). Recent work in virtue epistemology. American Philosophical Quarterly, 34, 410–30.
Axtell, G. (2000). Knowledge, Belief, and Character. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Axtell, G. (2010). Agency ascriptions in ethics and epistemology: or, navigating intersections, narrow and broad. Metaphilosophy, 41, 73–94.
Baehr, J. (2011). The Inquiring Mind: On Intellectual Virtues and Virtue Epistemology. Oxford University Press.
Baril, A. (2010). A eudaimonist approach to the problem of significance. Acta Analytica, 25(2), 215–41.
Barker, S. (2000). Is value content a component of conventional implicature?Analysis, 60(3), 268–79.
Battaly, H. (2008). Virtue epistemology. Philosophy Compass, 3(4), 639–63.
Battaly, H. (2010). Epistemic self-indulgence. In H. Battaly (ed.) Virtue and Vice, pp. 215–35. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Bedau, M. (1991). Can biological teleology be naturalized?Journal of Philosophy, 88, 647–55.
Benbow, C. and Stanley, J. (1980). Sex differences in mathematical ability: fact or artifact?Science, 210, 1262–64.
Benbow, C. and Stanley, J. (1983). Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: more facts. Science, 222, 1029–31.
Berker, S. (2013). Epistemic teleology and the separateness of propositions. Philosophical Review, 122, 337–93.
Berker, S. (Unpublished manuscript). The rejection of epistemic consequentialism.
Bermudez, J. L. (2003). Thinking without Words. Oxford University Press.
Bishop, M. and Trout, J. D. (2005). Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment. Oxford University Press.
Blackburn, S. (1998). Ruling Passions: A Theory of Practical Reasoning. Oxford University Press.
Blackburn, S. (2011). Practical Tortoise Raising and Other Philosophical Essays. Oxford University Press.
Blackwell, L., Trzesniewski, K., and Dweck, C. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: a longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246–63.
Blascovich, J., Spencer, S., Quinn, D., and Steele, C. (2001). African-Americans and high blood pressure: the role of stereotype threat. Psychological Science, 12, 225–29.
Block, J. (1995). A contrarian view of the Five-Factor approach to personality description. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 187–215.
Block, N. (1996). How heritability misleads about race. Boston Review, 20(6), 30–35.
Bloomfield, P. (2000). Virtue epistemology and the epistemology of virtue. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 60(1), 23–43.
Boag, S. (2011). Explanation in personality psychology: “verbal magic” and the Five-Factor model. Philosophical Psychology, 24, 223–43.
Bogg, T. and Roberts, B. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 887–919.
Boghossian, P. (1996). Analyticity reconsidered. Noûs, 30, 360–91.
Boghossian, P. (1997). Analyticity. In B. Hale and C. Wright (eds.) Companion to the Philosophy of Language, pp. 331–68. Oxford: Blackwell.
Boghossian, P. (2003a). Epistemic analyticity: a defense. Grazer Philosophische Studien, 66, 15–35.
Boghossian, P. (2003b). The normativity of content. Philosophical Issues, 13, 31–45.
Boghossian, P. (2005). Is meaning normative? In C. Nimtz and A. Beckermann (eds.) Philosophy – Science – Scientific Philosophy, pp. 205–18. Paderborn: Mentis.
Boghossian, P. (2006). Fear of Knowledge: Against Relativism and Constructivism. Oxford University Press.
Boghossian, P. (In press). What is inference?Philosophical Studies.
BonJour, L. (1998). In Defense of Pure Reason: A Rationalist Account of A Priori Justification. Cambridge University Press.
BonJour, L. (2005). In defense of the a priori. In M. Steup and E. Sosa (eds.) Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, pp. 98–105. Oxford: Blackwell.
Boyd, R. (1988). How to be a moral realist. In G. Sayre-McCord (ed.) Essays on Moral Realism, pp. 181–228. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Brink, D. O. (1989). Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics. Cambridge University Press.
Burge, T. (2003). Perceptual entitlement. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 67(3), 503–48.
Burge, T. (2010). Origins of Objectivity. Oxford University Press.
Buss, D. (1996). Social adaptation and five major factors of personality. In J. Wiggins (ed.) The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Theoretical Perspectives, pp. 180–207. New York: The Guilford Press.
Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Frigerio, S., Impagliazzo, L., and Latinotti, S. (2003). Stereotype threat: the effect of expectancy on performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 267–85.
Caprara, G. and Cervone, D. (2000). Personality: Determinants, Dynamics, and Potentials. Cambridge University Press.
Carroll, L. (1895). What the tortoise said to Achilles. Mind, 14, 278–80.
Caspi, A., Roberts, B., and Shiner, R. (2005). Personality development: stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453–84.
Cervone, D. (1999). Bottom-up explanation in personality psychology: the case of cross-situational coherence. In D. Cervone and Y. Shoda (eds.) The Coherence of Personality: Social-Cognitive Bases of Consistency, Variability, and Organization, pp. 303–41. New York: The Guilford Press.
Cervone, D., Shoda, Y., and Downey, G. (2007). Construing persons in context: on building a science of the individual. In Y. Shoda, D. Cervone, and G. Downey (eds.) Persons in Context: Building a Science of the Individual, pp. 3–15. New York: The Guilford Press.
Chrisman, M. (2007). From epistemic contextualism to epistemic expressivism. Philosophical Studies, 135, 225–54.
Chrisman, M. (2011). From epistemic expressivism to epistemic inferentialism. In A. Haddock, A. Millar, and D. Pritchard (eds.) Social Epistemology, pp. 112–28. Oxford University Press.
Chrisman, M. (In press). Epistemic expressivism. Philosophy Compass.
Clark, A. and Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7–19.
Cohen, G., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., and Master, A. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: a social-psychological intervention. Science, 313, 1307–10.
Cohen, S. (2002). Basic knowledge and the problem of easy knowledge. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 65, 309–29.
Conee, E. and Feldman, R. (1998). The generality problem for reliabilism. Philosophical Studies, 89, 1–29.
Coplan, A. (2010). Feeling without thinking. In H. Battaly (ed.) Virtue and Vice, pp. 133–51. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Copp, D. (1995). Morality, Normativity, and Society. Oxford University Press.
Copp, D. (2001). Realist-expressivism: a neglected option for moral realism. Social Philosophy and Policy, 1(8), 21–43.
Copp, D. (2007). Morality in a Natural World. Cambridge University Press.
Copp, D. (2009). Toward a pluralist and teleological theory of normativity. Philosophical Issues, 19, 21–37.
Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby (eds.) The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, pp. 163–228. Oxford University Press.
Costa, P. and McCrae, R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Odessa, TX: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. and McCrae, R. (1994). “Set like plaster”? Evidence for the stability of adult personality. In T. Heatherton and J. Weinberger (eds.) Can Personality Change?, pp. 21–40. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Costa, P. and McCrae, R. (1995). Domains and facets: hierarchical personality assessment using the revised NEO personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 21–50.
Craig, E. (1990). Knowledge and the State of Nature. Oxford University Press.
Croizet, J. and Claire, T. (1998). Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: the intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 588–94.
Cruz, J. and Pollock, J. (2004). The chimerical appeal of epistemic externalism. In R. Schantz (ed.) The Externalist Challenge, pp. 125–42. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Cuneo, T. (2007). The Normative Web. Oxford University Press.
Danaher, K. and Crandall, C. (2008). Stereotype threat in applied settings re-examined. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38, 1639–55.
Darley, J. M. and Batson, C. D. (1973). From Jerusalem to Jericho. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 100–8.
Dennett, D. (1984). Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dennett, D. (1989). The Intentional Stance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dewey, J. (1910). How We Think. New York: D. C. Heath & Co.
DeYoung, C., Quilty, L., and Peterson, J. (2007). Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 880–96.
Digman, J. (1990). Personality structure: emergence of the Five-Factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–40.
Dogramaci, S. (2012). Reverse engineering epistemic evaluations. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 84(3), pp. 513–530.
Doris, J. M. (1998). Persons, situations, and virtue ethics. Noûs, 32, 504–30.
Doris, J. M. (2002). Lack of Character: Personality and Moral Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
Doris, J. and Olin, L. (In press). Vicious minds: virtue, cognition, and skepticism. Philosophical Studies.
Dretske, F. I. (1981). Knowledge and the Flow of Information. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dretske, F. I. (2000). Norms, history, and the constitution of the mental. In Perception, Knowledge, and Belief: Selected Essays, pp. 242–58. Cambridge University Press.
Drier, J. (2001). Humean doubts about categorical imperatives. In E. Millgram (ed.) Varieties of Practical Reasoning, pp. 27–47. Boston: MIT Press.
Duncker, K. (1945). On Problem Solving, trans. L. S. Lees. Psychological Monographs 58. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Dweck, C. (1999). Self-Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development. Philadelphia:Taylor and Francis/Psychology Press.
Dweck, C., Chiu, C., and Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: a world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267–85.
Epstein, S. (1994). Trait theory as personality theory: can a part be as great as the whole?Psychological Inquiry, 5(2), 120–22.
Evans, I. and Smith, N. D. (2012). Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity.
Fairweather, A. (2001). Epistemic motivation. In A. Fairweather and L. Zagzebski (eds.) Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility, pp. 63–81. Oxford University Press.
Fairweather, A. and Montemayor, C. (In press). The meeting of the twain: Alfano on situationism and virtue epistemology. Philosophical Quarterly.
Feldman, R. (2001). Voluntary belief and epistemic evaluation. In M. Steup (ed.) Knowledge, Truth, and Duty: Essays on Epistemic Justification, Responsibility, and Virtue, pp. 77–92. Oxford University Press.
Feldman, R. and Conee, E. (2001). Internalism defended. In H. Kornblith (ed.) Epistemology: Internalism and Externalism, pp. 231–60. Oxford: Blackwell.
Feldman, R. and Cullison, A. (2012). Evidentialism. In A. Cullison (ed.) The Continuum Companion to Epistemology, pp. 92–105. New York: Continuum.
Field, H. (2006). Recent debates about the a priori. In T. Gendler and J. Hawthorne (eds.) Oxford Studies in Epistemology, vol. i, pp. 69–88. Oxford University Press.
Field, H. (2009). Epistemology without metaphysics. Philosophical Studies, 143, 249–90.
Finlay, S. (2004). The conversational practicality of value judgement. Journal of Ethics, 8(3), 205–23.
Finlay, S. (2005). Value and implicature. Philosophers’ Imprint, 5(4), 1–20.
Firth, R. (1981). Epistemic merit, intrinsic and instrumental. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 55, 5–23.
Flanagan, O. J. (1991). Varieties of Moral Personality: Ethics and Psychological Realism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Flanagan, O. J. (2006). Varieties of naturalism. In P. Clayton and Z. Simpson (eds.) The Oxford Companion to Religion and Science, pp. 430–52. Oxford University Press.
Flanagan, O. J. (2009). Moral science? Still metaphysical after all these years. In D. Narvaez and D. Lapsley (eds.) Personality, Identity, and Character: Explorations in Moral Psychology, pp. 54–65. Cambridge University Press.
Fodor, J. A. (1983). The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fodor, J. A. (2000). The Mind Doesn’t Work That Way: The Scope and Limits of Computational Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Foley, R. (1987). The Theory of Epistemic Rationality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Foley, R. (1993). Working without a Net. Oxford University Press.
Foot, P. (1972). Morality as a system of hypothetical imperatives. Philosophical Review, 81(3), 305–16.
Foot, P. (1978). Virtues and Vices. Oxford: Blackwell.
Foot, P. (2001). Natural Goodness. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Foot, P. (2010). Exemplarist virtue theory. Metaphilosophy, 41(1/2), 41–57.
Forgas, J.-P. and East, R. (2008). On being happy and gullible: mood effects on skepticism and the detection of deception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4(4), 1362–67.
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford University Press.
Frieman, J. (2002). Learning and Adaptive Behavior. South Melbourne, Australia: Wadsworth.
Fumerton, R. (2001). Epistemic justification and normativity. In M. Steup (ed.) Knowledge, Truth, and Duty: Essays on Epistemic Justification, Responsibility, and Virtue, pp. 49–60. Oxford University Press.
Fumerton, R. (2008). Externalism and skepticism. In E. Sosa, J. Kim, J. Fantl, and M. McGrath (eds.) Epistemology: An Anthology, pp. 394–406. Oxford: Blackwell.
Gibbard, A. (1990). Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory of Normative Judgment. Oxford University Press.
Gibbard, A. (2003). Thinking How to Live. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gigerenzer, G. (2007). Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. New York: Viking.
Gigerenzer, G. (2008). Rationality for Mortals: How People Cope with Uncertainty. Oxford University Press.
Glover, S. and Dixon, P. (2002). Semantics affect the planning but not control of grasping. Experimental Brain Research, 146(3), 383–87.
Goldberg, L. (1981). Language and individual differences: the search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler (ed.) Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. ii, pp. 141–65. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Goldberg, L. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26–42.
Goldberg, L. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26–34.
Goldberg, L. and Saucier, G. (1995). So what do you propose we use instead? A reply to Block. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 221–25.
Goldberg, S. (2012). Reliabilism. In A. Cullison (ed.) The Continuum Companion to Epistemology, pp. 106–23. New York: Continuum.
Goldman, A. I. (1988). Strong and weak justification. Philosophical Perspectives, 13, 51–69.
Goldman, A. I. (1992). Epistemic folkways and scientific epistemology. In A. I. Goldman (ed.) Liaisons: Philosophy Meets the Cognitive and Social Sciences, pp. 155–75. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Goldman, A. I. (1994). Naturalistic epistemology and reliabilism. Midwest Studies in philosophy, 19(1), 301–20.
Goldman, A. I. (1999). Knowledge in a Social World. Oxford University Press.
Goldman, A. I. (2001). The internalist conception of justification. In H. Kornblith (ed.) Epistemology: Internalism and Externalism, pp. 36–67. Oxford: Blackwell.
Goldman, A. I. (2011). Reliabilism. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 edition), ed. E. N. Zalta, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/reliabilism.
Goldstone, R. L. (2003). Learning to perceive while perceiving to learn. In M. Kimchi, M. Behrmann, and C. Olson (eds.) Perceptual Organization in Vision: Behavioral and Neural Perspectives, pp. 233–78. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Good, C., Aronson, J., and Harder, J. A. (2008). Problems in the pipeline: stereotype threat and women’s achievement in high-level math courses. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 17–28.
Good, C., Dweck, C., and Rattan, A. (Unpublished data). An incremental theory decreases vulnerability to stereotypes about math ability in college females. Columbia University, 2005.
Goodale, M. A. (2010). Transforming vision into action. Vision Research, 10(1016), 7–27.
Graham, P. J. (2010). Testimonial entitlement and the function of comprehension. In A. Haddock, A. Millar, and D. Pritchard (eds.) Social Epistemology, pp. 148–75. Oxford University Press.
Graham, P. J. (2011a). Psychological capacity and positive epistemic status. In J. G. Hernandez (ed.) The New Intuitionism, pp. 128–51. London: Continuum.
Graham, P. J. (2011b). Does justification aim at truth?Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 41, 51–72.
Graham, P. J. (2011c). Perceptual entitlement and basic beliefs. Philosophical Studies, 153, 467–75.
Graham, P. J. (2012a). Epistemic entitlement. Noûs, 46, 449–82.
Graham, P. J. (2012b). Epistemic value and proper function. Paper presented to the 2012 meeting of the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association, Seattle, WA.
Graham, P. J. (In press a). Perceptual entitlement and natural norms. In P. Graham and N. J. Pedersen (eds.) Epistemic Entitlement: Warrant without Reason. Oxford University Press.
Graham, P. J. (In press b). The function of perception. In A. Fairweather (ed.) Virtue Scientia: Bridges between Philosophy of Science and Virtue Epistemology. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
Graham, P. J. (In press c). Epistemic evaluation and social norms. In J. Greco and D. Henderson (eds.) Epistemic Evaluations. Oxford University Press.
Graham, P. J. (Unpublished manuscript a). Epistemic normativity as performance normativity.
Graham, P. J. (Unpublished manuscript b). Two conceptions of warrant.
Grant, H. and Dweck, C. (2003). Clarifying achievement goals and their impact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 541–53.
Greco, J. (1993). Virtues and vices of virtue epistemology. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 23(3), 413–32.
Greco, J. (1999). Agent reliabilism. Noûs, 33(s13), 273–96.
Greco, J. (2000). Putting Skeptics in Their Place: The Nature of Skeptical Arguments and Their Role in Philosophical Inquiry. Cambridge University Press.
Greco, J. (2003). Knowledge as credit for true belief. In M. DePaul and L. Zagzebski (eds.) Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology, pp. 111–34. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Greco, J. (2007). The nature of ability and the purpose of knowledge. Philosophical Issues, 17, 57–69.
Greco, J. (2008). What’s wrong with contextualism?Philosophical Quarterly, 58, 416–36.
Greco, J. (2009). Knowledge and success from ability. Philosophical Studies, 142, 17–26.
Greco, J. (2010). Achieving Knowledge: A Virtue-Theoretic Account of Epistemic Normativity. Cambridge University Press.
Greco, J. and Groff, R. eds. (2013). Powers and Capacities in Philosophy: The New Aristotelianism. Abingdon: Routledge.
Greco, J. and Turri, J. (2011). Virtue epistemology. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 edition), ed. E. N. Zalta, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/epistemology-virtue/.
Grimm, S. R. (2006). Is understanding a species of knowledge?British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 57(3), 515–35.
Grimm, S. R. (2008). Epistemic goals and epistemic values. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 77(3), 725–44.
Grimm, S. R. (2009). Epistemic normativity. In A. Haddock, A. Millar, and D. Pritchard (eds.) Epistemic Value, pp. 243–64. Oxford University Press.
Grimm, S. R. and Ahlstrom, K. (2013). Getting it right. Philosophical Studies, 166(2), 329–47.
Harman, G. (1999). Moral philosophy meets social psychology: virtue ethics and the fundamental attribution error. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 99, 315–31.
Harman, G. (2000). The nonexistence of character traits. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 100, 223–26.
Harrison, L., Stevens, C., Monty, A., and Coakley, C. (2006). The consequences of stereotype threat on the academic performance of white and non-white lower income college students. Social Psychology of Education, 9, 341–57.
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., and Rapson, R. (1994). Emotional Contagion. Cambridge University Press.
Hazlett, A. (2012). Non-moral evil. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 36, 18–34.
Hazlett, A. (2013). A Luxury of the Understanding: On the Value of True Belief. Oxford University Press.
Hazlett, A. (Unpublished manuscript). Limning structure as an epistemic goal.
Hempel, Carl (1959). The logic of functional analysis. In L. Gross (ed.) Symposium on Sociological Theory, pp. 271–307. New York: Harper & Row.
Henderson, D. and Horgan, T. (2001). Practicing safe epistemology. Philosophical Studies, 102, 227–58.
Henderson, D. and Horgan, T. (2011). The Epistemological Spectrum: At the Interface of Cognitive Science and Conceptual Analysis. Oxford University Press.
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., and Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world?Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. doi: 10.1017/s0140525x0999152x.
Herrnstein, R. and Murray, C. (1996). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Hieronymi, P. (2005). The wrong kind of reason. Journal of Philosophy, 102(9), 437–57.
Higgins, E. Tory. (1996). Knowledge activation: accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins and A. W. Kruglanski (eds.) Social Psychology, pp. 133–68. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hogan, R. (1996). A socioanalytic perspective on the Five-Factor model. In J. Wiggins (ed.) The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Theoretical Perspectives, pp. 163–79. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hoge, R. and Renzulli, J. (1993). Exploring the link between giftedness and self-concept. Review of Educational Research, 63(4), 499–65.
Hookway, C. (2001). Epistemic akrasia and epistemic virtue. In A. Fairweather and L. Zagzebski (eds.) Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility, pp. 178–99. Oxford University Press.
Hookway, C. (2003). Affective states and epistemic immediacy. Metaphilosophy, 34(1–2), 78–96.
Horgan, T. and Tienson, J. (1996). Connectionism and the Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Inan, I. (2012). The Philosophy of Curiosity. Abingdon: Routledge.
Inzlicht, M., Aronson, J., Good, C., and McKay, L. (2006). A particular resiliency to threatening environments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 323–36.
Isen, A. M. and Levin, P. F. (1972). Effect of feeling good on helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 384–88.
Isen, A. M., DaubmanK., and Nowicki, G. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122–31.
Jenkins, C. S. (2007a). Entitlement and epistemic rationality. Synthese, 157, 25–45.
Jenkins, C. S. (2007b). Epistemic norms and natural facts. American Philosophical Quarterly, 44, 259–72.
Jenkins, C. S. (2008a). Grounding Concepts: An Empirical Basis for Arithmetical Knowledge. Oxford University Press.
Jenkins, C. S. (2008b). Boghossian and epistemic analyticity. Croatian Journal of Philosophy, 8, 113–27.
Jenkins, C. S. (2013). Naturalistic challenges to the a priori. In A. Casullo and J. Thurow (eds.) The A Priori in Philosophy. Oxford University Press.
Jensen, A. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement?Harvard Educational Review, 39, 1–123.
John, O. and Robins, R. (1994). Traits and types, dynamics and development: no doors should be closed in the study of personality. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 137–42.
John, O., Naumann, L., and Soto, C. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: history, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. John, R. Robins, and L. Pervin (eds.) Handbook of Personality, Theory and Research, 3rd edn., pp. 114–58. New York: The Guilford Press.
Johns, M., Schmader, T., and Martens, A. (2005). Knowing is half the battle: teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women’s math performance. Psychological Science, 16, 175–79.
Johnston, M. (1996). Is the external world invisible?Philosophical Issues, 7, 185–98.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Kahneman, D. and Frederick, S. (2005). A model of heuristic judgment. In K. Holyoak and R. Morrison (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning, pp. 267–93. Cambridge University Press.
Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–51.
Kalderon, M. E. (2009). Epistemic relativism. Philosophical Review, 118(2), 225–40.
Kallestrup, J. and Pritchard, D. H. (2012). Robust virtue epistemology and epistemic anti-individualism. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 93, 84–103.
Kallestrup, J. and Pritchard, D. H. (2013). Robust virtue epistemology and epistemic dependence. In T. Henning and D. Schweikard (eds.) Knowledge, Virtue and Action: Putting Epistemic Virtues to Work, pp. 209–26. Abingdon: Routledge.
Kallestrup, J. and Pritchard, D. H. (In press). Virtue epistemology and epistemic twin earth. European Journal of Philosophy.
Kamtekar, Rachel. (2004). “Situationism and Virtue Ethics on the Content of Our Character.” Ethics, 114 (April 2004): 458–491.
Kanazawa, S. (2008). Temperature and evolutionary novelty as forces behind the evolution of general intelligence. Intelligence, 36, 99–108.
Kappel, K. (2010). Expressivism about knowledge and the value of knowledge. Acta Analytica, 25, 175–94.
Keifer, A. and Sekaquaptewa, D. (2007). Implicit stereotypes and women’s math performance: how implicit gender-math stereotypes influence women’s susceptibility to stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 825–32.
Kelly, T. (2003). Epistemic rationality as instrumental rationality: a critique. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 66, 612–40.
Kim, J. (1988). What is “naturalized epistemology”?Philosophical Perspectives, 2, 381–405.
Kitcher, P. (1993). The Advancement of Science: Science without Legend, Objectivity without Illusions. Oxford University Press.
Kornblith, H. (1993). Epistemic normativity. Synthese, 94, 357–76.
Kornblith, H. (2001). Epistemic obligation and the possibility of internalism. In A. Fairweather and L. Zagzebski (eds.) Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility, pp. 231–48. Oxford University Press.
Kornblith, H. (2002). Knowledge and its Place in Nature. Oxford University Press.
Kornblith, H. (2010). What reflective endorsement cannot do. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80, 1–18.
Kornblith, H. (2013). On Reflection. Oxford University Press.
Korsgaard, C. M. (1983). Two distinctions in goodness. Philosophical Review, 2, 169–95.
Korsgaard, C. M. (1996). The Sources of Normativity. Cambridge University Press.
Korsgaard, C. M. (2008). Aristotle’s function argument. In The Constitution of Agency: Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology, pp. 129–50. Oxford University Press.
Kray, L., Thompson, L., and Galinsky, A. (2001). Battle of the sexes: gender stereotype confirmation and reactance in negotiations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 942–58.
Kray, L., Galinsky, A., and Thompson, L. (2002). Reversing the gender gap in negotiations: an exploration of stereotype regeneration. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 87, 386–409.
Kripke, S. (1972). Naming and Necessity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kvanvig, J. L. (2003). The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding. Cambridge University Press.
Langton, R. (1993). Speech acts and unspeakable acts. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 22(4), 293–330.
Langton, R. (1998). Kantian Humility: Our Ignorance of Things in Themselves. Oxford University Press.
Latane, B. and J. M. Darley. (1970). The Unresponsive Bystander. New York: Appleton, Century, Crofts.
Leary, M. (2004). Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods, 4th edn. Boston: Pearson.
LeDoux, J. (1996). The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Lehrer, K. (1990). Theory of Knowledge. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit self stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092–107.
Lewis, D. (2008). Ramseyan humility. In D. Braddon-Mitchell and R. Nola (eds.) Conceptual Analysis and Philosophical Naturalism, pp. 203–21. Boston: MIT Press.
Lynch, M. P. (2009a). The values of truth and the truth of values. In A. Haddock, A. Millar, and D. Pritchard (eds.) Epistemic Value, pp. 225–42. Oxford University Press.
Lynch, M. P. (2009b). Truth, value, and epistemic expressivism. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 79(1), 76–97.
Lyons, J. (2011). Response to critics. Philosophical Studies, 153, 477–88.
McAdams, D. (1992). The Five-Factor model in personality: a critical appraisal. Journal of Personality, 60, 329–61.
McAdams, D. (1994). A psychology of the stranger. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 145–48.
McCauley, R. N. and Henrich, J. (2006). Susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion, theory-neutral observation, and the diachronic penetrability of the visual input system. Philosophical Psychology, 19(1), 79–101. doi: 10.1080/09515080500462347.
McCrae, R. (1994). New goals for trait psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 148–53.
McCrae, R. and Costa, P. (1987). Validation of the Five-Factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81–90.
McCrae, R. and Costa, P. (1995). Trait explanations in personality psychology. European Journal of Personality, 9, 231–52.
McCrae, R. and Costa, P. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: theoretical contexts for the Five-Factor model. In J. Wiggins (ed.) The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Theoretical Perspectives, pp. 51–87. New York: The Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. and Costa, P. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509–16.
McCrae, R. and Costa, P. (2003). Personality in Adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory Perspective, 2nd edn. New York: The Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. and Costa, P. (2008). The Five-Factor theory of personality. In O. John, R. Robins, and L. Pervin (eds.) Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 3rd edn., pp. 159–81. New York: The Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. and John, O. (1992). An introduction to the Five-Factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175–215.
McCrae, R., Costa, P., Ostenfdorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebíčková, M., Avia, Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kusdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., Saunders, P. R., and Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 78(1), 173–86.
MacFarlane, J. (2005a). Making sense of relative truth. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 105(1), 205–23.
MacFarlane, J. (2005b). The assessment sensitivity of knowledge attributions. Oxford Studies in Epistemology, 1, 197–233.
McHugo, G. L., Lanzetta, J. T., Sullivan, D. G., Masters, R. D., and Englis, B. G. (1985). Emotional reactions to a political leader’s expressive displays. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1513–29.
Mackie, J. L. (1977). Morality: Inventing Right and Wrong. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
McLaughlin, P. (2001). What Functions Explain: Functional Explanation and Self-Reproducing Systems. Cambridge University Press.
Mallon, R. (2004). Passing, traveling and reality: social constructionism and the metaphysics of race. Noûs, 38,4, 644–73.
Mallon, R. (2006). “Race”: normative, not metaphysical or semantic. Ethics, 116(3), 525–51.
Mangels, J., Butterfield, B., Lamb, J., Good, C., and Dweck, C. (2006). Why do beliefs about intelligence influence learning success? A social cognitive neuroscience model. Social Cognition and Affective Neuroscience, 1(2), 75–86.
Mareschal, D. and Johnson, S. P. (2002). Learning to perceive object unity: a connectionist account. Developmental Science, 5(2), 151–85.
Martens, A., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., and Schimel, J. (2006). Combating stereotype threat: the effect of self-affirmation on women’s intellectual performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 236–43.
Marx, D. and Goff, P. (2005). Clearing the air: the effect of experimenter race on target’s test performance and subjective experience. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 645–57.
Mellor, D. H. (1991). I and now. In Matters of Metaphysics, pp. 17–30. Cambridge University Press.
Merritt, M. (2000). Virtue ethics and situationist personality psychology. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 3(4), 365–83.
Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
Millar, A. (2008). Perceptual-recognitional abilities and perceptual knowledge. In A. Haddock and F. Macpherson (eds.) Disjunctivism: Perception, Action, Knowledge, pp. 330–47. Oxford University Press.
Miller, C. (2003). Social psychology and virtue ethics. Journal of Ethics, 7(4), 365–92.
Miller, C. (2013). Moral Character: An Empirical Theory. Oxford University Press.
Miller, C. (2014). Character and Moral Psychology. Oxford University Press.
Millikan, R. G. (1984). Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories: New Foundations for Realism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and Assessment. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Mischel, W. (2009). From Personality and Assessment (1968) to personality science, 2009. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 282–90.
Mischel, W. and Shoda, Y. (1994). Personality psychology has two goals: must it be two fields?Psychological Inquiry, 5, 156–58.
Mischel, W. and Shoda, Y. (1998). Reconciling processing dynamics and personality dispositions. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 229–58.
Miyake, A., Kost-Smith, L., Finkelstein, N., Pollock, S., Cohen, G., and Ito, T. (2010). Reducing the gender achievement gap in college science: a classroom study of values affirmation. Science, 330, 1234–37.
Montmarquet, J. (1993). Epistemic Virtue and Doxastic Responsibility. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Moore, G. E. (1993). Principia ethica, ed. T. Baldwin. Cambridge University Press (first published 1903).
Morsella, E. and Bargh, J. A. (2010). What is an output?Psychological Inquiry, 21, 354–70.
Mount, M. and Barrick, M. (1998). Five reasons why the “Big Five” article has been frequently cited. Personnel Psychology, 51, 849–57.
Nanay, B. (2012). Success semantics: the sequel. Philosophical Studies, 1(15), 151–65.
Neta, R. (2007). How to naturalize epistemology. In V. F. Hendricks and D. Pritchard (eds.) New Waves in Epistemology, pp. 324–53. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nettle, D. (2007). Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are. Oxford University Press.
Nguyen, H.-H. D. and Ryan, A. M. (2008). Does stereotype threat affect test performance of minorities and women? A meta-analysis of experimental evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1314–34.
Nozick, R. (1981). Philosophical Explanations. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Nussbaum, M. (1986). The Fragility of Goodness. Cambridge University Press.
Nussbaum, M. (2001). Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of the Emotions. Cambridge University Press.
Nussbaum, M. (2003). Emotions as judgments of value and importance. In R. C. Solomon (ed.) What Is an Emotion?, pp. 271–83. Oxford University Press.
Olson, J. (2011). Error theory and reasons for belief. In A. Reisner and A. Seglich-Petersen (eds.) Reasons for Belief, pp. 75–93. Cambridge University Press.
Owens, D. (2003). Does belief have an aim?Philosophical Studies, 115, 283–305.
Ozer, D. and Benet-Martínez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcome. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401–21.
Ozer, D. and Reise, S. (1994). Personality assessment. In L. Porter and M. Rosenzweig (eds.) Annual Review of Psychology, vol. xlv, pp. 357–88. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
Pamental, M. (2010). Dewey, situationism, and moral education. Educational Theory, 60(2), 147–66.
Papineau, D. (1999). Normativity and judgment. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 73, 16–43.
Paunonen, S. and Jackson, D. (2000). What is beyond the Big Five?Journal of Personality, 68, 821–35.
Pervin, L. (1994). A critical analysis of current trait theory. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 103–13.
Piedmont, R. (1998). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Clinical and Research Applications. New York: Plenum Press.
Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: Norton.
Plato (1989). Protagoras. In Collected Dialogues, ed. E. Hamilton. Princeton University Press.
Price, C. (2006). Fearing Fluffy: the content of an emotional appraisal. In G. Macdonald and D. Papineau (eds.) Teleosemantics, pp. 208–28. Oxford University Press.
Prinz, J. (2004). Gut Reactions. Oxford University Press.
Prinz, J. (2009). The normativity challenge: cultural psychology provides the real threat to virtue ethics. Journal of Ethics, 13, 117–44.
Pritchard, D. H. (2007). Recent work on epistemic value. American Philosophical Quarterly, 44, 85–110.
Pritchard, D. H. (2009a). Apt performance and epistemic value. Philosophical Studies, 143, 407–16.
Pritchard, D. H. (2009b). Knowledge, understanding and epistemic value. In A. O’Hear (ed.) Epistemology, pp. 19–43. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 64. Cambridge University Press.
Pritchard, D. H. (2009c). Knowledge. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pritchard, D. H. (2009d). The value of knowledge. Harvard Review of Philosophy, 16, 2–19.
Pritchard, D. H. (2012). Anti-luck virtue epistemology. Journal of Philosophy, 109(3), 247–79.
Pritchard, D. H. (2013). Epistemic virtue and the epistemology of education. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 47 (2013), 236–47.
Pritchard, D. H. (In press b). The situationist challenge, epistemic dependence, and the epistemology of education. In A. Fairweather and A. Alfano (eds.) Epistemic Situationism. Oxford University Press.
Pritchard, D. H. and Smith, M. (2004). The psychology and philosophy of luck. New Ideas in Psychology, 22, 1–28.
Pritchard, D. H., Millar, A., and Haddock, A. (2010). The Nature and Value of Knowledge: Three Investigations. Oxford University Press.
Putnam, H. (1975). The meaning of “meaning.” In Philosophical Papers, vol. ii, Mind, Language, and Reality, pp. 215–72. Cambridge University Press.
Pytlik Zillig, L., Hemenover, S., and Dienstbier, R. (2002). What do we assess when we assess a Big 5 trait? A content analysis of the affective, behavioral, and cognitive processes represented in Big 5 personality inventories. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 847–58.
Quine, W. V. O. (1969). Epistemology naturalized. In Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, pp. 69–90. New York: Columbia University Press.
Quine, W. V. O. (1986). Reply to Morton White. In L. Hahn and P. Schlipp (eds.) The Philosophy of W. V. O. Quine, pp. 663–65. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
Railton, P. (1986). Moral realism. Philosophical Review, 95, 163–207.
Railton, P. (1997). On the hypothetical and non-hypothetical in reasoning about belief and action. In G. Cullity and B. Gaut (eds.) Ethics and Practical Reason, pp. 53–79. Oxford University Press.
Ramsey, F. P. (1927). Facts and propositions. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volumes, 7, 153–70.
Ramsey, F. P. (1931). Knowledge. In The Foundations of Mathematics and Other Logical Essays, ed. R. B. Braithwaite, pp. 258–59. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Rattan, A., Good, C., and Dweck, C. (2012). “It’s OK – not everyone can be good at math”: instructors with an entity theory comfort (and demotivate) students. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 731–37.
Reisner, A. (2008). Weighing pragmatic and evidential reasons for belief. Philosophical Studies, 138, 17–27.
Reisner, A. (2009). The possibility of pragmatic reasons for belief and the wrong kind of reason problem. Philosophical Studies, 145(2), 257–72.
Ridge, M. (2011). Getting lost on the road to Larissa. Noûs, 47(1), 181–201.
Riggs, W. (2007). The value turn in epistemology. In V. F. Hendricks and D. Pritchard (eds.) New Waves in Epistemology, pp. 300–23. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Riggs, W. (2009). Understanding, knowledge, and the Meno requirement. In A. Haddock, A. Millar, and D. H. Pritchard (eds.) Epistemic Value, pp. 331–38. Oxford University Press.
Rist, R. (1973). The Urban School: A Factory for Failure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Roberts, B. (2009). Back to the future: Personality and Assessment and personality development. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 137–45.
Roberts, R. and Wood, W. J. (2007). Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Robertson, E. (2009). The epistemic aims of education. In H. Siegel (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Education, pp. 11–34. Oxford University Press.
Rosenthal, H., Crisp, R., and Suen, M.-W. (2007). Improving performance expectancies in stereotypic domains: task relevance and the reduction of stereotype threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 586–97.
Ruse, M. (1971). Functional statements in biology. Philosophy of Science, 38, 87–95.
Russell, D. C. (2009). Practical Intelligence and the Virtues. Oxford University Press.
Ryan, S. (1999). What is wisdom?Philosophical Studies, 93, 119–39.
Salmon, W. C. (1998). Causality and Explanation. Oxford University Press.
Samuels, R., Stich, S., and Bishop, M. (2002). Ending the rationality wars: how to make disputes about human rationality disappear. In R. Elio (ed.) Common Sense, Reasoning, and Rationality, pp. 236–68. Oxford University Press.
Sánchez-Bernardos, M. (2000). Nature over nurture: temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7(8), 173–86.
Schimel, J., Arndt, J., Banko, K., and Cook, A. (2004). Not all self-affirmations were created equal: the cognitive and social benefits of affirming the intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) self. Social Cognition, 22, 75–99.
Schmader, T. and Johns, M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(3), 440–52.
Schmader, T., Johns, M., and Barquissau, M. (2004). The costs of accepting gender differences: the role of stereotype endorsement in women’s experience in the math domain. Sex Roles, 50, 835–50.
Schueler, G. F. (1995). Desire: Its Role in Practical Reason and the Explanation of Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Searle, J. (1969). Speech Acts. Cambridge University Press.
Segall, M. H., Campbell, D. T., and Herskovits, M. J. (1966). The Influence of Culture on Visual Perception. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co.
Shah, N. (2003). How truth governs belief. Philosophical Review, 112, 447–82.
Shah, N. (2006). A new argument for evidentialism. Philosophical Quarterly, 56, 481–98.
Shah, N. (2011). Can reasons for belief be debunked? In A. Reisner and A. Steglich-Petersen (eds.) Reasons for Belief, pp. 94–107. Cambridge University Press.
Shah, N. and Velleman, J. D. (2005). Doxastic deliberation. Philosophical Review, 114, 497–534.
Sherman, N. (1989). The Fabric of Character. New York: Clarendon Press.
Shih, M., Pittinsky, T. L., and Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 80–83.
Shiota, M., Keltner, D., and Mossman, A. (2007). The nature of awe: elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 944–63.
Sider, T. (2009). Ontological realism. In D. Chalmers, D. Manley, and R. Wasserman (eds.) Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology, pp. 384–423. Oxford University Press.
Sider, T. (2011). Writing the Book of the World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Slingerland, E. (2011). The situationist critique and early Confucian virtue ethics. Ethics, 121(2), 390–419.
Smith, P. (2003). Deflationism: the facts. In H. Lillehammer and G. Rodriguez-Pereyra (eds.) Real Metaphysics, pp. 43–52. New York: Routledge.
Snow, N. E. (2010). Virtue as Social Intelligence: An Empirically Grounded Theory. Abingdon: Routledge.
Sosa, E. (1988). Beyond skepticism, to the best of our knowledge. Mind, 97, 153–89.
Sosa, E. (1991). Knowledge in Perspective: Selected Essays in Epistemology. Cambridge University Press.
Sosa, E. (1993). Proper functionalism and virtue epistemology. Noûs, 27(1), 51–65.
Sosa, E. (2003). The place of truth in epistemology. In M. DePaul and L. Zagzebski (eds.) Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology, pp. 155–79. Oxford University Press.
Sosa, E. (2007). A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, vol. i. Oxford University Press.
Sosa, E. (2009a). Knowing full well: the normativity of beliefs as performances. Philosophical Studies, 142, 5–15.
Sosa, E. (2009b). Reflective Knowledge: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, vol. ii. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sosa, E. (2009c). Situations against virtues: the situationist attack on virtue theory. In C. Mantzavinos (ed.) Philosophy of the Social Sciences: Philosophical Theory and Scientific Practice, pp. 274–90. Cambridge University Press.
Sosa, E. (2010). Knowing Full Well. Princeton University Press.
Spencer, S., Steele, C., and Quinn, D. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4–28.
Sreenivasan, G. (2002). Errors about errors: virtue theory and trait attribution. Mind, 111, 47–68.
Stangor, C., Carr, C., and Kiang, L. (1998). Activating stereotypes undermines task performance expectations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1191–97.
Stanley, J. (2005) Knowledge and Practical Interests. Oxford University Press.
Steele, C. M. and Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811.
Steglich-Petersen, A. (2006). No norm needed: on the aim of belief. Philosophical Quarterly, 56, 499–516.
Steglich-Petersen, A. (2009). Weighing the aim of belief. Philosophical Studies, 145(3), 395–405.
Steglich-Petersen, A. (2011). How to be a teleologist about epistemic reasons. In A. Reisner and A. Steglich-Petersen (eds.) Reasons for Belief, pp. 13–33. Cambridge University Press.
Stone, J. (2002). Battling doubt by avoiding practice: the effect of stereotype threat on self-handicapping in white athletes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1667–78.
Stone, J., Lynch, C., Sjomeling, M., and Darley, J. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on black and white athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1213–27.
Stöttinger, E. and Perner, J. (2006). Dissociating size representation for action and for conscious judgment: grasping visual illusions without apparent obstacles. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(2), 269–84.
Strack, F., Martin, L. L., and Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768–76.
Strandberg, C. (2011). A dual aspect account of moral language. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 84(1), 87–122.
Sturgeon, N. (1985). Moral explanations. In D. Copp and D. Zimmerman (eds.) Morality, Reason and Truth, pp. 49–78. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allenfeld.
Templer, D. (2008). Correlational and factor analytic support for Rushton’s differential K life history theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 440–44.
Templer, D. and Arikawa, H. (2006). Temperature, skin color, per capita income, and IQ: an international perspective. Intelligence, 34, 121–39.
Treanor, N. (In press). The measure of knowledge. Noûs 47(3), pp. 577–601.
Turri, J. (2011). Manifest failure: the Gettier problem solved. Philosophers’ Imprint, 11(8), 1–11.
Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207–32.
Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. (2002). Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: the conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, and D. Kahneman (eds.) Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, pp. 19–48. Cambridge University Press.
Velleman, D. (2000). On the aim of belief. In J. Velleman (ed.) The Possibility of Practical Reason, pp. 244–81. Oxford University Press.
Vogel, J. (2000). Reliabilism leveled. Journal of Philosophy, 97, 602–23.
Walton, G. and Cohen, G. (2003). Stereotype lift. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 456–67.
Wason, P. (1966). Reasoning. In B. M. Foss (ed.) New Horizons in Psychology, pp. 135–51. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
Wedgwood, R. (2002). The aim of belief. Philosophical Perspectives, 16, 265–97.
Whitcomb, D. (2010). Curiosity was framed. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 81(3), 664–87.
White, R. (2007). Epistemic subjectivism. Episteme, 4(1), 115–29.
Whyte, J. T. (1990). Success semantics. Analysis, 50, 149–57.
Widiger, T. (1993). The DSM-III-R categorical personality disorder diagnoses: a critique and an alternative. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 75–90.
Wiggins, J. and Trapnell, P. (1997). Personality structure: the return of the Big Five. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, and S. Briggs (eds.) Handbook of Personality Psychology, pp. 737–65. San Diego: Academic Press.
Williams, B. (1995). Internal reasons and the obscurity of blame. In Making Sense of Humanity, pp. 35–45. Cambridge University Press.
Williams, B. (2002). Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy. Princeton University Press.
Wolterstorff, N. (2010). Ought to believe: two concepts. In T. Cuneo (ed.) Practices of Belief, pp. 62–85. Cambridge University Press.
Wooldridge, D. (1963). Machinery of the Brain. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Wright, C. (2004). On epistemic entitlement: warrant for nothing (and foundations for free?). Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volumes, 78, 167–212.
Wright, L. (1973). Functions. Philosophical Review, 82, 139–68.
Wright, L. (2012). Revisiting teleological explanations: reflections three decades on. In P. Huneman (ed.) Functions: Selection and Mechanisms, pp. 233–43. Synthese Library 363. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
Yeung, N. and von Hippel, C. (2008). Stereotype threat increases the likelihood that female drivers in a simulator run over jaywalkers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 667–74.
Zagzebski, L. T. (1996). Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press.
Zagzebski, L. (1999). What is knowledge? In J. Greco and E. Sosa (eds.) The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, pp. 92–116. Oxford: Blackwell.
Zagzebski, L. (2001). Must knowers be agents? In A. Fairweather and L. Zagzebski (eds.) Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility, pp. 142–57. Oxford University Press.
Zagzebski, L. (2004). Epistemic value and the primacy of what we care about. Philosophical Papers, 33(3), 353–77.
Zagzebski, L. (2012). Epistemic Authority: A Theory of Trust, Authority, and Autonomy in Belief. Oxford University Press.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151–75.
Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39(2), 117–23.
Zajonc, R. B. (2000). Feeling and thinking: closing the debate over the independence of affect. In J. P. Forgas (ed.) Feeling and Thinking, pp. 31–58. Cambridge University Press.
Zimbardo, P. G. (1992). Quiet Rage: The Stanford Prison Experiment (DVD). Stanford Instructional Television Network.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.