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(b) - The crusader states

from 18 - The crusades

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

David Abulafia
By
Peter Edbury
David Abulafia
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
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Summary

THE departure of Richard Coeur de Lion and his army from Acre in October 1192 marked the end of the Third Crusade. The combined might of the west had failed in its primary object of winning back Jerusalem and the other holy places for Christendom, but the crusade had nevertheless achieved some signal successes. The truce agreed with Saladin the previous month had restricted Frankish-held territory in what remained of the kingdom of Jerusalem to the coastal areas, but at least the Christians had salvaged something from the disasters of 1187, and the kingdom was to survive, though within greatly reduced borders, for another hundred years. It was not until 1291 that the Muslims finally put an end to the Latin presence in Syria. To the north the cities of Antioch and Tripoli had held out against Saladin, and they too had a long future ahead of them, with the Christians maintaining their rule in Antioch until 1268 and in Tripoli until 1289. But here again there had been serious territorial losses. Further north still, beyond the Amanus mountains and now occupying a wide area including the plain of Cilicia and the Taurus mountains, lay the principality of Armenia. The collapse of Byzantine power in this region in the early 1180s had given the Armenians the opportunity to expand, and in 1198 their prince, Leon, received his royal crown from pope and emperor, and so inaugurated a monarchy which throughout its existence looked alternatively to western Europe and to Armenian traditionalism for inspiration and sustenance. For most of the thirteenth century the Cilician kingdom of Armenia was a considerable force, and it did not finally succumb to Muslim encroachments until the 1370s. The other Christian possession in the east was Cyprus. Richard’s seizure of the island in 1191 and his establishment of a Latin regime headed by the former king of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan, proved to be the most durable achievement of the Third Crusade. Guy died in 1194. Two years later his brother Aimery persuaded the western emperor, Henry VI, to constitute Cyprus as a kingdom with himself as the first king.

Keywords

crusader stateskingdom of JerusalemAntiochLatin Syriathirteenth-century crusadersmilitary OrdersThird Crusade
Type
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The New Cambridge Medieval History , pp. 590 - 606
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1999

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