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21 - Kings and kingship

from PART III - THEMES AND PROBLEMS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Patrick Wormald
Edited by
Paul Fouracre
Paul Fouracre
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
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Summary

introductory: a world of kings

Throughout the first millennium ad, much of the known world was ruled by monarchies. A good part of it has been for most of the second. In the first millennium bc, a number of the most self-confident societies were not. The records of the Jewish, Greek and Roman cultures that underpin European civilisation are laden with suspicion of individualistic authority. Nothing can be less readily assumed than that kings or emperors are the natural order of things.

Discussion of early medieval monarchy ought therefore to begin with a glance at the anti-monarchical traditions of the cultures most admired in the early Middle Ages. The Old Testament provided early medieval rulers with one of their main role models, and the Books of Kings would have been familiar for anyone exposed to basic Judaeo-Christian teaching. This was not a good advertisement for royal rule. Samuel prophesied that a king would make God’s people his slaves, when the Israelites insisted that he provide them with one. What followed was a catalogue of deviants and backsliders. Sixth- and seventh- century Europeans with only marginal education could also have known of the fall of the kings of Rome. Isidore of Seville, in the period’s most influential epitome of kingship, derived rex from regere, in the sense not only of ‘ruling’ but also of ‘doing right’ (recte facere) and ‘putting right’ (corrigere). ‘Hence the ancient proverb’, he wrote, ‘you will be king if you do right; if you do not, you will not.’ For when the Romans could not tolerate the proud domination of kings, they organised annual governments and a pair of consuls; for the marks of kingship were not benevolence in counsel but pride in dominance.

Keywords

Roman EmpirekingshipJustinian IIAugustus' disposalearly medieval western kingsRoman imperial model
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The New Cambridge Medieval History , pp. 571 - 604
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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