Structure and Function of the Olfactory System

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511543623.003

1 - Structure and Function of the Olfactory System

from Section I - Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology: Olfactory Clues to Brain Development and Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 August 2009

Alan Mackay-Sim and

Edited by

David Castle and

Foreword by

Warrick J. Brewer: Affiliation:
Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Melbourne
David Castle: Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Christos Pantelis: Affiliation:
University of Melbourne

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Summary

Introduction

The olfactory system comprises a sensory organ (the olfactory epithelium) and specific olfactory brain regions, the first of which is the olfactory bulb. The perception of odours poses interesting and different problems for the nervous system – problems unique to the odorous world. The first of these is that there is no single dimension that relates stimulus to sensation. Vision and hearing are stimulated by predictable variations in frequencies of light and sound; touch by variations in frequencies of pressure on the skin. Odorant molecules have no obvious connections with each other except that they are odorous – that is, they evoke sensations in the olfactory system. The second unique attribute of the olfactory system is that there seems to be no limit to the number of odorous molecules that can be detected and described. Vision, hearing and touch all operate within limited spectra of light, sound and pressure, predictable spectra to which the systems have evolved. Odorous molecules are mainly limited to molecules of 200 to 400 mW but within that range, there are essentially an infinite number of odorous molecules. The molecular structures are highly variable and no individual or group of individuals has been exposed to all of the range, or possibly even the majority of the range.

How, then, could a system evolve to detect and respond to such an open ended set of stimuli?

Keywords

chemosensory systems functional magnetic resonance imaging human brain nasal chemoreception olfactory bulb olfactory epithelium neural activity odorant molecules positron emission tomography

Type: Chapter
Information: Olfaction and the Brain , pp. 3 - 27

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543623.003 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2006

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