Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:18:22.020Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

23 - On Dynamics

Personal Network Dynamics: Organizing Principles of Stability and Change from Complex Systems Theory

from IV - New Perspectives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2021

By
Brea L. Perry
Edited by
Mario L. Small ,
Brea L. Perry ,
Bernice Pescosolido  and
Edward B. Smith
Mario L. Small
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Brea L. Perry
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Bernice Pescosolido
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Edward B. Smith
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois
Get access

Summary

Research on personal social networks has focused increasingly on their dynamic nature. Social scientists across subfields have offered theories characterizing how, when, and why personal networks evolve, with applications to a range of populations, social conditions, and life course transitions. A persistent theme in this literature is the tension between stasis and adaptation. That is, personal social networks are characterized by remarkable structural stability and uniformity that belies a high degree of turnover at the level of interactions, individuals, and dyads. This chapter leverages core tenets of complex systems theories to provide insight into this paradox, arguing that personal networks operate in much the same way that complex adaptive systems do. In doing so, six organizing principles of personal network stability and change are offered: 1) Personal social networks serve a critical, unified function; 2) Personal networks adapt to dynamic and uncertain environments; 3) Personal networks are comprised of interconnected subgroups that have distinct, but complimentary functions; 4) Personal networks exhibit a hierarchical structure; 5) The structure of personal networks is relatively stable, while network membership is more dynamic and unpredictable; and 6) The dynamics underlying personal networks are nonlinear. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

Keywords

social network dynamicscomplex adaptive systemsfunctional specificitycore/periphery structuremembership turnovertie churn
Type
Chapter
Information
Personal Networks
Classic Readings and New Directions in Egocentric Analysis
 , pp. 612 - 629
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldrich, Howard, and Whetten, David A.. 1981. “Organization-Sets, Action-Sets, and Networks: Making the Most of Simplicity,” pp. 385–408 in Handbook of Organizational Design: Adapting Organizations to their Environments, vol. 1, edited by Nystrom, Paul C. and Starbuck, William H.. Oxford and Toronto: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bearman, Peter, and Parigi, Paolo. 2004. “Cloning Headless Frogs and Other Important Matters: Conversation Topics and Network Structure.” Social Forces 83(2): 535–57.Google Scholar
Bernard, H. Russell, Johnsen, Eugene C., Killworth, Peter D., McCarty, Christopher, Shelley, Gene A., and Robinson, Scott. 1990. “Comparing Four Different Methods for Measuring Personal Social Networks.” Social Networks 12(3): 179–215.Google Scholar
Bernard, H. Russell, Shelley, Gene A., and Killworth, Peter. 1987. “How Much of a Network Does the GSS and RSW Dredge Up?” Social Networks 9(1): 49–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardi, Laura. 2003. “Channels of Social Influence on Reproduction.” Population Research and Policy Review 22(5–6): 427–555.Google Scholar
Bidart, Claire, and Degenne, Alain. 2005. “Introduction: The Dynamics of Personal Networks.” Social Networks 27: 283–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blau, Peter M. 1977. “A Macrosociological Theory of Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 83(1): 26–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumer, Herbert. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism. Englewoods Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Boissevain, Jeremy. 1968. “The Place of Non-Groups in the Social Sciences.” Man 3(4): 542–56.Google Scholar
Boissevain, Jeremy. 1971. “Second Thoughts on Quasi-Groups, Categories and Coalitions.” Man 6(3): 468–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgatti, Stephen P., and Everett, Martin G.. 2000. “Models of Core/Periphery Structures.” Social Networks 21(4): 375–95.Google Scholar
Bost, Kelly K., Cox, Martha J., Burchinal, Margaret R., and Payne, Chris. 2002. “Structural and Supportive Changes in Couples’ Family and Friendship Networks across the Transition to Parenthood.” Journal of Marriage and Family 64(2): 517–31.Google Scholar
Boyd, Robert, and Richerson, Peter J.. 2009. “Culture and the Evolution of Human Cooperation.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364(1533): 3281–8.Google Scholar
Brashears, Matthew E. 2014. “‘Trivial’ Topics and Rich Ties: The Relationship between Discussion Topic, Alter Role, and Resource Availability Using the ‘Important Matters’ Name Generator.” Sociological Science 1: 493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, Laura L. 1991. “Selectivity Theory: Social Activity in Life-Span Context.” Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics 11(1): 195–217.Google Scholar
Carstensen, Laura L. 1992. “Social and Emotional Patterns in Adulthood: Support for Socioemotional Selectivity Theory.” Psychology and Aging 7(3): 331.Google Scholar
Coleman, James Samuel. 1957. Community Conflict. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Nancy L., and Miller, Lynn Carol. 1994. “Self-Disclosure and Liking: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Psychological Bulletin 116(3): 457.Google Scholar
Cook, Daniella Ann. 2010. “Disrupted but Not Destroyed: Fictive-Kinship Networks among Black Educators in Post-Katrina New Orleans.” Southern Anthropologist 35(2): 1.Google Scholar
Cook, Karen S. 1990. “Linking Actors and Structures: An Exchange Network Perspective,” pp. 113–28 in Structures of Power and Constraint, edited by Calhoun, Craig, Meyer, Marshall W., and Scott, W. Richard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cornwell, Benjamin, Laumann, Edward O., and Philip Schumm, L.. 2008. “The Social Connectedness of Older Adults: A National Profile.” American Sociological Review 73(2): 185–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornwell, Benjamin, Laumann, Edward O., Granovetter, Mark, Iveniuk, James, Schafer, Markus, Sica, Alan, Swedberg, Richard, and York, Erin. 2016. “If Parsons Had PAJEK: The Relevance of Midcentury Structural-Functionalism to Dynamic Network Analysis.” Journal of Social Structure 17(1): 1–29.Google Scholar
Crossley, Nick. 2008. “Small-World Networks, Complex Systems and Sociology.” Sociology 42(2): 261–77.Google Scholar
Cutrona, Carolyn E., and Russell, Daniel W.. 1990. “Type of Social Support and Specific Stress: Toward a Theory of Optimal Matching,” pp. 319–66 in Wiley Series on Personality Processes. Social Support: An Interactional View, edited by Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., and Pierce, G. R.. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Degenne, Alain, and Michel, Forsé. 2004. Les Réseaux Sociaux. A. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
DiPietro, Janet A. 2000. “Baby and the Brain: Advances in Child Development.” Annual Review of Public Health 21(1): 455–71.Google Scholar
Dunbar, Robin I. M. 1998. “The Social Brain Hypothesis.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 6(5): 178–90.Google Scholar
Dunbar, Robin I. M. 2003. “The Social Brain: Mind, Language, and Society in Evolutionary Perspective.” Annual Review of Anthropology 32(1): 163–81.Google Scholar
Dunbar, Robin I. M. 2008. “Cognitive Constraints on the Structure and Dynamics of Social Networks.” Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 12(1): 7–16.Google Scholar
Erikson, Kai T. 1978. “Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood.” Journal of American Studies 12(1): 141–4.Google Scholar
Feld, Scott L. 1981. “The Focused Organization of Social Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 86(5): 1015–35.Google Scholar
Feld, Scott L. 1982. “Social Structural Determinants of Similarity among Associates.” American Sociological Review 47(6): 797–801.Google Scholar
Feld, Scott, and Carter, William C.. 1998. “Foci of Activity as Changing Contexts for Friendship,” pp. 136–52 in Placing Friendship in Context, vol. 15, edited by , Stacey J., Marks, Stephen, Harrison, Kaeren, O‘Connor, Pat, Feld, Scott, and Carter, William C.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fine, Gary Alan, and Kleinman, Sherryl. 1983. “Network and Meaning: An Interactionist Approach to Structure.” Symbolic Interaction 6(1): 97–110.Google Scholar
Fischer, Claude S. 1982. To Dwell among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gameiro, Sofia, Boivin, Jacky, Canavarro, Maria Cristina, Moura-Ramos, Mariana, and Soares, Isabel. 2010. “Social Nesting: Changes in Social Network and Support across the Transition to Parenthood in Couples that Conceived Spontaneously or through Assisted Reproductive Technologies.” Journal of Family Psychology 24(2): 175.Google Scholar
Gargiulo, Martin, and Benassi, Mario. 2000. “Trapped in Your Own Net? Network Cohesion, Structural Holes, and the Adaptation of Social Capital.” Organization Science 11(2): 183–96.Google Scholar
Gell-Mann, M. 1995. “What Is Complexity? Remarks on Simplicity and Complexity by the Nobel Prizewinning Author of The Quark and the Jaguar.” Complexity 1(1): 16–19.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” The American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, Jay R. 1991. Oedipus and Beyond. A Clinical Theory. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Haidt, Jonathan, and Rodin, Judith. 1999. “Control and Efficacy as Interdisciplinary Bridges.” Review of General Psychology 3(4): 317–37.Google Scholar
Halgin, Daniel S., and Borgatti, Stephen P.. 2012. “An Introduction to Personal Network Analysis and Tie Churn Statistics Using E-NET.” Connections 32(1): 37–48.Google Scholar
Hammer, Muriel. 1983. “‘Core’ and ‘Extended’ Social Networks in Relation to Health and Illness.” Social Science & Medicine 17(7): 405–11.Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A. 1964. “The Theory of Complex Phenomena.” In Critical Approaches to Science and Philosophy, edited by Bunge, Mario (2018). London: Routledge. 332349.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Z. 1995. “Oedipus and Beyond: A Clinical Theory by Jay Greenberg.” Psychoanalytic Dialogues 5(1): 93–112.Google Scholar
Holland, John H. 2006. “Studying Complex Adaptive Systems.” Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 19(1): 1–8.Google Scholar
Holt-Lunstad, Julianne, Smith, Timothy B., and Bradley Layton, J.. 2010. “Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review.” PLoS Med 7(7): e1000316.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, Jeanne S., Haines, Valerie A., and Beggs, John J.. 2000. “Core Networks and Tie Activation: What Kinds of Routine Networks Allocate Resources in Nonroutine Situations?” American Sociological Review 65(4): 598–618.Google Scholar
Jones, Loring P. 1991. “Unemployment: The Effect on Social Networks, Depression, and Reemployment.” Journal of Social Service Research 15(1–2): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadushin, Charles. 1966. “The Friends and Supporters of Psychotherapy: On Social Circles in Urban Life.” American Sociological Review 31(6): 786–802.Google Scholar
Kadushin, Charles. 2002. “The Motivational Foundation of Social Networks.” Social Networks 24(1): 77–91.Google Scholar
Kadushin, Charles. 2012. Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kalmijn, Matthijs, and van Groenou, Marjolein Broese. 2005. “Differential Effects of Divorce on Social Integration.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 22(4): 455–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladyman, James, Lambert, James, and Wiesner, Karoline. 2013. “What Is a Complex System?” European Journal for Philosophy of Science 3(1): 33–67.Google Scholar
Lally, J. Ronald, , and Mangione, Peter. 2017. “Caring Relationships: The Heart of Early Brain Development.” YC Young Children 72(2): 17–24.Google Scholar
Lansing, J. Stephen. 2003. “Complex Adaptive Systems.” Annual Review of Anthropology 32(1): 183–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laugesen, Kristina, Baggesen, Lisbeth Munksgård, Schmidt, Sigrún Alba Jóhannesdóttir, Glymour, M. Maria, Lasgaard, Mathias, Milstein, Arnold, Sørensen, Henrik Toft, Adler, Nancy E., and Ehrenstein, Vera. 2018. “Social Isolation and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Denmark.” Scientific Reports 8(1): 4731.Google Scholar
Lawler, Edward J., Thye, Shane R., and Yoon, Jeongkoo. 2015. Order on the Edge of Chaos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Jianguo, Thomas Dietz, Stephen R. Carpenter, Marina Alberti, Folke, Carl, Emilio Moran, Alice N. Pell, Peter Deadman, Kratz, Timothy, and Lubchenco, Jane. 2007. “Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems.” Science 317(5844): 1513–16.Google Scholar
Lubbers, Miranda J., Molina, José Luis, Lerner, Jürgen, Brandes, Ulrik, Ávila, Javier, and Christopher, McCarty. 2010. “Longitudinal Analysis of Personal Networks. The Case of Argentinean Migrants in Spain.” Social Networks 32(1): 91–104.Google Scholar
Mayer, Adrian. 1966. “The Significance of Quasi-Groups in the Study of Complex Societies.” The Social Anthropology of Complex Societies 4: 97–122.Google Scholar
Mcauley, Julian, and Leskovec, Jure. 2014. “Discovering Social Circles in Ego Networks.” ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 8(1): 1–28.Google Scholar
McCarty, Christopher. 2002. “Structure in Personal Networks.” Journal of Social Structure 3(1): 20.Google Scholar
McConnell, Will R., and Perry, Brea L. 2016. “The Revolving Door: Patient Needs and Network Turnover during Mental Health Treatment,” pp. 119–45 in 50 Years After Deinstitutionalization: Mental Illness in Contemporary Communities (Advances in Medical Sociology, vol. 17). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
Miller, John H., and Page, Scott E.. 2009. Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1974. “Social Networks.” Annual Review of Anthropology 3(1): 279–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreno, Jacob Levy. 1953. Who Shall Survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psychotherapy and Socio-Drama, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, David L., Neal, Margaret B., and Carder, Paula. 1997. “The Stability of Core and Peripheral Networks over Time.” Social Networks 19(1): 9–25.Google Scholar
Morris, Katherine Ann, and Deterding, Nicole M.. 2016. “The Emotional Cost of Distance: Geographic Social Network Dispersion and Post-Traumatic Stress among Survivors of Hurricane Katrina.” Social Science & Medicine 165: 56–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, Thomas G., Marvin, Robert S., Rutter, Michael, Olrick, Jeffrey T., Preston, A. Britner, English, and Romanian Adoptees Study Team. 2003. “Child–Parent Attachment Following Early Institutional Deprivation.” Development and Psychopathology 15(1): 19–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, Cort A. 2004. “How Love Evolved from Sex and Gave Birth to Intelligence and Human Nature.” Journal of Bioeconomics 6(1): 39–63.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Cort A. 2006. “Biological Aspects of Social Bonding and the Roots of Human Violence.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1036(1): 106–27.Google Scholar
Penning, Margaret J. 1990. “Receipt of Assistance by Elderly People: Hierarchical Selection and Task Specificity.” The Gerontologist 30(2): 220–7.Google Scholar
Perry, Brea L. 2006. “Understanding Social Network Disruption: The Case of Youth in Foster Care.” Social Problems 53(3): 371–91.Google Scholar
Perry, Brea L. 2012. “Coming Untied? Narrative Accounts of Social Network Dynamics from First-Time Mental Health Clients.” Sociology of Health & Illness 34(8): 1125–39.Google Scholar
Perry, Brea L., and Pescosolido, Bernice A.. 2012. “Social Network Dynamics and Biographical Disruption: The Case of ‘First-Timers’ with Mental Illness.” American Journal of Sociology 118(1): 134–75.Google Scholar
Perry, Brea L., and Pescosolido, Bernice A.. 2015. “Social Network Activation: The Role of Health Discussion Partners in Recovery from Mental Illness.” Social Science & Medicine 125: 116–28.Google Scholar
Pescosolido, Bernice A. 1992. “Beyond Rational Choice: The Social Dynamics of How People Seek Help.” American Journal of Sociology 97(4): 1096–138.Google Scholar
Pescosolido, Bernice A., Gardner, Carol Brooks, and Lubell, Keri M.. 1998. “How People Get into Mental Health Services: Stories of Choice, Coercion and ‘Muddling Through’ from ‘First-Timers.’” Social Science & Medicine 46(2): 275–86.Google Scholar
Pescosolido, Bernice A., Olafsdottir, Sigrun, Olaf Sporns, Brea L. Perry, Eric M. Meslin, Tony H. Grubesic, Jack K. Martin, Laura M. Koehly, William Pridemore, and Vespignani, Alessandro. 2016. “Linking Genes-to-Global Cultures in Public Health Using Network Science,” pp. 25–48 in Handbook of Applied System Science, edited by Neal, Zachary P.. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Powell, Joanne, Lewis, Penelope A., Roberts, Neil, Garcia-Finana, Marta, and Dunbar, Robin I. M.. 2012. “Orbital Prefrontal Cortex Volume Predicts Social Network Size: An Imaging Study of Individual Differences in Humans.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279(1736): 2157–62.Google Scholar
Power, Thomas G., and Parke, Ross D.. 1984. “Social Network Factors and the Transition to Parenthood.” Sex Roles 10(11–12): 949–72.Google Scholar
Ravasz, Erzsébet, and Albert-László, Barabási. 2003. “Hierarchical Organization in Complex Networks.” Physical Review E 67(2): 026112.Google Scholar
Rivera, Mark T., Soderstrom, Sara B., and Uzzi, Brian. 2010. “Dynamics of Dyads in Social Networks: Assortative, Relational, and Proximity Mechanisms.” Annual Review of Sociology 36: 91–115.Google Scholar
Sampson, Robert J. 1991. “Linking the Micro- and Macrolevel Dimensions of Community Social Organization.” Social Forces 70(1): 43–64.Google Scholar
Sandefur, Rebecca L., and Laumann, Edward O.. 1998. “A Paradigm for Social Capital.” Rationality and Society 10(4): 481–501.Google Scholar
Saramäki, Jari, Leicht, Elizabeth A., López, Eduardo, Roberts, Sam G. B., Reed-Tsochas, Felix, and Dunbar, Robin I. M.. 2014. “Persistence of Social Signatures in Human Communication.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(3): 942–7.Google Scholar
Sasovova, Zuzana, Mehra, Ajay, Borgatti, Stephen P., and Schippers, Michaéla C. 2010. “Network Churn: The Effects of Self-Monitoring Personality on Brokerage Dynamics.” Administrative Science Quarterly 55(4): 639–70.Google Scholar
Small, Mario Luis. 2013. “Weak Ties and the Core Discussion Network: Why People Regularly Discuss Important Matters with Unimportant Alters.” Social Networks 35(3): 470–83.Google Scholar
Small, Mario Luis. 2017. Someone to Talk To. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Small, Mario Luis, Pamphile, Vontrese Deeds, and Peter, McMahan. 2015. “How Stable Is the Core Discussion Network?” Social Networks 40: 90–102.Google Scholar
Smith, Thomas S., and Stevens, Gregory T.. 1999. “The Architecture of Small Networks: Strong Interaction and Dynamic Organization in Small Social Systems.” American Sociological Review 64(3): 403–20.Google Scholar
Simmel, Georg. [1922] 1955. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Simons, Ronald L. 1984. “Specificity and Substitution in the Social Networks of the Elderly.” The International Journal of Aging and Human Development 18(2): 121–39.Google Scholar
Suitor, Jill, Wellman, Barry, and Morgan, David L.. 1997. “It’s about Time: How, Why, and When Networks Change.” Social Networks 19(1): 1–7.Google Scholar
Suitor, Jill, and Keeton, Shirley. 1997. “Once a Friend, Always a Friend? Effects of Homophily on Women’s Support Networks across a Decade.” Social Networks 19(1): 51–62.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, Alistair, Dunbar, Robin, Binder, Jens, and Arrow, Holly. 2012. “Relationships and the Social Brain: Integrating Psychological and Evolutionary Perspectives.” British Journal of Psychology 103(2): 149–68.Google Scholar
Terhell, Elisabeth L., Marjolein, I. Groenou, Broese van, and Tilburg, Theo Van. 2004. “Network Dynamics in the Long-Term Period after Divorce.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 21(6): 719–38.Google Scholar
Uzzi, Brian. 1996. “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect.” American Sociological Review 61(4): 674–98.Google Scholar
Wellman, Barry. 1979. “The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers.” American Journal of Sociology 84(5): 1201–31.Google Scholar
Wellman, Barry. 2001. “Physical Place and Cyberplace: The Rise of Personalized Networking.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25(2): 227–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellman, Barry, and Gulia, Milena. 1999. “The Network Basis of Social Support: A Network Is More than the Sum of Its Ties,” pp. 83–118 in Networks in the Global Village: Life in Contemporary Communities, edited by Wellman, Barry (2018). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wellman, Barry, Wong, Renita Yuk-lin, Tindall, David, and Nazer, Nancy. 1997. “A Decade of Network Change: Turnover, Persistence and Stability in Personal Communities.” Social Networks 19(1): 27–50.Google Scholar
Wellman, Barry, and Wortley, Scot. 1990. “Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support.” American Journal of Sociology 96(3): 558–88.Google Scholar
Wrzus, Cornelia, Hänel, Martha, Wagner, Jenny, and Neyer, Franz J.. 2013. “Social Network Changes and Life Events across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 139(1): 53.Google Scholar
Varda, Danielle M., Forgette, Rich, Banks, David, and Contractor, Noshir. 2009. “Social Network Methodology in the Study of Disasters: Issues and Insights Prompted by Post-Katrina Research.” Population Research and Policy Review 28(1): 11–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×