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8 - Refrigeration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2020

Tapio O. Niinikoski
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Summary

Polarized targets need continuous cooling of large heat load during DNP at temperatures around or below 1 K. This can be achieved by continuous-flow refrigerators based on the evaporation of liquid 4He or 3He, or on the dilution of 3He by 4He. The refrigerator components have unusual requirements due to the large helium mass flow rates and to the demand of long uninterrupted runs of operation. We describe first the heat transfer mechanisms from the solid target material to the coolant fluid, and then evaluate the various cooling cycles in detail. The heat loads, ranging from some W/cm3 to some tens of μW/cm3, and the choice of the cooling method, are evaluated, before discussing the design of other cryogenic parts of the apparatus, including the precooling heat exchangers, thermometry and other instrumentation, and the pump and gas purification systems.

Keywords

3He4Heevaporation refrigeratordilution refrigeratorheat transferKapitza resistanceheat exchangersintered coppermaximum poweroptimum flow
Type
Chapter
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The Physics of Polarized Targets , pp. 339 - 392
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

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  • Refrigeration
  • Tapio O. Niinikoski
  • Book: The Physics of Polarized Targets
  • Online publication: 03 February 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108567435.009
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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Refrigeration
  • Tapio O. Niinikoski
  • Book: The Physics of Polarized Targets
  • Online publication: 03 February 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108567435.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Refrigeration
  • Tapio O. Niinikoski
  • Book: The Physics of Polarized Targets
  • Online publication: 03 February 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108567435.009
Available formats
×