Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:51:15.622Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 4 - Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

from Section 2 - Early Pregnancy Pathology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 September 2018

Raymond W. Redline
Affiliation:
Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
Theonia K. Boyd
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston
Drucilla J. Roberts
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Genest, DR. Partial hydatidiform mole: clinicopathological features, differential diagnosis, ploidy and molecular studies, and gold standards for diagnosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2001;20 (4):315–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Makrydimas, G, Sebire, NJ, Thornton, SE, et al. Complete hydatidiform mole and normal live birth: a novel case of confined placental mosaicism: case report. Hum Reprod. 2002;17 (9):2459–63.Google Scholar
Szulman, AE. Clinicopathologic features of partial hydatidiform mole. J Reprod Med. 1987;32 (9):640–3.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, RS, Goldstein, DP, Bernstein, MR. Natural history of partial molar pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;66 (5):677–81.Google Scholar
Melamed, A, Gockley, AA, Joseph, NT, et al. Effect of race/ethnicity on risk of complete and partial molar pregnancy after adjustment for age. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;143 (1):73–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newlands, ES, Paradinas, FJ, Fisher, RA. Recent advances in gestational trophoblastic disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1999;13 (1):225–44, x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, PA, Szulman, AE, Funkhouser, J, et al. Human triploidy: relationship between parental origin of the additional haploid complement and development of partial hydatidiform mole. Ann Hum Genet. 1982;46 (Pt 3):223–31.Google Scholar
Szulman, AE, Philippe, E, Boue, JG, et al. Human triploidy: association with partial hydatidiform moles and nonmolar conceptuses. Hum Pathol. 1981;12 (11):1016–21.Google Scholar
Redline, RW, Hassold, T, Zaragoza, MV. Prevalence of the partial molar phenotype in triploidy of maternal and paternal origin. Hum Pathol. 1998;29 (5):505–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebire, NJ, May, PC, Kaur, B, et al. Abnormal villous morphology mimicking a hydatidiform mole associated with paternal trisomy of chromosomes 3,7,8 and unipaternal disomy of chromosome 11. Diagn Pathol. 2016;11:20.Google Scholar
Sundvall, L, Lund, H, Niemann, I, et al. Tetraploidy in hydatidiform moles. Hum Reprod. 2013;28 (7):2010–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Genest, DR, Ruiz, RE, Weremowicz, S, et al. Do nontriploid partial hydatidiform moles exist? A histologic and flow cytometric reevaluation of nontriploid specimens. J Reprod Med. 2002;47 (5):363–8.Google Scholar
Toufaily, MH, Roberts, DJ, Westgate, MN, et al. Triploidy: Variation of Phenotype. Am J Clin Pathol. 2016;145 (1):8695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Philipp, T, Grillenberger, K, Separovic, ER, et al. Effects of triploidy on early human development. Prenat Diagn. 2004;24 (4):276–81.Google Scholar
Montes, M, Roberts, D, Berkowitz, RS, et al. Prevalence and significance of implantation site trophoblastic atypia in hydatidiform moles and spontaneous abortions. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;105 (4):411–6.Google Scholar
Buza, N, Hui, P. Partial hydatidiform mole: histologic parameters in correlation with DNA genotyping. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2013;32 (3):307–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, RA, Tommasi, A, Short, D, et al. Clinical utility of selective molecular genotyping for diagnosis of partial hydatidiform mole; a retrospective study from a regional trophoblastic disease unit. J Clin Pathol. 2014;67 (11):980–4.Google Scholar
McConnell, TG, Murphy, KM, Hafez, M, et al. Diagnosis and subclassification of hydatidiform moles using p57 immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping: validation and prospective analysis in routine and consultation practice settings with development of an algorithmic approach. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33 (6):805–17.Google Scholar
Furtado, LV, Paxton, CN, Jama, MA, et al. Diagnostic utility of microsatellite genotyping for molar pregnancy testing. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137 (1):5563.Google Scholar
Vang, R, Gupta, M, Wu, LS, et al. Diagnostic reproducibility of hydatidiform moles: ancillary techniques (p57 immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping) improve morphologic diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36 (3):443–53.Google Scholar
Gupta, M, Vang, R, Yemelyanova, AV, et al. Diagnostic reproducibility of hydatidiform moles: ancillary techniques (p57 immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping) improve morphologic diagnosis for both recently trained and experienced gynecologic pathologists. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36 (12):1747–60.Google Scholar
Folkins, A, Cruz, L, Goldstein, DP, et al. Utility of chromosomal chromogenic in situ hybridization as an alternative to flow cytometry and cytogenetics in the diagnosis of early partial hydatidiform moles: a validation study. J Reprod Med. 2010;55 (7–8):275–8.Google Scholar
Murphy, KM, McConnell, TG, Hafez, MJ, et al. Molecular genotyping of hydatidiform moles: analytic validation of a multiplex short tandem repeat assay. J Mol Diagn. 2009;11 (6):598605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lage, JM, Driscoll, SG, Yavner, DL, et al. Hydatidiform moles. Application of flow cytometry in diagnosis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988;89 (5):596600.Google Scholar
Lage, JM, Mark, SD, Roberts, DJ, et al. A flow cytometric study of 137 fresh hydropic placentas: correlation between types of hydatidiform moles and nuclear DNA ploidy. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79 (3):403–10.Google Scholar
Banet, N, DeScipio, C, Murphy, KM, et al. Characteristics of hydatidiform moles: analysis of a prospective series with p57 immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping. Mod Pathol. 2014;27 (2):238–54.Google Scholar
Medeiros, F, Callahan, MJ, Elvin, JA, et al. Intraplacental choriocarcinoma arising in a second trimester placenta with partial hydatidiform mole. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2008;27 (2):247–51.Google Scholar
Seckl, MJ, Fisher, RA, Salerno, G, et al. Choriocarcinoma and partial hydatidiform moles. Lancet. 2000;356 (9223):36–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, HA, Lage, JM. Choriocarcinoma following a partial hydatidiform mole: a case report. Hum Pathol. 1992;23 (4):468–71.Google Scholar
Feltmate, CM, Growdon, WB, Wolfberg, AJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after partial hydatidiform molar pregnancy. J Reprod Med. 2006;51 (11):902–6.Google Scholar
Niemann, I, Hansen, ES, Sunde, L. The risk of persistent trophoblastic disease after hydatidiform mole classified by morphology and ploidy. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;104 (2):411–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Javey, H, Borazjani, G, Behmard, S, et al. Discrepancies in the histological diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1979;86 (6):480–3.Google Scholar
Bracken, MB, Brinton, LA, Hayashi, K. Epidemiology of hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. Epidemiol Rev. 1984;6:5275.Google Scholar
Atrash, HK, Hogue, CJ, Grimes, DA. Epidemiology of hydatidiform mole during early gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;154 (4):906–9.Google Scholar
Jeffers, MD, O’Dwyer, P, Curran, B, et al. Partial hydatidiform mole: a common but underdiagnosed condition. A 3-year retrospective clinicopathological and DNA flow cytometric analysis. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1993;12 (4):315–23.Google Scholar
Bandy, LC, Clarke-Pearson, DL, Hammond, CB. Malignant potential of gestational trophoblastic disease at the extreme ages of reproductive life. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;64 (3):395–9.Google Scholar
Grimes, DA. Epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150 (3):309–18.Google Scholar
Schorge, JO, Goldstein, DP, Bernstein, MR, et al. Recent advances in gestational trophoblastic disease. J Reprod Med. 2000;45 (9):692700.Google Scholar
Soto-Wright, V, Bernstein, M, Goldstein, DP, et al. The changing clinical presentation of complete molar pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86 (5):775–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Mosher, R, Goldstein, DP, Berkowitz, R, et al. Complete hydatidiform mole. Comparison of clinicopathologic features, current and past. J Reprod Med. 1998;43 (1):21–7.Google Scholar
Keep, D, Zaragoza, MV, Hassold, T, et al. Very early complete hydatidiform mole. Hum Pathol. 1996;27 (7):708–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hui, P, Buza, N, Murphy, KM, et al. Hydatidiform Moles: Genetic Basis and Precision Diagnosis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2017;12:449–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez-Delgado, M, Martin-Trujillo, A, Tayama, C, et al. Absence of Maternal Methylation in Biparental Hydatidiform Moles from Women with NLRP7 Maternal-Effect Mutations Reveals Widespread Placenta-Specific Imprinting. PLoS Genet. 2015;11 (11):e1005644.Google Scholar
Wang, CM, Dixon, PH, Decordova, S, et al. Identification of 13 novel NLRP7 mutations in 20 families with recurrent hydatidiform mole; missense mutations cluster in the leucine-rich region. J Med Genet. 2009;46 (8):569–75.Google Scholar
Fallahian, M, Sebire, NJ, Savage, PM, et al. Mutations in NLRP7 and KHDC3 L confer a complete hydatidiform mole phenotype on digynic triploid conceptions. Hum Mutat. 2013;34 (2):301–8.Google Scholar
Beygo, J, Ammerpohl, O, Gritzan, D, et al. Deep bisulfite sequencing of aberrantly methylated loci in a patient with multiple methylation defects. PLoS One. 2013;8 (10):e76953.Google Scholar
Deveault, C, Qian, JH, Chebaro, W, et al. NLRP7 mutations in women with diploid androgenetic and triploid moles: a proposed mechanism for mole formation. Hum Mol Genet. 2009;18 (5):888–97.Google Scholar
Dixon, PH, Trongwongsa, P, Abu-Hayyah, S, et al. Mutations in NLRP7 are associated with diploid biparental hydatidiform moles, but not androgenetic complete moles. J Med Genet. 2012;49 (3):206–11.Google Scholar
Hayward, BE, De Vos, M, Talati, N, et al. Genetic and epigenetic analysis of recurrent hydatidiform mole. Hum Mutat. 2009;30 (5):E629–39.Google Scholar
Hodges, MD, Rees, HC, Seckl, MJ, et al. Genetic refinement and physical mapping of a biparental complete hydatidiform mole locus on chromosome 19q13.4. J Med Genet. 2003;40 (8):e95.Google Scholar
Fisher, RA, Khatoon, R, Paradinas, FJ, et al. Repetitive complete hydatidiform mole can be biparental in origin and either male or female. Hum Reprod. 2000;15 (3):594–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahadevan, S, Wen, S, Wan, YW, et al. NLRP7 affects trophoblast lineage differentiation, binds to overexpressed YY1 and alters CpG methylation. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23 (3):706–16.Google Scholar
Lewis, GH, DeScipio, C, Murphy, KM, et al. Characterization of androgenetic/biparental mosaic/chimeric conceptions, including those with a molar component: morphology, p57 immnohistochemistry, molecular genotyping, and risk of persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2013;32 (2):199214.Google Scholar
Paradinas, FJ, Fisher, RA, Browne, P, et al. Diploid hydatidiform moles with fetal red blood cells in molar villi. 1–Pathology, incidence, and prognosis. J Pathol. 1997;181 (2):183–8.Google Scholar
Fisher, RA, Paradinas, FJ, Soteriou, BA, et al. Diploid hydatidiform moles with fetal red blood cells in molar villi. 2–Genetics. J Pathol. 1997;181 (2):189–95.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeScipio, C, Haley, L, Beierl, K, et al. Diandric triploid hydatidiform mole with loss of maternal chromosome 11. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35 (10):1586–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castrillon, DH, Sun, D, Weremowicz, S, et al. Discrimination of complete hydatidiform mole from its mimics by immunohistochemistry of the paternally imprinted gene product p57KIP2. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25 (10):1225–30.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, RS, Goldstein, DP. Gestational trophoblastic disease. In: Hoskins, WJ, Perez, CA, Young, RC, editors. Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 1005–76.Google Scholar
Genest, DR, Laborde, O, Berkowitz, RS, et al. A clinicopathologic study of 153 cases of complete hydatidiform mole (1980–1990): histologic grade lacks prognostic significance. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78 (3 Pt 1):402–9.Google Scholar
Petts, G, Fisher, RA, Short, D, et al. Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of early hydatidiform mole in relation to subsequent development of persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. J Reprod Med. 2014;59 (5–6):213–20.Google Scholar
Kohorn, EI. The new FIGO 2000 staging and risk factor scoring system for gestational trophoblastic disease: description and critical assessment. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2001;11 (1):73–7.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, RS, Goldstein, DP, Bernstein, MR. Modified triple chemotherapy in the management of high-risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 1984;19 (2):173–81.Google Scholar
Vargas, R, Barroilhet, LM, Esselen, K, et al. Subsequent pregnancy outcomes after complete and partial molar pregnancy, recurrent molar pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: an update from the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center. J Reprod Med. 2014;59 (5–6):188–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Bagshawe, KD, Dent, J, Webb, J. Hydatidiform mole in England and Wales 1973–83. Lancet. 1986;2 (8508):673–7.Google Scholar
Sebire, NJ, Fisher, RA, Foskett, M, et al. Risk of recurrent hydatidiform mole and subsequent pregnancy outcome following complete or partial hydatidiform molar pregnancy. BJOG. 2003;110 (1):22–6.Google Scholar
Rice, LW, Lage, JM, Berkowitz, RS, et al. Repetitive complete and partial hydatidiform mole. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;74 (2):217–9.Google Scholar
Acosta-Sison, H. Chorioadenoma destruens: a report of 41 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1960;80:176–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schorge, JO, Goldstein, DP, Bernstein, MR, et al. Gestational trophoblastic disease. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2000;1 (2):169–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steller, MA, Genest, DR, Bernstein, MR, et al. Natural history of twin pregnancy with complete hydatidiform mole and coexisting fetus. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83 (1):3542.Google Scholar
Steller, MA, Genest, DR, Bernstein, MR, et al. Clinical features of multiple conception with partial or complete molar pregnancy and coexisting fetuses. J Reprod Med. 1994;39 (3):147–54.Google Scholar
Freis, A, Elsasser, M, Sohn, C, et al. Twin Pregnancy with One Fetus and One Complete Mole – A Case Report. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2016;76 (7):819–22.Google Scholar
Sebire, NJ, Foskett, M, Paradinas, FJ, et al. Outcome of twin pregnancies with complete hydatidiform mole and healthy co-twin. Lancet. 2002;359 (9324):2165–6.Google Scholar
Choi-Hong, SR, Genest, DR, Crum, CP, et al. Twin pregnancies with complete hydatidiform mole and coexisting fetus: use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to evaluate placental X- and Y-chromosomal content. Hum Pathol. 1995;26 (11):1175–80.Google Scholar
Altieri, A, Franceschi, S, Ferlay, J, et al. Epidemiology and aetiology of gestational trophoblastic diseases. Lancet Oncol. 2003;4 (11):670–8.Google Scholar
Smith, HO, Kohorn, E, Cole, LA. Choriocarcinoma and gestational trophoblastic disease. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2005;32 (4):661–84.Google Scholar
Fisher, RA, Soteriou, BA, Meredith, L, et al. Previous hydatidiform mole identified as the causative pregnancy of choriocarcinoma following birth of normal twins. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1995;5 (1):6470.Google Scholar
Lathrop, JC, Wachtel, TJ, Meissner, GF. Uterine choriocarcinoma fourteen years following bilateral tubal ligation. Obstet Gynecol. 1978;51 (4):477–88.Google Scholar
Goldstein, DP. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in the 1990s. Yale J Biol Med. 1991;64 (6):639–51.Google Scholar
Aozasa, K, Ito, H, Kohro, T, et al. Choriocarcinoma in infant and mother. Acta Pathol Jpn. 1981;31 (2):317–22.Google Scholar
Daamen, CB, Bloem, GW, Westerbeek, AJ. [Chorionepithelioma in mother and child]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1961;105:651–6.Google Scholar
Jiao, L, Ghorani, E, Sebire, NJ, et al. Intraplacental choriocarcinoma: Systematic review and management guidance. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;141 (3):624–31.Google Scholar
Takebayashi, A, Kimura, F, Yamanaka, A, et al. Exaggerated placental site, consisting of implantation site intermediate trophoblasts, causes massive postpartum uterine hemorrhage: case report and literature review. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2014;234 (1):7782.Google Scholar
Liu, G, Yuan, B, Wang, Y. Exaggerated placental site leading to postpartum hemorrhage: a case report. J Reprod Med. 2013;58 (9–10):448–50.Google Scholar
Shih, IM, Seidman, JD, Kurman, RJ. Placental site nodule and characterization of distinctive types of intermediate trophoblast. Hum Pathol. 1999;30 (6):687–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, BJ, Cheng, CJ, Chen, WY. Transformation of a post-cesarean section placental site nodule into a coexisting epithelioid trophoblastic tumor and placental site trophoblastic tumor: a case report. Diagn Pathol. 2013;8:85.Google Scholar
Shih, IM, Kurman, RJ. Ki-67 labeling index in the differential diagnosis of exaggerated placental site, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and choriocarcinoma: a double immunohistochemical staining technique using Ki-67 and Mel-CAM antibodies. Hum Pathol. 1998;29 (1):2733.Google Scholar
Shih, IM, Kurman, RJ. p63 expression is useful in the distinction of epithelioid trophoblastic and placental site trophoblastic tumors by profiling trophoblastic subpopulations. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28 (9):1177–83.Google Scholar
Zhao, S, Sebire, NJ, Kaur, B, et al. Molecular genotyping of placental site and epithelioid trophoblastic tumours; female predominance. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;142 (3):501–7.Google Scholar
Oldt, RJ 3rd, Kurman, RJ, Shih, Ie M. Molecular genetic analysis of placental site trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors confirms their trophoblastic origin. Am J Pathol. 2002;161 (3):1033–7.Google Scholar
Young, RH, Kurman, RJ, Scully, RE. Placental site nodules and plaques. A clinicopathologic analysis of 20 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1990;14 (11):1001–9.Google Scholar
Fischer, RJ. Symptomatic cesarean scar diverticulum: a case report. J Reprod Med. 2006;51 (9):742–4.Google Scholar
Ismail, SM, Lewis, CG, Shaw, RW. Postcaesarean section uterovesical fistula lined by persistent intermediate trophoblast. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19 (12):1440–3.Google Scholar
Liang, Y, Zhou, F, Chen, X, et al. Atypical epithelioid trophoblastic lesion with cyst and fistula formation after a cesarean section: a rare form of gestational trophoblastic disease. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2012;31 (5):458–62.Google Scholar
Zhou, F, Lin, K, Shi, H, et al. Atypical postcesarean epithelioid trophoblastic lesion with cyst formation: a case report and literature review. Hum Pathol. 2015;46 (7):1036–9.Google Scholar
Horowitz, NS, Goldstein, DP, Berkowitz, RS. Placental site trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors: Biology, natural history, and treatment modalities. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;144 (1):208–14.Google Scholar
Shih, IM, Kurman, RJ. The pathology of intermediate trophoblastic tumors and tumor-like lesions. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2001;20 (1):3147.Google Scholar
Hui, P, Parkash, V, Perkins, AS, et al. Pathogenesis of placental site trophoblastic tumor may require the presence of a paternally derived X chromosome. Lab Invest. 2000;80 (6):965–72.Google Scholar
Hui, P, Wang, HL, Chu, P, et al. Absence of Y chromosome in human placental site trophoblastic tumor. Mod Pathol. 2007;20 (10):1055–60.Google Scholar
Dotto, J, Hui, P. Lack of genetic association between exaggerated placental site reaction and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2008;27 (4):562–7.Google Scholar
Banet, N, Gown, AM, Shih, Ie M, et al. GATA-3 expression in trophoblastic tissues: an immunohistochemical study of 445 cases, including diagnostic utility. Am J Surg Pathol. 2015;39 (1):101–8.Google Scholar
Mirkovic, J, Elias, K, Drapkin, R, et al. GATA3 expression in gestational trophoblastic tissues and tumours. Histopathology. 2015;67 (5):636–44.Google Scholar
Newlands, ES, Bower, M, Fisher, RA, et al. Management of placental site trophoblastic tumors. J Reprod Med. 1998;43 (1):53–9.Google Scholar
Feltmate, CM, Genest, DR, Goldstein, DP, et al. Advances in the understanding of placental site trophoblastic tumor. J Reprod Med. 2002;47 (5):337–41.Google Scholar
Bower, M, Paradinas, FJ, Fisher, RA, et al. Placental site trophoblastic tumor: molecular analysis and clinical experience. Clin Cancer Res. 1996;2 (5):897902.Google Scholar
Papadopoulos, AJ, Foskett, M, Seckl, MJ, et al. Twenty-five years’ clinical experience with placental site trophoblastic tumors. J Reprod Med. 2002;47 (6):460–4.Google Scholar
Feltmate, CM, Genest, DR, Wise, L, et al. Placental site trophoblastic tumor: a 17-year experience at the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;82 (3):415–9.Google Scholar
Xu, ML, Yang, B, Carcangiu, ML, et al. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: comparative genomic hybridization and diagnostic DNA genotyping. Mod Pathol. 2009;22 (2):232–8.Google Scholar
Hsiue, EH, Hsu, C, Tseng, LH, et al. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor around an abdominal cesarean scar: a pathologic and molecular genetic analysis. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2017;36(6):562–7.Google Scholar
Fadare, O, Parkash, V, Carcangiu, ML, et al. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: clinicopathological features with an emphasis on uterine cervical involvement. Mod Pathol. 2006;19 (1):7582.Google Scholar
Davis, MR, Howitt, BE, Quade, BJ, et al. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: A single institution case series at the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;137 (3):456–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×