9 - Corruption

Summary

Pervasive corruption at all levels of society was a common feature for the majority of countries from the start of transition and persists to the present day in many. It is not unique to transition; it is widespread in many developing and some developed countries, and was commonplace in the communist period. However, the same divergence seen in the degree of reform and socioeconomic performance applies to corruption. Most in Central Europe and the Baltics experienced significant reductions in socialist corruption soon after reforms began in 1990, and this improvement continues, with a few like Estonia and Slovenia nearly equalling the best of advanced countries. It is not a mere coincidence that the least corrupt were the most reformed and had the highest degree of democracy. Southeast Europe lagged behind, but even there considerable improvements have taken place, probably under pressure of EU requirements for membership accession. The worst levels persist in the former USSR with the heroic exception of Georgia since its Rose Revolution. It seems that formal political “programs” to combat corruption, even with foreign involvement, are far less effective than a committed effort to complete economic democratic and Rule-of-Law reforms.