Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-7b9c58cd5d-6tpvb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-14T12:52:40.516Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - The natural and treated history of prostate cancer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2009

By
Mark Garzotto
Edited by
Hedvig Hricak  and
Peter Scardino
Hedvig Hricak
Affiliation:
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Peter Scardino
Affiliation:
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the most common visceral cancer of industrialized nations and the second most lethal cancer among men. In the United States alone, 186 000 new cases are expected and over 28 000 men will die from this disease in 2008 [1]. Therefore, while prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death, the vast majority of men survive the disease and ultimately die of other causes. Currently it is estimated that a man's lifetime risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer is 1 in 6. These odds are expected to increase as the combination of improved medical therapy and lifestyle modifications lead to prolonged population longevity. It is well known that not all prostate cancer patients will benefit from interventions with curative intent as many tumors will remain indolent throughout the patient's life. In fact it is estimated that only 3% of all men, or about 1 in 6 of all prostate cancer patients, will die of this disease. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of prostate cancer patients who die of other causes may well suffer from disease progression or treatment complications during their lifetime. Thus, the clinical sequelae of prostate cancer can be quite variable, ranging from the tumor being discovered incidentally without any symptoms, to patients presenting with widely metastatic, treatment-resistant disease that is rapidly fatal. Thus prostate cancer often presents perplexing management questions to clinicians who treat this disease.

Type
Chapter
Information
Prostate Cancer , pp. 15 - 28
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Ward, E., et al., Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin, 58:2 (2008), 71–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitmore, Jr W. F.., Warner, J. A., Thompson, Jr I. M.. Expectant management of localized prostatic cancer. Cancer, 67:4 (1991), 1091–6.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, J. E., Adami, H. O., Andersson, S. O., et al., Natural history of localised prostatic cancer. A population-based study in 223 untreated patients. Lancet, 1:8642 (1989), 799–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madsen, P. O., Graversen, P. H., Gasser, T. C., et al., Treatment of localized prostatic cancer. Radical prostatectomy versus placebo. A 15-year follow-up. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl, 110 (1988), 95–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Chodak, G. W., Thisted, R. A., Gerber, G. S., et al., Results of conservative management of clinically localized prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 33:4 (1994), 242–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleason, D. F., Histologic grade, clinical stage, and patient age in prostate cancer. NCI Monogr, 7 (1988), 15–18.Google Scholar
D'Amico, A. V., Whittington, R., Malkowicz, S. B., et al., Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA, 280:11 (1998), 969–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kattan, M. W., Wheeler, T. M., Scardino, P. T., Postoperative nomogram for disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol, 5 (1999), 1499–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kattan, M. W., Zelefsky, M. J., Kupelian, P. A., et al., Pretreatment nomogram for predicting the outcome of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol, 18:19 (2000), 3352–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albertsen, P. C., Hanley, J. A., Fine, J., 20-year outcomes following conservative management of clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA, 293:17 (2005), 2095–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albertsen, P. C., Hanley, J. A., Gleason, D. F., et al., Competing risk analysis of men aged 55 to 74 years at diagnosis managed conservatively for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA, 280:11 (1998), 975–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, J. E., Andren, O., Andersson, S. O., et al., Natural history of early, localized prostate cancer. JAMA, 291:22 (2004), 2713–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, J. E., Holmberg, L., Johansson, S., et al., Fifteen-year survival in prostate cancer. A prospective, population-based study in Sweden. JAMA, 277:6 (1997), 467–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hankey, B. F., Feuer, E. J., Clegg, L. X., et al., Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer. Part I: evidence of the effects of screening in recent prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91:12 (1999), 1017–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDavid, K., Lee, J., Fulton, J. P., et al., Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends in the United States and Canada. Public Health Rep, 119:2 (2004), 174–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gann, P. H., Hennekens, C. H., Stampfer, M. J., A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate-specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer. JAMA, 273:4 (1995), 289–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draisma, G., Boer, R., Otto, S. J., et al., Lead times and overdetection due to prostate-specific antigen screening: estimates from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 95:12 (2003), 868–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, C. A., Donahue, T., Sun, L., et al., Temporarily deferred therapy (watchful waiting) for men younger than 70 years and with low-risk localized prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen era. J Clin Oncol, 21:21 (2003), 4001–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, H. B., Kettermann, A., Warlick, C., et al., Expectant management of prostate cancer with curative intent: an update of The Johns Hopkins Experience. J Urol, 178:6 (2007), 2359–64; discussion 2364–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choo, R., Klotz, L., Danjoux, C., et al., Feasibility study: watchful waiting for localized low to intermediate grade prostate carcinoma with selective delayed intervention based on prostate specific antigen, histological and/or clinical progression. J Urol, 167:4 (2002), 1664–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klotz, L., Active surveillance with selective delayed intervention: using natural history to guide treatment in good risk prostate cancer. J Urol, 172:5(2) (2004), S48–50; discussion S-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koppie, T. M., Grossfeld, G. D., Miller, D., et al., Patterns of treatment of patients with prostate cancer initially managed with surveillance: results from The CaPSURE database. Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urological Research Endeavor. J Urol, 164:1 (2000), 81–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panagiotou, I., Beer, T. M., Hsieh, Y. C., et al., Predictors of delayed therapy after expectant management for localized prostate cancer in the era of prostate-specific antigen. Oncology, 67:3–4 (2004), 194–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zietman, A. L., Thakral, H., Wilson, L., et al., Conservative management of prostate cancer in the prostate specific antigen era: the incidence and time course of subsequent therapy. J Urol, 166:5 (2001), 1702–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, J. I., Walsh, P. C., Carmichael, M., et al., Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c) prostate cancer. JAMA, 271:5 (1994), 368–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kattan, M. W., Eastham, J. A., Wheeler, T. M., et al., Counseling men with prostate cancer: a nomogram for predicting the presence of small, moderately differentiated, confined tumors. J Urol, 170:5 (2003), 1792–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steyerberg, E. W., Roobol, M. J., Kattan, M. W., et al., Prediction of indolent prostate cancer: validation and updating of a prognostic nomogram. J Urol, 177:1 (2007), 107–12; discussion 12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Geneidy, M., Garzotto, M., Panagiotou, I., et al., Delayed therapy with curative intent in a contemporary prostate cancer watchful-waiting cohort. BJU Int, 93:4 (2004), 510–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, M. I., DeConcini, D. T., Lopez-Corona, E., et al., An analysis of men with clinically localized prostate cancer who deferred definitive therapy. J Urol, 171:4 (2004), 1520–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warlick, C., Trock, B. J., Landis, P., et al., Delayed versus immediate surgical intervention and prostate cancer outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst, 98:5 (2006), 355–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, M., Partin, A. W., Pound, C. R., et al., Long-term biochemical disease-free and cancer-specific survival following anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. The 15-year Johns Hopkins experience. Urol Clin North Am, 28:3 (2001), 555–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephenson, A. J., Slawin, K. M., Bianco, Jr F. J.., et al., Perspectives on the natural history of recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy, based on the response to salvage radiotherapy. BJU Int, 94:9 (2004), 1210–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freedland, S. J., Humphreys, E. B., Mangold, L. A., et al., Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA, 294:4 (2005), 433–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pound, C. R., Partin, A. W., Eisenberger, M. A., et al., Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. JAMA, 281:17 (1999), 1591–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yossepowitch, O., Bianco, Jr F. J.., Eggener, S. E., et al., The natural history of noncastrate metastatic prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol, 51:4 (2007), 940–7; discussion 7–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmberg, L., Bill-Axelson, A., Helgesen, F., et al., A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. New Engl J Med, 347:11 (2002), 781–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bill-Axelson, A., Holmberg, L., Ruutu, M., et al., Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. New Engl J Med, 352:19 (2005), 1977–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilt, T. J., Brawer, M. K., The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial: a randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy versus expectant management for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol, 152:5(2) (1994), 1910–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×