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24 - Reproduction in fishes in relation to conservation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 January 2010

By
Gordon Mcgregor Reid  and
Heather Hall
Edited by
William V. Holt ,
Amanda R. Pickard ,
John C. Rodger  and
David E. Wildt
Gordon Mcgregor Reid
Affiliation:
North of England Zoological Society, Zoological Gardens, Chester, CH21LH, U.K.
Heather Hall
Affiliation:
Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW RY, U.K.
William V. Holt
Affiliation:
Zoological Society of London
Amanda R. Pickard
Affiliation:
Zoological Society of London
John C. Rodger
Affiliation:
Marsupial CRC, New South Wales
David E. Wildt
Affiliation:
Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington DC
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Summary

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Human interest in fishes and their reproduction has long been supremely practical. Archaeological studies from Neolithic ‘kitchen middens’ of Denmark (c. 9000–6000 BC) provide evidence of a marine capture fishery for herring, cod, flounder and eel (Travis Jenkins, 1927). It is likely that such pre-agricultural ‘stone age’ humans trapped fishes inshore and on rivers, including populations migrating for spawning. Such practices continue today, including indigenous communities in West Africa using woven fences to trap migrant fishes (Teugels et al., 1992).

Farming freshwater fishes in ponds for food dates from c. 4500 years ago in Sumeria, ancient Egypt, Assyria and China, with evidence that artificial hatching was practised latterly (Hickling, 1971). Basic fish culture existed in the Roman Empire (Higginbotham, 1997), and holding or ‘stew’ ponds for bream and perch are well known from mediaeval Europe, with proper fish farming established between AD 1400 and 1500 (Hickling, 1971). Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carrassius auratus) were first bred ornamentally in Korea and China (c. 960 BC) and Japan (c. AD 1500) where artificial selection was used to produce aesthetically pleasing coloured varieties.

The practical benefits of fish reproduction attracted early scholars such as Fan Lai (c. 475 BC) and Aristotle (c. 340 BC). A utilitarian, ethnocentric approach to fish reproduction persists today and dominates scientific studies. The main thrust of modern aquaculture is towards improved utilisation of fish (or their gametes – milt, roe, caviar) for food, products or sport fishing.

Type
Chapter
Information
Reproductive Science and Integrated Conservation , pp. 375 - 394
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2002

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