Index

doi:10.1017/9781108776301.019

Index

AAAS. See American Association for the Advancement of Science

AAC. See Augmentative and Alternative Communication

access, 4, 282–283. See also participation

to internet, 2–3

open, 294

right to access to knowledge, 27–28

in RtS, 214

to science, 174–176

to scientific journals, 115

accountability, 257–263

ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act

advertising, 198–199

Aernie, Philipp, 5

Africa, national academies in, 226–227

African Americans, COVID-19 impacting, 178

Agenda 2030, 127–128, 136, 138–139, 156

UNESCO on, 127–128

agriculture, 204–205

data in, 147

algorithms, 197–198

in media world, 198–199

All European Academies (ALLEA), 101–102

alternative facts, 195–196

American Academy of Pediatrics, 157

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2, 212–213, 250–251

American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, 7, 66–67, 232

aftermath of, 52–53

Anteprojecto, 42

Article IV, 49, 50

Article XIII, 7, 21, 33, 49, 50, 52–53

Article XV, 42, 43

compliance with, 34–35

drafting of, 35–52, 62–63

inspirations for, 40–41

Inter-American Juridical Committee and, 36–44, 50

language in, 34–35

as legally binding force, 34–35

Preamble, 49

Preliminary Draft, 43, 46

Resolution XI, 40–41

RtS in, 42–44

UDHR and, 34–35

United States on, 35

American Disabled Persons Organization, 151–152

American Law Institute Statement of Essential Human Rights, 40–41

American Society of International Law, 38–39

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 160–161

Andorno, Roberto, 8

Arab Organization of People with Disabilities, 151–152

Aral, Sinan, 196–197

Argentina, 37–38, 45–48

Aristotle, 91, 287–288

Arroyo Lameda, Eduardo, 37–38, 39

Article 15 ICESCR, 3, 4, 28, 33, 54, 57–60, 141, 195–196, 211–212, 268–269, 295

Article 15(1), 152–153

Article 15(2), 174, 251

Article 15(4), 174, 258–260

Article 27 UDHR and, 147

COVID-19 and, 169

on cultural rights, 141

on human rights, 279–280

on IP rights, 54–55, 58

proposed indicators of, 284–285

Article 27 UDHR, 1, 7, 25, 32, 52–53, 54, 57–60, 76–77, 141, 152–153, 268–269

Article 15 ICESCR and, 147

Berne Convention (1928) and, 60

Bogota Convention and, 60

COVID-19 and, 169

intellectual property rights and, 54–56, 58

Article 27(1) UDHR, 33

Humphrey involved with, 61–62

origin of, 61–62

Article 27(2) UDHR, 54–55, 59–60, 74–75

final draft stages of, 69–74

origin of, 62–63

artificial intelligence, 2–3

disabled people and, 161

ethics of, 136–137

assistive technology (AT), 156

Association for Retarded Children, 151

AT. See assistive technology

Atlantic Charter, 42–43

Atom Energy Commission, 157

atomic bombs, 19

Auger, Pierre, 81, 83

on religion, 85–86

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), 162

authenticity, 202–203

authoritarianism, Big Data and, 112

authorship, 94

autism, 157, 159

Autism Science Foundation, 157

Autistic Self-Advocacy Network, 159

Balcazar, F. E., 158–159

Baltimore, David, 98

Bauer, Henry H., 95–96

Bauman, Zygmunt, 200–201

Beall, Jeffrey, 203

bedaquiline, 262

behavior, media shaping, 199

Belgium, 22

benefits sharing, UNESCO on, 129–130

Berkeley Center for Independent Living, 151

Berne Convention (1928), 54–55, 63, 65, 74

Article 6 of, 60

Article 6bis of, 64

Article 27 UDHR and, 60

economic rights in, 64

Inter-American Convention compared with, 66

moral rights in, 64–65

Berne Convention on the Protection of Artistic and Literary Works (1886), 54–55

Berners-Lee, Tim, 207

Bertillion, Alphonse, 291

bias

publication, 184

statistical, 184

Bidault, Mylène, 9, 292

Big Data, 206

authoritarianism and, 112

on disabled people, 159–161

discrimination and, 112

ethics and, 110

EU and, 111–112

United States and, 111–112

Bill of Rights, US, 61

biodiversity, 29–30

bioethics, 29–30

UNESCO on, 131–132

biogenesis, 289

biopiracy, 117–118, 119

bioprospecting, 117–118

Bluetooth, 180–181

Boggio, Andrea, 13–14

Bogota Convention, Article 27 UDHR and, 60

Bogota Declaration, 54–55

Article XIII, 67, 68

material interests in, 67–69

moral rights in, 67–69

travaux préparatoire for, 55, 74

Bok, Bart, 83

on UDHR, 87–88

Bolivia, Constitution of 1938, 61

Boodman, Eric, 158

borderline fields, Huxley on, 84–85

Boulind, H. F., 86–87

Boutros-Ghali, B., 27–28

Brach, Marion, 99

Bradley, Valerie J., 10

Brazil, 37–38, 116

Constitution of 1946, 61

Broad, William, 97

Bryn Mawr College, 38–39

Burundi Academy of Science and Technology, 215–216

Bush, Vannevar, 19

CABs. See community advisory boards

Caicedo Castilla, José Joaquín, 37–38, 39, 40

Cambridge Analytica, 206

CAME. See Conference of Allied Ministers of Education

Campos, Francisco, 37–38, 40

capitalism

Coronavirus, 179–180, 181–182

surveillance, 179

careers, in science, 95

Carton de Wiart (Count), 71–72

case-fatality rate (CFR), 167–168

Cassin, René, 6, 7, 20–21, 22, 24–25, 67, 70, 72–73

on moral rights, 69–71

on Nuremberg Trial, 20

del Castillo, Fernandez, 69

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 252–253

CERN, 207

CESCR. See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

CFR. See case-fatality rate

Chang, P. C., 24

Chapman, Audrey, 57–58, 250, 263

Chapultepec, 35–36, 37–38, 40–41

Charter of Economics Rights and Duties of States, 130

children’s rights, 113

Chile, 22, 24, 37–38, 39, 62–63

China, 24, 74, 258

Christakis, Nicholas M., 171

Christensen, Ivan Lind, 8, 287

citizen communcation, in science, 207–208

civil law, 51–52

Claude, Richard Pierre, 5, 24, 171

click rates, 197

climate change, 29–30

science-based decision making and, 132–133

UNESCO on, 132–133

Cold War, 8, 19, 78–79, 82

Huxley on, 87–88

Colombia, 37–38, 45–48, 49–50

COMEST. See World Commission on the Ethics of Science Knowledge and Technology

Commission on Human Rights, 7, 70, 130

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), 3, 17, 25–26, 250. See also General Comment No. 25, CESCR

General Comment No. 14, 249–250, 263–264, 273

General Comment No. 17, 58–59

General Comment No. 21, 25, 142, 146, 148–149

human rights indicators and, 272–273

on science, 288

common law, 51–52

Common Rule, 109–110

communicable diseases, human rights and, 246

Communicator Prize, 208

community, science, 85

community advisory boards (CABs), 252–253

Community Research Advisors Group (CRAG), 252–253, 255

complexity effects, 204–205

Comte, Auguste, on science, 82–83

Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME), 19–20

Constitution, US, 121

Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD), 10, 150–151, 152–153, 160

evidence-based practices and, 156–157

provisions of, 153–154

rights in, 155

RtS and, 154–156

copyright, 60. See also intellectual property rights

as human right, 72–73

in TRIPS, 56

Coronavirus Capitalism, 179–180, 181–182

Council of Europe, 142, 154

COVID-19, 3, 10, 32, 112, 125, 138–139, 185–186

advocacy for, 265–266

African Americans impacted by, 178

Article 15 ICESCR and, 169

Article 27 UDHR and, 169

discrimination and, 177–179

economic impact of, 177

elimination strategies, 190, 192

emergence of, 167

in EU, 188–189

fast science and, 184–188

genomics, 190

in Germany, 188–189

government responses to, 182–184

human rights and, 169

inequality and, 175–176

in Japan, 188–189

mortality from, 167, 169, 183

RtS and, 265–267

in Russia, 189

slow science and, 184–188

superspreader events, 190

testing for, 190

Trump and, 186–187

in United States, 173

in Vietnam, 189

Cowles, Henry, 287–288

CRAG. See Community Research Advisors Group

CRISPR-Cas, 205

critical dialogue, in science, 206–207

critical thinking

freedom and, 148

knowledge production and, 119–120

science and, 148

CRPD. See Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities

Cuba, 22, 24–25, 37–38, 45–48, 70–71

cultural diversity, 145

cultural life

defining, 123, 290

science and, 107–108, 142–143, 144–146

UDHR on, 108

UNESCO on, 130

cultural rights, 48–49

Article 15 ICESCR on, 141

protections from, 143–144

RtS as, 29–32, 292

Shaheed on, 144

UDHR on, 1–2

as universal, 5

Curie, Marie, 71–72

Dang, Gisa, 13

Danish Committee on Research Misconduct, 99

Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD), 99

Darwin, Charles, 97

data. See also Big Data

in agriculture, 147

fabrication, 97–98, 99, 100–101

neutrality, 111–114

Data Pop Alliance, 159–160

Davis, Kevin E., 271–272, 273–274

Dawson, Charles, 97

DCSD. See Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty

Decade of Disabled People, 153

Declaration of Independence, US, 195

Declaration of International Rights of Men, 40–41

Declaration of Philadelphia of the International Labor Committee, 40–41

Declaration of the Rights of People Affected by Tuberculosis, 264

Declaration on the Right to Education

Article 26, 22

Soviet delegation on, 22–23

Deep Fakes, 202

definitions of science, 76, 86, 93–94, 211, 234, 287, 288–289

democracy

education and, 4–5

foundations of, 18–19

general welfare in, 241–243

RtS and, 31

Denver Principles, 254–255

Department of Health and Human Services, 98

derogation, in ICESCR, 236–237

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), 99

developing countries, TRIPS impact on, 56

DFG. See Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

digital divide, disabled people and, 161–162

digital exclusion, 2–3

digitality, 201–202

van Dijk, Pieter, 218

Disability Rights Fund, 152

disability rights movement, history of, 151–152

disabled people

artificial intelligence and, 161

Big Data on, 159–161

digital divide and, 161–162

RtS for, 150–151

in scientific research, 158–159

as scientific subjects, 157–158

discrimination

Big Data and, 112

COVID-19 and, 177–179

racial, 177–178

dissidents, 112

do no harm, 256–257

UNESCO on, 129–130

Donders, Yvonne, 9, 12

Down Syndrome, 157, 161

dual-use surveillance, 182

Dumbarton Oaks, 35

ECHR, Article 10, 91–92

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 20–21

economic rights, in Berne Convention (1928), 64

ECOSOC. See Economic and Social Council

Ecuador, 22–23

EDPB. See European Data Protection Board

education. See also Right to Education

democracy and, 4–5

Huxley on, 85

UNESCO on, 86–87

edX, 209–210

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 23

Elbakyan, Alexandra, 295

Electronic Frontier Foundation, 181–182

Elsevier, 294

Elzinga, Aant, 78–79

emergency powers, 181–182

Entrepreneurial Rights as Human Rights (Aerni), 5

EPO. See European Patent Office

ethics, 8. See also bioethics

of artificial intelligence, 136–137

Big Data and, 110

EU. See European Union

Euclid, 27

eugenics, 84–85

European Charter of Fundamental Rights, 91–92

European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity, 101–102

European Commission, 294

European Data Protection Board (EDPB), 180

European Patent Office (EPO), 117–118

European Union (EU)

Big Data and, 111–112

COVID-19 in, 188–189

Everly, Rebecca, 11–12

evidence-based practices, CRPD and, 156–157

excitation

journalism and, 199–200

perceptions and, 200–201

executive distrust, of science, 182–184

Facebook, 109–110, 197, 202

social manipulation and, 109

Facetune, 202

facial recognition, 161

Facilitated Communication (FC), 157

fair return, 43–44, 51

fake news, 196–197

fake science, 202–204

Farmer, Paul, 265

farmers, 147, 204–205. See also agriculture

fast science, 10–11, 171

COVID-19 and, 184–188

FC. See Facilitated Communication

Fenwick, Charles, 37–39, 40

Finnemore, M., 78–79

First Founding Congress of Disabled People International, 153

Fiske, Susan, 109–110

food. See also agriculture; right to food

technology, 117

Four Freedoms speech, Roosevelt, 17, 18

four-step test, 235–243

France, 25

freedom, critical thinking and, 148

freedom of expression, 50

freedom of investigation, 50

freedom of opinion, 50

French Declaration of Human Rights, 61

Fribourg Declaration on Cultural Rights, 142

Frick, Mike, 13

Fridays for Future, 200

Furin, Jennifer, 260

Gates, Bill, 209

GDP per capita, human rights and, 172–173

GDPR, 111–112

gender equality, RtS and, 30

General Comment No. 25, CESCR, 3, 26, 108–109, 112–113, 118–119, 120, 123, 142–143, 178, 188, 190–191, 238, 240, 263–264, 266–267, 268–269

adoption of, 17

on human rights, 190–191, 279–280

normative implications of, 17

paragraph 52, 184

paragraph 54, 191

on participation, 251

RtS in, 170, 184

on science, 172

3AQ framework in, 250

General Conference in Montevideo, 84

General Day of Discussion on the New General Comment on Science, 3–4

Genetic Alliance, 293–294

Germany, 65, 199–200, 201, 206–207, 208

COVID-19 in, 188–189

Gerst, Alexander, 206–207

GIPA. See greater involvement of people with AIDS

Global Innovation Index, 166

Global North, 117–118

knowledge and language in, 113–114

Global TB Community Advisory Board (Global TB CAB), 252–253

Global Young Academy, 217

Gómez Robledo, Antonio, 37–38, 39

good participatory practice (GPP), 254

The Good Society (journal), 175

Goodstein, David, 94

on misconduct, 95

on scientific method, 95–96

Google, 197

advertising and, 198–199

Google Deepmind, 205–206

Gore, Albert, Jr., 98

government relations, in national academies, 227

GPP. See good participatory practice

Gran, Brian, 13–14

Gray, Glenda, 246

greater involvement of people with AIDS (GIPA), 254

Guttenberg, Karl-Theodor zu, 101

H1N1 outbreak, 187–188

harms, 121–122

Harvard University, 2

Havens, W. Paul, Jr., 158

Havet, Jacques L., 7, 21, 30

Health Research Extension Act, 98

Hermann, Friedhelm, 99

Hiroshima, 19, 77

history of science, 287–288

HIV/AIDS, 56, 116, 185–186, 187–188, 246

inclusion and research on, 254

honesty, 93, 103

HR Network. See International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies

HRBA. See human rights-based approach

human dignity, 91–92

human genetic modification, 2–3

human genome sequencing, TRIPS on, 57–58

human rights, 133–134

Article 15 ICESCR on, 279–280

communicable diseases and, 246

copyright as, 72–73

COVID-19 and, 169

GDP per capita and, 172–173

General Comment No. 25 on, 190–191, 279–280

in ICESCR, 58–60

innovation and, 121–122

IP rights and, 58–60, 115–116, 242

knowledge and, 119–120

monitoring bodies, 269–270

national academies and, 217–219, 222–224, 229

as negative rights, 74–75

Okediji on, 58–59

Roosevelt on, 18–19

RtS as, 232

science as, 31–32, 247

Stamapopoulou on, 28

in UDHR, 58–60

UNESCO on, 125–136

Western liberal conception of, 74–75

Human Rights Commission, 48, 63

Human Rights Council, 8–9, 138, 141, 269–270

human rights indicators

CESCR and, 272–273

defining, 271–272

emergence of, 269–271

outcome, 283, 284–285

process, 282–283, 284–285

production and, 275–277

promulgation of, 276–277

structural, 282, 284–285

human rights-based approach (HRBA), 126

human sciences, misconduct in, 94

Humphrey, John Peters, 6, 7, 20–21, 61–63

on Article 27(1) UDHR, 61–62

on RtS, 21

Hunt, Paul, 268–269, 273–274

Huxley, Julian, 77

on borderline fields, 84–85

on Cold War, 87–88

on education, 85

on scientific humanism, 80–81

hydroxychloroquine, 186–187

IAP. See InterAcademy Partnership

IBC. See International Bioethics Committee

ICCPR, 236–237, 241

ICESCR. See International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ICT. See information and communication technologies

IGBC. See Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee

IHME. See Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

Imanishi-Kari, Thereza, 98

impact factors, 203

inclusion

HIV/AIDS research and, 253–256

TB research and, 253–256

India, 56

indigenous peoples, 117

IP rights and, 117–118

industrial property, 56–57

industrialization, 55–56

inequality

COVID-19 and, 175–176

in science, 174–176

information and communication technologies (ICT), 110, 113–114, 122–123

Information Society Project, 27–28

informed consent, 150

innovation, human rights and, 121–122

Instagram, 202

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 167

Instituto Hispano-Luso-Americano de Derecho Internacional, 40

intellectual property (IP) rights, 51

Article 15 ICESCR on, 54–55, 58

Article 27 UDHR and, 54–56, 58

human rights and, 58–60, 115–116, 242

indigenous peoples and, 117–118

in Latin America, 66–67

moral rights and, 56, 65

origins and growth of, 55–58

right to food and, 116–117

Shaheed on, 59–60

InterAcademy Partnership (IAP), 217

Inter-American Bar Association, 36

Inter-American Commission of Jurists, 50

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 34–35

Inter-American Convention on the Rights of the Author in Literary, Scientific and Artistic Works, 66

Article XI, 66–67

Berne Convention (1928) compared with, 66

Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 34–35

Inter-American Juridical Committee, 24, 46, 61, 66–67

American Declaration and, 36–44, 50

Article XV of, 62–63

drafts of, 50

members of, 37–38

role of, 36–37

second draft of, 45–48

interdisciplinary relationships, 120–123

Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC), 124–125

International Bioethics Committee (IBC), 124–125, 131–132

international cooperation, UNESCO on, 129–130

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 213

Article 2, 11, 233, 235

Article 2(1), 233

Article 2(2), 178

Article 4, 11, 148, 238–239, 241

Article 15, 3, 4, 28, 33, 54

Article 15.3, 42

Article 15(1), 1

Article 15(1)(b), 11, 54, 144–146

Article 15(2), 11

Article 15(4), 233

countries signing, 232, 233

derogation in, 236–237

General Comment No. 25, 3

human rights in, 58–60

IP rights in, 58–60

retrogressive measures and, 237–238

UDHR enshrined by, 1–2

International Declaration on Human Genetic Data, 131

International Disability Alliance, 151–152

International Disability Caucus (IDC), 152

International Federation of Hard of Hearing People, 151–152

International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies (HR Network), 218–219, 230

international law, on text interpretation, 25

International League of Societies for the Mentally Handicapped, 151–152

International Organization of the Francophonie, 142

international trade fairs, 55–56

International Year of Disabled Persons, 153

internet, access to, 2–3

Internet Governance Lab, 160

inventions, classification of, 54

IP rights. See intellectual property rights

Jacob, Francois, 218

Japan, COVID-19 in, 188–189

Joint Appeal for Open Science, 136–137

Joint Civil Society Statement, 181n62, 181–182

journalism, as excitation business, 199–200

JSTOR, 295

Kahneman, Daniel, 170

Kakkar, Raman, 261–262

Kaplan, D. L., 158–159

Kaye, David, 111

Keys, C. B., 158–159

Khan, Nadia, 208–209

Khan, Salman, 208–209

Khan Academy, 209

Kingsbury, Benedict, 271–272, 273–274

knowledge, 143–144

beliefs separated from, 144

critical thinking and production of, 119–120

defining, 113–114

in Global North, 113–114

human rights and, 119–120

science as global, 107–108

traditional, 119

Krieger, 78–79

The Lancet, 187

language, in Global North, 113–114

Latin America, 35, 38, 52

IP rights in, 66–67

League of Nations, 77–78, 83

LGBTQ+ community, 177–178, 292

Library Genesis, 295–296

Life Prize, 258–260

liquid modernity, 200–201

Lomborg, Bjørn, 99–100

L’Oréal, 128–136

Luca Coscioni Association, 215

Macchiarini, Paolo, 101

MacDonald, K. E., 158–159

Mancisidor de la Fuente, Mikel, 3–4, 6, 293

on sharing, 50–51

Manheim, Karl, 81–82

March for Science, 196

Marshall, George C., 48

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 196–197

material interests, in Bogota Declaration, 67–69

Mayor Zaragoza, Federico, 31

Mazibrada, Andrew, 8–9

MDGs. See Millennium Development Goals

meaningful consent, 109, 110–111

measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 100

media

algorithms in, 198–199

behavior shaped by, 199

perceptions shaped by, 196–198

medicine, misconduct in, 94

MedRxiv, 185–186

Mendel, Gregor, 97

Mental Patients Liberation Front, 151

Merkel, Angela, 189

Merry, Sally Engle, 270–272, 273–274

Merton, Robert K., 8, 88

Metaphysics (Aristotle), 91

Mexico, 37–38, 45–48, 70–71

migrant workers, 113

military industrial complex, 23

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 127–128

Miller, 270–271

Millikan, Robert, 97

misconduct

defining, 93–96

Goodstein on, 95

historical perspective on, 96–102

in human sciences, 94

in medicine, 94

participation as protection from, 252

in social sciences, 94

missing link, 97

MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MMR. See measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine

Montréal Declaration on the Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence, 111

moral rights, 63

of authors, 60

in Berne Convention (1928), 64–65

in Bogota Declaration, 67–69

Cassin on, 69–71

IP rights and, 56, 65

origins of, 64–65

Mortchev, Mina, 211

Nagasaki, 19, 77

national academies, 215–217

in Africa, 226–227

barriers in study on, 225–227, 230

characteristics of, 221

civil and political rights focus of, 219

collaborative efforts in, 228–229, 230

cross-regional interests, 228

functions of, 216–217

government relations in, 227

human rights and, 217–219, 222–224, 229

methodology of study on, 220–221

non-Western, 219

organizational structure of, 226–227

RtS and, 224–229

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 98, 159, 255–256, 294

National Young Academies (NYAs), 217, 220–221, 230

Nature Science Index, 166

Nawrot, Anna Maria Andersen, 5

NDR. See Norddeutscher Rundfunk

Needham, Joseph, 19–20, 77, 83

on science, 80, 81

negative rights, 55–56

human rights as, 74–75

New Urban Agenda, 125, 127–128

New Zealand, 73–74

Newton, Isaac, 97

NGOs. See non-governmental organizations

Nieto del Río, Felix, 37–38, 39

NIH. See National Institutes of Health

Ninth Conference of American States, 45–52

non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 152

Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), 203

nuclear science, 87–88

Nuremberg Trial, 7

Cassin on, 20

NYAs. See National Young Academies

OAS Charter, 34–35

objectivity, science and, 82–84

Obregón Tarazona, Liliana, 38

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 123, 136–137, 271, 273, 275–277, 278–279

Okediji, Ruth L., 59–60

on human rights, 58–59

On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (Somerville), 287–288

open access, 294

open science, 136–137, 292–297

Optional Protocol to the Convention, 153–154

Orešković, Stjepan, 10–11

O’Toole, Margaret, 98

outcome indicators, 283, 284–285

Pai, Madhukar, 260

Palais Chaillot, 20–21

Pan-American Union, 35–36

Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing Project, 180–181

parapsychology, 84–85

Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property, 56–57

participation, 108–111, 120, 148, 296

defining, 108–109

General Comment No. 25 on, 251

for misconduct protection, 252

opportunities for, 282–283

in RtS, 25, 26, 146–149

scientific progress and, 251–253

Pasteur, Louis, 97

patents, 115

holders, 54, 56

for seeds, 116–117

Patents, Human Rights and Access to Science (Plomer), 5

patterning, 157

Pavlov, Alexei, 22, 73

Pavlov, Ivan, 22

Peru, 37–38, 45–48, 74

Perutz, Max, 218

Petijean, Patrick, 78

Philadelphia Declaration of the International Labour Organization, 68

travaux préparatoire for, 68, 69

Piltodwn Man forgery, 97

plagiarism, 94

Plato, 215–216

Plomer, Aurora, 5

PNAS. See Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Poland, 73

The Popular Science Monthly, 287–288

Porsdam, Helle, 12

Porsdam Mann, Sebastian, 10–11, 12, 153

Preliminary Report of the Commission to the Study the Organization of Peace, 40–41

pretomanid, 260–261

principle of national treatment, 56

privacy rights, 180

private funding, public funding and, 114–119

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 109–110

process indicators, 282–283, 284–285

property rights, 62–63

pseudoscience, 3, 84–85

UNESCO on, 85

public consultation, 120

public funding, private funding and, 114–119

public good, 260

science as, 107–108, 172–174

Public Health Service, 98–99

publication bias, 184

Putin, Vladimir, 2

QR codes, 180

racial discrimination, 177–178

in science field, 290–291

realism, political, 78

REBSP, 28. See right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and is applications

reciprocity, TB research and, 256–257

religion, Auger on, 85–86

Report of the Working Group of Human Rights, 48

retrogressive measures, ICESCR and, 237–238

Rigamonti, Cyrill P., 64–65

right to access to knowledge, 27–28

Right to Education, 22

RtS and, 30

right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and is applications (REBSP), 26–27, 28

right to food, 116

IP rights and, 116–117

Right to Food, RtS and, 30

Right to Health, 27

RtS and, 30

right to participate in and to enjoy the benefits of Scientific Progress and its Applications (RPEBSPA), 26–27

Right to Science (RtS), 2, 76–77

abbreviation of, 27

access in, 214, 249–251

in American Declaration, 42–44

benefits in, 24, 25, 26, 214

COVID-19 and, 265–267

CRPD and, 154–156

as cultural right, 29–32, 292

defining, 211–212, 213–214, 215, 244

democracy and, 31

for disabled people, 150–151

formal reasons for, 141

full implementation of, 4–5

future potential of, 263–265

gender equality and, 30

in General Comment No. 25, 170, 184

historical neglect of, 3, 231–233

history of, 152–153, 268–269, 286–287

as human right, 232

Humphrey on, 21

indicators, 273–283

limitation of, 236–241

literature review, 213–215

naming, 26–29

national academies and, 224–229

normative content of, 3, 234–235

participation in, 25, 26, 146–149

Right to Education and, 30

Right to Food and, 30

Right to Health and, 30

Right to Water and Sanitation and, 30

sharing in, 50–51

significant impacts of, 143–146

strategic litigation for, 261–263

substantive reasons for, 141–143

in UDHR, 17–18

UNESCO and, 20

in UNESCO Constitution, 20–21

right to share in scientific advancement and its benefits (RSSAB), 26–27

Right to Water and Sanitation, RtS and, 30

rights of priority, 56

rights of science, 7

Rio de Janeiro, 33, 36–38

Roberts, Ed, 151

Roman law, 64–65

Romano, Cesare P. R., 7

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Four Freedoms speech, 17, 18

on human rights, 18–19

Rose, 270–271

RPEBSPA. See right to participate in and to enjoy the benefits of Scientific Progress and its Applications

RSSAB. See right to share in scientific advancement and its benefits

RT-PCR, 190

RtS. See Right to Science

Russell, Bertrand, on science, 29

Russia, COVID-19 in, 189

Rwanda Academy of Science, 215–216

Salk, Jonas, 158, 265–266

Samarasan, Diana, 152

Sanderson, Grant, 209

SARS-CoV-2. See COVID-19

Satabello, Maya, 159

Saudi Arabia, 24

Schabas, William A., 213

science, technology and innovation (STI), 127–128

Science Barometer, 207–208

Science in the Service of Human Rights (Claude), 5

science-based decision making, climate change and, 132–133

scientific advancement, 234

Scientific Advisory Board, 125

scientific freedom, 132, 282–283

scientific humanism, Huxley on, 80–81

scientific integrity, defining, 93–96

scientific journals, access to, 115

scientific literacy, lack of, 3

scientific method, 287, 290

Goodstein on, 95–96

as ideal, 96

as myth, 95–96

scientific progress, 234

applications of, 234–235

benefits of, 235–236, 251–253

participation and, 251–253

SciHub, 295–296

search engine optimization (SEO), 197

self-image of science, 210

Shaheed, Farida, 5, 8–9, 28, 58–59, 141, 146, 249, 251, 279–280

on cultural rights, 144

on IP rights, 59–60

sharing, Mancisidor on, 50–51

Shaver, Lea, 27, 28–29, 51–52, 108

Silva, Cerda, 66

Silva, Diego, 256

Singapore Statement on Research Integrity, 102

Singer, H. S., 157

Skype, 220

slow science, 10–11, 171

COVID-19 and, 184–188

Slow Science Academy, 185

Sluga, Glenda, 78–79

smartphones, surveillance from, 113

social manipulation, Facebook and, 109

social networks, 11

Social Relations of Science Movement (SRSM), 81

social sciences, misconduct in, 94

society, science and, 171–172

Somerville, Mary, 287–288

South Africa, 56

Soviet Union, 24, 73

on Declaration of the Right to Education, 22–23

United States rivalry with, 19

space research, 206–207

SRSM. See Social Relations of Science Movement

Stack, E., 158–159

Stalin, Joseph, 23

Stamatopoulou, Elsa, 28

Stapel, Diederik, 100–101

State Department, US, 172–173

statistical -bias, 184

STEM, 166

Stengers, Isabelle, 185–186

Stephenson, J. P., 86

STI. See science, technology and innovation

Stobbe, Mike, 158

Stoepler, Teresa M., 11–12

structural indicators, 282, 284–285

Suarez Balcazar, Y., 158–159

Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), 203

Sulston, John, 57

Surgisphere Corporation, 187

surveillance

Big Data and, 112

dual-use, 182

from smartphones, 113

surveillance capitalism, 179

Sustainable Development Goals, 31, 125, 127–128

Swartz, Aaron, 294–295

SZ. See Süddeutsche Zeitung

TAG. See Treatment Action Group

Tararas, Konstantinos, 9

Tate, Jack, 48–49

TB. See tuberculosis

10/90 gap, 242

Terry, Sharon, 293–294

text interpretation, international law on, 25

Thierse, Wolfgang, 199–200

Timmermann, Cristian, 256–257

TKDL. See Traditional Knowledge Digital Library

TMS. See transcranial magnetic stimulation

Toussaint, Henri, 97

Trade Related Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 55–56, 64

Article 27(1), 57–58

copyright in, 56

developing countries impacted by, 56

on human genome sequencing, 57–58

traditional knowledge, 119

Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), 117–118

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 156

transparency, 121–122, 197–198

travaux préparatoire, 17–18, 50–51

for Bogota Declaration, 55, 74

for Philadelphia Declaration, 68, 69

Treatment Action Group (TAG), 13, 248, 251, 258–260

Trewin, S., 161

Tripathi, Kaushal, 262–263

TRIPS. See Trade Related Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights

TRIPS Agreement, 54

Trump, Donald, COVID-19 and, 186–187

trust, in science, 170, 188–191, 205–206

tuberculosis (TB), 13, 247, 252–253

activists, 250–251

advocacy for, 257–263

conservation and, 258–261

drug-resistant, 258, 262

inclusion and research on, 253–256

reciprocity and, 256–257

research on, 247–249

strategic litigation for, 261–263

UN on, 257–258

TWAS. See The World Academy of Sciences

Twitter, 197

UAE. See United Arab Emirates

UDHR. See Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Ukraine, 73

UN. See United Nations

UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, 113

UN Human Rights Commission, 39

UN Human Rights Office, 3–4

UN Preparatory Committee, 34

UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNESCO Constitution

Article 1, 9, 124

Preamble, 82–83

RtS in, 20–21

Unified Growth Theory, 176

United Arab Emirates (UAE), 258

United Nations (UN), 211

global frameworks, 127–128

Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, 111

Scientific Advisory Board, 134–136

on TB, 257–258

United Nations Division of Human Rights, 20–21

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 8, 204

on Agenda 2030, 127–128

on benefits sharing, 129–130

on bioethics, 131–132

on climate change, 132–133

Conference on the Dissemination of Science, 85

creation of, 19–20

on cultural life, 130

Declaration of Ethical Principles in Relation to Climate Change, 132–133

on do no harm, 129–130

enemies of progress and, 84–86

Field Science Cooperation Offices, 87

General Conference, 76–77, 131

history of, 79–80

on human rights, 125–136

Human Rights Strategy, 126

on international cooperation, 129–130

mandate of, 125–127

Medium-Term Strategy, 126

Natural Science Sector, 77, 79–80, 86–87

Program For Women in Science, 128–136

on pseudoscience, 85

Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers, 76–77, 102, 119, 129, 133–134, 214

RtS and, 20

on science, 76–77, 78–80, 82–84, 86–88, 128–137, 234

on science education, 86–87

Statement on Science and Scientific Researchers, 188

Venice Statement, 212–213

Wilkinson on, 20

on world unity, 80–82

United States, 37–38, 45–48

on American Declaration, 35

Big Data and, 111–112

COVID-19 in, 173

Soviet rivalry with, 19

in UDHR drafting, 48–49

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1, 6, 17, 33, 42–43, 83, 124, 204. See also specific articles

American Declaration and, 34–35

Article 18, 91

Article 19, 91

Article 29(1), 62

benefits in, 24

binding nature of, 1, 232

Bok on, 87–88

compliance with, 34–35

on cultural life, 108

on cultural rights, 1–2

drafting of, 34, 45–48, 291–292

historical context of, 17–21

human rights in, 58–60

ICESCR enshrining, 1–2

IP rights in, 58–60

objects of rights in, 24–26

role of science in, 22–23

RtS in, 17–18

on science, 108

United States in drafting of, 48–49

working drafts of, 20–21

Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, 131–132

Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, 131

Universal Periodic Review (UPR), 34–35, 257, 269–270

Uruguay, 45–48

Constitution of 1942, 61

The Utopian Human Right to Science and Culture (Nawrot), 5

Venezuela, 37–38, 45–48

Venice Statement on the Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress and its Applications, 126–127

Venkat, Bharat, 264–265

Venter, J. Craig, 57

Verma, Iner M., 109

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

Article 31(1), 231–232

Article 31(3), 231–232

Article 32, 6, 18

Vietnam, COVID-19 in, 189

Vitullo, M. W., 213

vocation, science as, 95

Wade, Nicolas, 97

Wakefield, Andrew, 100

Wallace, Alfred Russell, 97

WDR. See Westdeutscher Rundfunk

Weigers Vitullo, Margaret, 11–12

Weisenberg, Nathaniel, 11–12

Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), 203

WHA. See World Health Assembly

WhatsApp, 202

Whewell, William, 287–288

WHO. See World Health Organization

Wiesel, Torsten, 218

Wilkinson, Ellen, 19–20, 77, 286–287

on UNESCO, 20

WIPO. See World Intellectual Property Organization

The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), 228

World Bank, Doing Business Index, 270

World Blind Union, 151–152

World Commission on the Ethics of Science Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), 124–125

World Federation of the Deaf, 151–152

World Health Assembly (WHA), 156

World Health Organization (WHO), 136–137, 156, 168, 172–173, 247–248

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 58–59, 115–116, 122

World Justice Report, 270

World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry, 151–152

World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons, 153

World Trade Organization (WTO), 54, 57–58, 115–116

World War II, 18, 33

World Wide Web, invention of, 207

WTO. See World Trade Organization

Wyndham, J. M., 11–12, 213

Yogeshwar, Ranga, 11

Youmans, Edward, 287–288

YouTube, 197, 209

Yugoslavia, Constitution of, 61

Ziaee, Julia, 211

Zuckerberg, Marc, 205–206

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