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6 - Magnetostrictives and Electrostrictives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2013

Inderjit Chopra  and
Jayant Sirohi
Inderjit Chopra
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
Jayant Sirohi
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Austin
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Summary

Magnetostrictives and electrostrictives are active materials that exhibit magneto-mechanical and electromechanical coupling, respectively. These materials undergo a change in dimensions in response to an applied magnetic or electric field. A common property of both materials is that the induced strain depends only on the magnitude of the applied field and is independent of its polarity. In other words, it can be said that the induced strain has a quadratic dependence on the applied field. It is this behavior that differentiates electrostriction from the piezoelectric effect, which is also caused by an electric field. This chapter discusses the basic mechanisms behind magnetostriction and electrostriction, and it describes how these materials are used to construct practical actuators and sensors. The behavior of magnetic shape memory alloys (SMAs) is also described.

Magnetostriction

A ferromagnetic material placed in a magnetic field generally undergoes a change in shape [1]. The internal structure of a ferromagnetic material consists of randomly oriented magnetic domains. When a magnetic field is applied, the domains rotate to align themselves along the field, causing a change in the material dimensions. This phenomenon is known as “magnetostriction.” The effect is small in most materials but is measurable (on the order of microstrain) in ferromagnetic materials. Some materials, such as Terfenol-D, exhibit magnetostrictive strains on the order of 2000 microstrain (2000 × 10×6). Such materials can be used as both solid-state actuators and magnetic-field sensors. Magnetostrictive materials are available in the form of rods, thin films, and powder.

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Smart Structures Theory , pp. 581 - 684
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

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