Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:18:36.975Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 14 - QAnon, Folklore, and Conspiratorial Consensus

A Case Study in the Computational Analysis of Conspiracy Theory Narratives

from Part IV - The Role of Communication in Promoting and Limiting QAnon Support

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 September 2023

Monica K. Miller
Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Reno
Get access

Summary

QAnon, a conspiracy theory composed of a complex series of interlocking narratives detailing the machinations of malign actors whose seemingly insurmountable powers pose an existential threat to social order, is anchored in a folkloric process. It includes a wide range of characters from bad guys who kidnap, traffic, and cannibalize children, to good guys who rally “patriots” to fight elements of the “deep state.” We consider ~2 million discussion posts to social media forums where community members puzzle out the cryptic messages of the eponymous “Q.” Predicating our work on folklore theory, we apply a computational pipeline of AI methods to reveal the underlying narrative framework of the QAnon discussion forums, and identify the various links between otherwise largely unlinked domains of interaction and events that animate the conspiracy theory. We present a real-time user interface that allows users to monitor the changing topological features of the QAnon narrative framework.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Social Science of QAnon
A New Social and Political Phenomenon
, pp. 234 - 251
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso Books.Google Scholar
Bak-Coleman, J. B., Alfano, M., Barfuss, W., Bergstrom, C. T., Centeno, M. A., Couzin, I. D., & Weber, E. U. (2021). Stewardship of global collective behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(27), e2025764118.Google Scholar
Barzilay, T. (2016). Well poisoning accusations in medieval Europe: 1250–1500 (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University).Google Scholar
Bennett, B. (2007). Hermetic histories: Divine providence and conspiracy theory. Numen, 54(2), 174209.Google Scholar
Bikhchandani, S., Hirshleifer, D., & Welch, I. (1992). A theory of fads, fashion, custom, and cultural change as informational cascades. Journal of Political Economy, 100(5), 9921026.Google Scholar
Bodner, J., Welch, W., & Brodie, I. (2020). Covid-19 conspiracy theories: QAnon, 5G, the New World Order and other viral ideas. McFarland.Google Scholar
Burns, W. E. (2003). Witch hunts in Europe and America: An encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Clover, C. (1986). The long prose form. Arkiv för nordisk filologi, 101, 1039.Google Scholar
Davis, C. A., Ciampaglia, G. L., Aiello, L. M., Chung, K., Conover, M. D., Ferrara, E., Flammini, A., Fox, G. C., Gao, X., Gonçalves, B., Grabowicz, P. A., Hong, K., Hui, P.-M., McCaulay, S., McKelvey, K., Meiss, M. R., Patil, S., Kankanamalage, C. P., Pentchev, V., … Menczer, F. (2016). OSoMe: The IUNI Observatory on Social Media. PeerJ Computer Science, 2, e87.Google Scholar
Dean, J. (2000). Theorizing conspiracy theory. Theory & Event, 4(3). https://muse.jhu.edu/article/32599Google Scholar
Dégh, L. (2001). Legend and belief: Dialectics of a folklore genre. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Dundes, A. (Ed.). (1991). The blood libel legend: A casebook in anti-Semitic folklore. University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, B. (1989). Death by folklore: Ostension, contemporary legend, and murder. Western Folklore, 48(3), 201220.Google Scholar
Fay, B. (2019). The Nazi conspiracy theory: German fantasies and Jewish power in the Third Reich. Library & Information History, 35(2), 7597.Google Scholar
Ferrara, E., Chang, H., Chen, E., Muric, G., & Patel, J. (2020). Characterizing social media manipulation in the 2020 US presidential election. First Monday.Google Scholar
Fine, G. A. (2007). Rumor, trust and civil society: Collective memory and cultures of judgment. Diogenes, 54(1), 518.Google Scholar
Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 15(4), 731742.Google Scholar
Gray-Fow, M. J. (1998). Why the Christians? Nero and the great fire. Latomus, 57(Fasc. 3), 595616.Google Scholar
Greimas, A. J. (1968). Sémantique structurale, Paris, 1966. Archiv Orientální, 36, 150152.Google Scholar
Hagen, S., Peeters, S., Jokubauskaitė, E., & de Zeeuw, D. (2020, April 20). Cross-platform mentions of the QAnon conspiracy theory [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758479Google Scholar
Hofstadter, R. (1964, November). The paranoid style in American politics. Harper’s Magazine. https://harpers.org/archive/1964/11/the-paranoid-style-in-american-politics/Google Scholar
Holt, J., & Rizzuto, M. (2021, May 26). QAnon’s hallmark catchphrases evaporating from the mainstream internet. Digital Forensic Research Lab. https://medium.com/dfrlab/qanons-hallmark-catchphrases-evaporating-from-the-mainstream-internet-ce90b6dc2c55Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Rosenfield, A. M., Gandhi, L., & Blaser, T. (2016). Noise: How to overcome the high, hidden cost of inconsistent decision making. Harvard Business Review, 94, 3846.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Sibony, O., & Sunstein, C. R. (2021). Noise: A flaw in human judgment. Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Labov, W., & Waletzky, J. (1967). Narrative analysis. In Helm, J. (Ed.), Essays on the verbal and visual arts (pp. 1244). University of Washington Press. Reprinted in Journal of Narrative and Life History, 7, 3–38 (1997).Google Scholar
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415444.Google Scholar
Mullen, P. B. (1972). Modern legend and rumor theory. Journal of the Folklore Institute, 9(2/3), 95109.Google Scholar
Munn, L. (2021). More than a mob: Parler as preparatory media for the US Capitol storming. First Monday.Google Scholar
Newman, M. E. (2001). Clustering and preferential attachment in growing networks. Physical Review E, 64(2), 025102.Google Scholar
Nicolaisen, W. F. (1987). The linguistic structure of legends. Perspectives on Contemporary Legend, 2(1), 6167.Google Scholar
O’Connor, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2019). The misinformation age. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Papasavva, A., Blackburn, J., Stringhini, G., Zannettou, S., & De Cristofaro, E. (2021). “Is it a qoincidence?”: A first step towards understanding and characterizing the QAnon movement on Voat. In Leskovec, J., Grobelnik, M., Najork, M., Tang, J., & Zia, L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021 (pp. 460471). Association for Computing Machinery.Google Scholar
Papasavva, A., Aliapoulios, M., Ballard, C., De Cristofaro, E., Stringhini, G., Zannettou, S., & Blackburn, J. (2022). The gospel according to Q: Understanding the QAnon conspiracy from the perspective of canonical information. In Budak, C., Cha, M., & Quercia, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (vol. 16, pp. 735746). AAAI Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, W. (2019). It wasn’t just the trolls: Early internet culture, “fun,” and the fires of exclusionary laughter. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 2056305119849493.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, N. L., & Muirhead, R. (2020). A lot of people are saying. Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosnow, R. L. (1980). Psychology of rumor reconsidered. Psychological Bulletin, 87(3), 578591.Google Scholar
Shahsavari, S., Holur, P., Wang, T., Tangherlini, T. R., & Roychowdhury, V. (2020). Conspiracy in the time of corona: Automatic detection of emerging COVID-19 conspiracy theories in social media and the news. Journal of Computational Social Science, 3(2), 279317.Google Scholar
Shao, C., Ciampaglia, G. L., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2016). Hoaxy: A platform for tracking online misinformation. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web (pp. 745750). IW3C3.Google Scholar
Tangherlini, T. R. (1990). “It happened not too far from here…”: A survey of legend theory and characterization. Western Folklore, 49(4), 371390.Google Scholar
Tangherlini, T. R. (2018). Toward a generative model of legend: Pizzas, bridges, vaccines, and witches. Humanities, 7(1), 1.Google Scholar
Tangherlini, T. R. (2021). A conspiracy of witches. In Glauser, J. & Hermann, P. (Eds.), Myth, magic, and memory in early Scandinavian narrative culture (pp. 181193). Brepols.Google Scholar
Tangherlini, T. R., Roychowdhury, V., Glenn, B., Crespi, C. M., Bandari, R., Wadia, A., Falahi, M., Ebrahimzadeh, E., & Bastani, R. (2016). “Mommy blogs” and the vaccination exemption narrative: Results from a machine-learning approach for story aggregation on parenting social media sites. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 2(2), e6586.Google Scholar
Tangherlini, T. R., Shahsavari, S., Shahbazi, B., Ebrahimzadeh, E., & Roychowdhury, V. (2020). An automated pipeline for the discovery of conspiracy and conspiracy theory narrative frameworks: Bridgegate, Pizzagate and storytelling on the web. PLoS ONE, 15(6), e0233879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Prooijen, J. W. (2020). An existential threat model of conspiracy theories. European Psychologist, 25(1), 1625.Google Scholar
van Prooijen, J. W., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations. Memory Studies, 10(3), 323333.Google Scholar
Zimmer, F., & Reich, A. (2018). What is truth? Fake news and their uncovering by the audience. In Cunnane, V. & Corcoran, N. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Social Media (pp. 374381). Academic Conferences and Publishing International.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, E. (2019). QAnon and the emergence of the unreal. Journal of Design and Science, 6, 114.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×