Chapter 4 - Investigation of the female patient

Summary

Usually investigation for infertility is carried out by gynecologists, because if a couple failed to conceive it has been traditionally expected that the woman has a problem and should visit a doctor. The general examination starts when the patient comes into the consulting room from observations of body habitus, skin, hair excess, gait and posture. Ultrasonography is a more accurate method compared with bimanual examination so more precise data about ovaries and uterus may be obtained with a transvaginal ultrasound probe than with palpation. The assessment of ovulation involves history, examination and investigation. At hysterosalpingography (HSG) radio-opaque dye is injected through the small canula via the cervix into the uterine cavity under X-ray screening. In patients with infertility, diagnostic hysteroscopy is usually combined with laparoscopy. X-chromosome abnormalities may affect fertility in women with Turner syndrome, especially in mosaic form.