Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T03:53:42.687Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Interventions for acutely injured survivors of individual and mass trauma

from Part III - Clinical care and interventions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2009

By
Douglas Zatzick
Edited by
Robert J. Ursano ,
Carol S. Fullerton ,
Lars Weisaeth  and
Beverley Raphael
Douglas Zatzick
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry University of Washington School of Medicine
Robert J. Ursano
Affiliation:
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Maryland
Carol S. Fullerton
Affiliation:
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Maryland
Lars Weisaeth
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Oslo
Beverley Raphael
Affiliation:
University of Western Sydney
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Natural and human-made disasters entail the threat of physical injury. Injured trauma survivors initially receive care in the acute care medical setting. For example, the Centers for Disease Control report that within 48 h after the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center, 1 103 physically injured survivors were triaged through five acute care facilities in New York (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002). Injured survivors of mass disasters have been identified as a high-risk group that may require specialized early screening and evaluation procedures (United States Department of Defense et al., 2001; United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2003).

Trauma exposure when coupled with physical injury confers a higher risk for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Abenhaim et al., 1992; Green, 1993; Helzer et al., 1987; Hoge et al., 2004; Koren et al., 2005). Between 10% and 40% of hospitalized adolescent and adult injury survivors in the United States may go on to develop symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD (Holbrook et al., 2001; Marshall & Schell, 2002; Michaels et al., 1999b; Ursano et al., 1999; Zatzick et al., 2002a, 2002b, 2004c, 2006). Among injury survivors, PTSD is often complicated by comorbid, depressive symptoms (O'Donnell et al., 2004; Shalev et al., 1998b; Zatzick et al., 2004c, 2006) and medically unexplained somatic complaints (Engel et al., 2000; Katon et al., 2001b; Zatzick et al., 2003).

Keywords

acute care mental health servicesinjured patientsmass disastersmental health professionalspost-traumatic stress disordertrauma care systems
Type
Chapter
Information
Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry , pp. 190 - 205
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abenhaim, L., Dab, W. & Salmi, L. R. (1992). Study of civilian victims of terrorist attacks (France 1982–1987). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45, 103–109.Google Scholar
Allness, D. J. & Knoedler, W. H. (1998). The PACT Model of Community-Based Treatment for Persons with Severe and Persistent Mental Illnesses. Arlington, Va.: NAMI.
Bisson, J. I., Jenkins, P. L., Alexander, J. & Bannister, C. (1997). Randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 78–81.Google Scholar
Bisson, J. I., Shepherd, J. P., Joy, D., Probert, R. & Newcombe, R. G. (2004). Early cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms after physical injury. Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 63–69.Google Scholar
Bonnie, R. J., Fulco, C. E. & Liverman, C. T. (1999). Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Bordow, S. & Porritt, D. (1979). An experimental evaluation of crisis intervention. Social Science and Medicine, 13A, 251–256.Google Scholar
Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E. & Galea, S. (2006). Alcohol use in New York after the terrorist attacks: a study of the effects of psychological trauma on drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 606–621.Google Scholar
Brady, K., Pearlstein, T., Asnis, G. M.et al. (2000). Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 1837–1844.Google Scholar
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B. & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748–766.Google Scholar
Bryant, R. A. (2002). Enhancing treatment effectiveness for acute stress disorder. Paper presented at the the 18th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, Md.
Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Dang, S. T., Sackville, T. & Basten, C. (1998). Treatment of acute stress disorder: a comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 862–866.Google Scholar
Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Guthrie, R. M. & Moulds, M. L. (2000). A prospective study of psychophysiological arousal, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 341–344.Google Scholar
Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Guthrie, R. M., Dang, S. T. & Nixon, R. D. (2003). Imaginal exposure alone and imaginal exposure with cognitive restructuring in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 706–712.Google Scholar
Burns, B. J. & Santos, A. B. (1995). Assertive community treatment; an update of randomized trials. Psychiatric Services, 46, 669–675.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). Rapid assessment of injuries among survivors of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center-New York City, September 2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 51, 1–4.
Cerda, G., Zatzick, D., Wise, M. & Greenhalgh, D. (2000). Computerized registry recording of psychiatric disorders of pediatric patients with burns. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 21, 368–370.Google Scholar
Charles, C., Gafni, A. & Whelan, T. (1999). Decision-making in the physician-patient encounter: revisiting the shared treatment decision-making model. Social Science and Medicine, 49, 651–661.Google Scholar
Chesnut, R. M., Carney, N., Maynard, H.et al. (1999). Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury. Rockville, Md.: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Committee on Trauma American College of Surgeons. (2006). Performance improvement. In Resources for the Optimal Care of the Injured Patient. Chicago, Ill.: The American College of Surgeons.
Craske, M., Roy-Byrne, P., Stein, M. B.et al. (2002). Treating panic disorder in primary care: a collaborative care intervention. General Hospital Psychiatry, 24, 148–155.Google Scholar
Danielsson, P. E., Rivara, F. P., Gentilello, L. M. & Maier, R. V. (1999). Reasons why trauma surgeons fail to screen for alcohol problems. Archives of Surgery, 134, 564–568.Google Scholar
Davidson, J., Pearlstein, T., Londborg, P.et al. (2001). Efficacy of sertraline in preventing relapse of posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a 28-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1974–1981.Google Scholar
Deci, P., Santos, A. B., Hiott, D. W., Schoenwald, S. & Dias, J. K. (1995). Dissemination of assertive community treatment programs. Psychiatric Services, 46, 676–678.Google Scholar
Dunn, C., Zatzick, D., Russo, J.et al. (2003). Hazardous drinking by trauma patients during the year after injury. Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 54, 707–712.Google Scholar
Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A.et al. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessment as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1024–1032.Google Scholar
Emanuel, E. J. & Emanuel, L. L. (1992). Four models of the patient-physician relationship. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 2221–2226.Google Scholar
Engel, C. C. & Katon, W. (1999). Population and need-based prevention of unexplained physical symptoms in the community. In Institute of Medicine, Strategies to Protect the Health of U.S. Forces: Medical Surveillance, Record Taking and Risk Reduction, pp. 173–212. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Engel, C. C., Liu, X., McCarthy, B. D., Miller, R. F. & Ursano, R. J. (2000). Relationship of physical symptoms to posttramatic stress disorder among veterans seeking care for gulf war-related health concerns. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 739–745.Google Scholar
Engel, C. C., Hoge, C. W., Gonzalez, D., Bruner, V. & Zatzick, D. (2004). Improving access to quality military care for post-traumatic stress – stigma, barriers, and innovations. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New Orleans, LA.
Feinstein, A. R. (1987). Clinimetrics. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M. & Williams, J. B.W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders – Clinician Version (SCID-CV). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
Fletcher, R. H., Fletcher, S. W. & Wagner, E. H. (1996). Clinical Epidemiology: The Essentials, 3rd. edn. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins.
Foa, E. B. & Meadows, E. A. (1997). Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 449–480.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B., Hearst-Ikeda, D. & Perry, K. J. (1995). Evaluation of a brief cognitive-behavioral program for the prevention of chronic PTSD in recent assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 948–955.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M. & Friedman, M. J. (2000). Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: Guilford Press.
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H.et al. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 982–987.Google Scholar
Gentilello, L. M., Donovan, D. M., Dunn, C. W. & Rivara, F. P. (1995). Alcohol interventions in trauma centers: current practice and future directions. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274, 1043–1048.Google Scholar
Gentilello, L. M., Rivara, F. P., Donovan, D. M.et al. (1999a). Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of injury recurrence. Annals of Surgery, 230, 473–480.Google Scholar
Gentilello, L. M., Villaveces, A., Ries, R. R.et al. (1999b). Detection of acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcohol dependence by trauma center staff. Journal of Trauma, 47, 1131–1135.Google Scholar
Ghesquiere, A., Wagner, A., Russo, J. & Zatzick, D. (2004). Predicting injured trauma survivors' engagement in case management. Paper presented at the the 20th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, La.
Green, B. L. (1993). Identifying survivors at risk. In International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes, eds. Wilson, J. P. & Raphael, B.. New York: Plenum Press.
Greenberg, P. E., Sisitsky, T., Kessler, R. C.et al. (1999). The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990's. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 427–435.Google Scholar
Hearst, N., Newman, T. B. & Hulley, S. B. (1986). Delayed effects of the military draft on mortality. A randomized natural experiment. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 620–624.Google Scholar
Helzer, J. E., Robins, L. N. & McEvoy, L. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Findings of the epidemiological catchment area survey. New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1630–1634.Google Scholar
Herman, D., Felton, C. & Susser, E. (2002). Mental health needs in New York state following the September 11th attacks. Journal of Urban Health, 79, 322–331.Google Scholar
Hoagwood, K., Burns, B. J., Kiser, L., Ringeisen, H. & Schoenwald, S. K. (2001). Evidence-based practice in child and adolescent mental health services. Psychiatric Services, 52, 1179–1189.Google Scholar
Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C.et al. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13–22.Google Scholar
Holbrook, T. L., Anderson, J. P., Sieber, W. J., Browner, D. & Hoyt, D. B. (1999). Outcome after major trauma: 12-month and 18-month follow-up results from the trauma recovery project. Journal of Trauma, 46, 765–773.Google Scholar
Holbrook, T. L., Hoyt, D. B., Stein, M. B. & Sieber, W. J. (2001). Perceived threat to life predicts posttraumatic stress disorder after major trauma: risk factors and functional outcome. Journal of Trauma, 51, 287–293.Google Scholar
Horowitz, L., Kassam-Adams, N. & Bergstein, J. (2001). Mental health aspects of emergency medical services for children: summary of a consensus conference. Academic Emergency Medicine, 8, 1187–1196.Google Scholar
Jack, K. & Glied, S. (2002). The public costs of mental health response: lessons from the New York City post-9/11 needs assessment. Journal of Urban Health, 79, 332–339.Google Scholar
Jaycox, L. H., Marshall, G. N. & Schell, T. (2004). Use of mental health services by men injured through community violence. Psychiatric Services, 55, 415–420.Google Scholar
Johnston, B. D., Rivara, F. P., Droesch, R. M., Dunn, C. & Copass, M. K. (2002). Behavior change counseling in the emergency department to reduce injury risk: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110, 267–274.Google Scholar
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Guidelines. (1999). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. The expert consensus panels for PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 3–76.
Kassam-Adams, N., Garcia–Espana, J. F., Fein, J. A. & Winston, F. K. (2005). Heart rate and posttraumatic stress in injured children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 335–340.Google Scholar
Katon, W. & Gonzales, J. (1994). A review of randomized trials of psychiatric consultation-liaison studies in primary care. Psychosomatics, 35, 268–278.Google Scholar
Katon, W., Korff, M., Lin, E.et al. (1994). Methodologic issues in randomized trials of liaison psychiatry in primary care. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 97–103.Google Scholar
Katon, W., Korff, M., Lin, E.et al. (1995). Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines: impact on depression in primary care. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1026–1031.Google Scholar
Katon, W., Korff, M., Lin, E.et al. (1997). Population-based care of depression: effective disease management strategies to decrease prevalence. General Hospital Psychiatry, 19, 169–178.Google Scholar
Katon, W., Korff, M., Lin, E.et al. (1999). Stepped collaborative care for primary care patients with persistent depression: a randomized trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1109–1115.Google Scholar
Katon, W., Rutter, C., Ludman, E. J.et al. (2001a). A randomized trial of relapse prevention of depression in primary care. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 241–247.Google Scholar
Katon, W., Sullivan, M. & Walker, E. (2001b). Medical symptoms without identified pathology: relationship to psychiatric disorders, childhood and adult trauma, and personality traits. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 917–925.Google Scholar
Katon, W., Korff, M., Lin, E. & Simon, G. (2001c). Rethinking practitioner roles in chronic illness: the specialist, primary care physician, and the practice nurse. General Hospital Psychiatry, 23, 138–144.Google Scholar
Katon, W., Korff, M., Lin, E. H.et al. (2004). The pathways study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1042–1049.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 4–14.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Crum, R. M., Warner, L. A.et al. (1997). Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 313–321.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E. et al. (1999). Epidemiological risk factors for trauma and PTSD. In Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, ed. Yehuda, R.. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
Koren, D., Norman, D., Cohen, A., Berman, J. & Klein, E. M. (2005). Increased PTSD risk with combat-related injury: a matched comparison study of injured and uninjured soldiers experiencing the same combat events. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 276–282.Google Scholar
Litz, B. T. (2004). Early Intervention for Trauma and Traumatic Loss. New York: Guilford Press.
Litz, B. T., Gray, M. J., Bryant, R. A. & Adler, A. B. (2002). Early interventions for trauma: current status and future directions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 112–134.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, E. J., Hoyt, D. B., Sacra, J. C.et al. (2003). National inventory of hospital trauma centers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 1515–1522.Google Scholar
March, J. S. (2003). Acute stress disorder in youth: a multivariate prediction model. Society of Biological Psychiatry, 53, 809–816.Google Scholar
Marshall, G. N. & Schell, T. L. (2002). Reappraising the link between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD symptom severity: evidence from a longitudinal study of community violence survivors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 626–636.Google Scholar
Marshall, R. D., Beebe, K. L., Oldham, M. & Zaninelli, R. (2001). Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1982–1988.Google Scholar
Mayou, R., Bryant, B. & Duthie, R. (1993). Psychiatric consequences of road traffic accidents. British Medical Journal, 307, 647–651.Google Scholar
Mayou, R., Tyndel, S. & Bryant, B. (1997). Long-term outcome of motor vehicle accident injury. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 578–584.Google Scholar
Mayou, R. A., Ehlers, A. & Hobbs, M. (2000). Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. Three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 589–593.Google Scholar
McCarthy, M. L., MacKenzie, E. J., Edwin, D.et al. (2003). Psychological distress associated with severe lower-limb injury. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 85-A, 1689–1697.Google Scholar
McGlynn, E. A., Norquist, G. S., Wells, K. B., Sullivan, G. & Liberman, R. P. (1988). Quality-of-care research in mental health: responding to the challenge. Inquiry, 25, 157–170.Google Scholar
Mellman, T. A., David, D., Bustamante, V., Fins, A. I. & Esposito, K. (2001). Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder following severe injury. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 226–231.Google Scholar
Michaels, A. J., Michaels, C. E., Moon, C. H.et al. (1999a). Posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: impact on general health outcome and early risk assessment. Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 47, 460–467.Google Scholar
Michaels, A. J., Michaels, C. E., Zimmerman, M. A.et al. (1999b). Posttraumatic stress disorder in injured adults: etiology by path analysis. Journal of Trauma, 47, 867–873.Google Scholar
Mollica, R. F., McInnes, K., Sarajlie, N.et al. (1999). Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 433–439.Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health. (2002). Mental Health and Mass Violence: Evidence-Based Early Psychological Intervention for Victims/Survivors of Mass Violence. A Workshop to Reach Consensus on Best Practices. (NIH Publication No. 02-5138). Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Mental Health.
New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America. Rockville, Md.: DHHS.
O'Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U. & Shalev, A. Y. (2003). Posttraumatic disorders following injury: an empirical and methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 587–603.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M. & Pattison, P. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma: understanding comorbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1390–1396.Google Scholar
Pitman, R. K., Sanders, K. M., Zusman, R. M.et al. (2002). Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 189–192.Google Scholar
Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M. & Piacentini, J. C. (1999). A development psychopathology model of childhood traumatic stress and intersection with anxiety disorders. Society of Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1542–1554.Google Scholar
Ramstad, S. M., Russo, J. & Zatzick, D. F. (2004). Is it an accident? Recurrent traumatic life events in level I trauma center patients compared to the general population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 529–534.Google Scholar
Reijneveld, S. A., Crone, M. R., Verhulst, F. C. & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2003). The effect of a severe disaster on the mental health of adolescents: a controlled study. Lancet, 362, 691–696.Google Scholar
Reijneveld, S. A., Crone, M. R., Schuller, A. A., Verhulst, F. C. & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2005). The changing impact of a severe disaster on the mental health and substance misuse of adolescents: follow-up of a controlled study. Psychological Medicine, 35, 367–376.Google Scholar
Rivara, F. P., Koepsell, T. D., Jurkovich, G. J., Gurney, J. G. & Soderberg, R. (1993). The effects of alcohol abuse on readmission for trauma. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 1962–1964.Google Scholar
Rose, S. & Bisson, J. (1998). Brief early psychological interventions following trauma: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 697–710.Google Scholar
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Katon, W., Cowley, D. & Russo, J. (2001). A randomized effectiveness trial of collaborative care for patients with panic disorder in primary care. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 869–876.Google Scholar
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Sherbourne, C., Craske, M.et al. (2003). Moving treatment research from clinical trials to the real world. Psychiatric Services, 53, 327–332.Google Scholar
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Russo, J., Michelson, E.et al. (2004). Risk factors and outcome in ambulatory assault victims presenting to the acute emergency department setting: implications for secondary prevention studies in PTSD. Depression and Anxiety, 19, 77–84.Google Scholar
Sabin, J., Zatzick, D., Jurkovich, G. & Rivara, F. (2006). Primary care utilization and detection of emotional distress after adolescent traumatic injury: identifying an unmet need. Pediatrics, 117, 130–138.Google Scholar
Sackett, D. L., Haynes, R. B., Guyatt, G. H. & Tugwell, P. (1991). Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine, 2nd edn. London.: Little, Brown and Co.
Santos, A. B., Henggeler, S. W., Burns, B. J., Arana, G. W. & Meisler, N. (1995). Research on field-based services: models for reform in the delivery of mental health care to populations with complex clinical problems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1111–1123.Google Scholar
Satcher, D. (1999). Mental health: A Report of the Surgeon General. (Report). Rockville, Md.: US Department of Health and Human Services.
Schelling, G., Kilger, E., Roozendaal, B.et al. (2004). Stress doses of hydrocortisone, traumatic memories, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized study. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 627–633.Google Scholar
Schermer, C. R., Gentilello, L. M., Hoyt, D. B.et al. (2003). National survey of trauma surgeons' use of alcohol screening and brief intervention. Journal of Trauma, 55, 849–856.Google Scholar
Schoenwald, S. K. & Hoagwood, K. (2001). Effectiveness, transportability, and dissemination of interventions: what matters when?Psychiatric Services, 52, 1190–1197.Google Scholar
Schwarz, E. D. & Kowalski, J. M. (1992). Malignant memories: reluctance to utilize mental health services after a disaster. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 767–772.Google Scholar
Shalev, A. Y., Bonne, O. & Eth, S. (1996). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 165–182.Google Scholar
Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T.et al. (1998a). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 630–637.Google Scholar
Shalev, A. Y., Sahar, T., Freedman, S.et al. (1998b). A prospective study of heart rate response following trauma and the subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 553–559.Google Scholar
Silver, B. S. & McDuff, D. (1990). Behavioral correlates and staff recognition of alcohol use in a university hospital trauma service. Psychosomatics, 32, 420–425.Google Scholar
Simon, G. E., Wagner, E. & Korff, M. (1995). Cost-effectiveness comparisons using “real world” randomized trials: the case of new antidepressant drugs. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 48, 363–373.Google Scholar
Simon, G. E., Ludman, E., Unutzer, J. & Bauer, M. S. (2002). Design and implementation of a randomized trial evaluating systematic care for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 4, 226–236.Google Scholar
Solomon, S. D., Gerrity, E. T. & Muff, A. M. (1992). Efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 633–638.Google Scholar
Stein, L. I. & Santos, A. B. (1998). Assertive Community Treatment of Persons with Severe Mental Illness. New York: W.W. Norton.
Tellez, M. & Mackersie, R. C. (1996). Violence prevention involvement among trauma surgeons: description and preliminary evaluation. Journal of Trauma, 40, 602–606.Google Scholar
United States Department of Defense, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health, N. I. O. M., Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Services, C. f. M. H., U.S. Department of Justice, et al. (2001). Mental health and mass violence. Paper presented at the Evidence Based Early Psychological Intervention for Victims/Survivors of Mass Violence: A Workshop to Reach Consensus on Best Practices.
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). Mental Health All-Hazards Disaster Planning Guidance (DHHS Publication No. SMA 3829). Rockville, Md.: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Unutzer, J., Katon, W., Williams, J. W.et al. (2001). Improving primary care for depression in late life: the design of a multicenter randomized trial. Medical Care, 39, 785–799.Google Scholar
Unutzer, J., Katon, W., Callahan, C. M.et al. (2002). Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 2836–2845.Google Scholar
Ursano, R. J. (2002). Post-traumatic stress disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 130–132.Google Scholar
Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Epstein, R. S.et al. (1999). Acute and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident victims. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 589–595.Google Scholar
Ursano, R. J., Bell, C., Eth, S.et al. (2004). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 3–31.Google Scholar
Emmerik, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Hulsbosch, A. M. & Emmelkamp, P. (2002). Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: a meta-analysis. The Lancet, 360, 766–771.Google Scholar
Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J.et al. (2004a). Consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among New York City residents six months after the September 11 terrorist attacks. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30, 385–407.Google Scholar
Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H. & Kilpatrick, D. (2004b). Sustained increased consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan residents after September 11, 2001. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 253–254.Google Scholar
Korff, M., Gruman, J., Schaefer, J., Curry, S. J. & Wagner, E. H. (1997). Collaborative management of chronic illness. Annals of Internal Medicine, 127, 1097–1102.Google Scholar
Wagner, A. W. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD: applications to injured trauma survivors. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 8, 175–187.Google Scholar
Wagner, E. H., Austin, B. T. & Korff, M. (1996). Organizing care for patients with chronic illness. The Milbank Quarterly, 74, 511–543.Google Scholar
Walker, E., Unutzer, J., Rutter, C.et al. (1999). Costs of health care use by women HMO members with a history of childhood abuse and neglect. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 609–613.Google Scholar
Walker, E. A., Katon, W., Russo, J.et al. (2003). Health care costs associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 369–374.Google Scholar
Walker-Barnes, C. J. (2003). Developmental epidemiology: the perfect partner for clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 181–186.Google Scholar
Weisaeth, L. (2001). Acute posttraumatic stress: nonacceptance of early intervention. Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 35–40.Google Scholar
Wells, K. B. (1999a). The design of Partners in Care: evaluating the cost-effectiveness of improving care for depression in primary care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 20–43.Google Scholar
Wells, K. B. (1999b). Treatment research at the crossroads: the scientific interface of clinical trials and effectiveness research. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 5–10.Google Scholar
Wells, K. B., Sherbourne, C., Schoenbaum, M.et al. (2000). Impact of disseminating quality improvement programs for depression in managed primary care: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 212–220.Google Scholar
Winston, F. K., Kassam-Adams, N., Garcia-Espana, F., Ittenbach, R. & Cnaan, A. (2003). Screening for risk of persistent posttraumatic stress in injured children and their parents. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 643–649.Google Scholar
Yehuda, R. (1999). Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
Zatzick, D. F. (2003a). Collaborative care for injured victims of individual and mass trauma: a health services research approach to developing early interventions. In Terrorism and Disaster: Individual and Community Mental Health Interventions, eds. Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S. & Norwood, A. E.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zatzick, D. F. (2003b). Posttraumatic stress, functional impairment, and service utilization after injury: a public health approach. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 8, 149–157.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F. & Roy-Byrne, P. (2003). Psychopharmacological approaches to the management of posttraumatic stress disorders in the acute care medical sector. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 8, 168–174.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S.et al. (1997a). Posttraumatic stress disorder, and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1690–1695.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Weiss, D. S., Marmar, C. R.et al. (1997b). Post-traumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in female Vietnam veterans. Military Medicine, 162, 661–665.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Kang, S., Kim, S.et al. (2000). Patients with recognized psychiatric disorders in trauma surgery: incidence, inpatient length of stay, and cost. Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 49, 487–495.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Kang, S. M., Hinton, W. L.et al. (2001a). Posttraumatic concerns: a patient-centered approach to outcome assessment after traumatic physical injury. Medical Care, 39, 327–339.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Roy-Byrne, P., Russo, J., Rivara, F. P. & Jurkovich, G. J. (2001b). Distress, functioning and service use in injured trauma survivors. Paper presented at the Reaching Undeserved Trauma Survivors Through Community-Based Programs: 17th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Zatzick, D. F., Roy-Byrne, P., Russo, J.et al. (2001c). Collaborative interventions for physically injured trauma survivors: a pilot randomized effectiveness trial. General Hospital Psychiatry, 23, 114–123.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Jurkovich, G. J., Gentilello, L. M., Wisner, D. H. & Rivara, F. P. (2002a). Posttraumatic stress, problem drinking and functioning 1 year after injury. Archives of Surgery, 137, 200–205.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Kang, S. M., Muller, H. G.et al. (2002b). Predicting posttraumatic distress in hospitalized trauma survivors with acute injuries. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 941–946.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Russo, J. & Katon, W. (2003). Somatic, posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms among injured patients treated in trauma surgery. Psychosomatics, 44, 479–484.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Roy-Byrne, P., Russo, J.et al. (2004a). A randomized effectiveness trial of stepped collaborative care for acutely injured trauma survivors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 498–506.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Roy-Byrne, P., Russo, J. et al. (2004b). Effective early intervention for injury survivors: a randomized trial. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA.
Zatzick, D. F., Jurkovich, G., Russo, J.et al. (2004c). Posttraumatic distress, alcohol disorders, and recurrent trauma across level 1 trauma centers. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 57, 360–366.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Russo, J., Pitman, R. K.et al. (2005a). Reevaluating the association between emergency department heart rate and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: a public health approach. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 91–95.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Russo, J., Rivara, F.et al. (2005b). The detection and treatment of posttraumatic distress and substance intoxication in the acute care inpatient setting. General Hospital Psychiatry, 27, 57–62.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Russo, J.et al. (2005c). Anxiety disorders and medical illness: risk factors, effectiveness trials, and quality of care. CNS Spectrums, 10, 1.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D. F., Russo, J., Grossman, D.et al. (2006a). Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms, alcohol use, and recurrent traumatic life events in a representative sample of hospitalized injured adolescents and their parents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 377–387.Google Scholar
Zatzick, D., Simon, G. E. & Wagner, A. W. (2006b). Developing and implementing randomized effectiveness trails in general medical settings. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13 (1), 53–68.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×