4 - Not in the family: trans people’s experiences of family relationships and the implications for support in later life

Summary

Introduction

This chapter looks more closely at the challenges and opportunities that trans people face when accessing family and social support in later life. Social support is often cited as an important factor contributing to subjective wellbeing as one gets older (Diener and Seligman, 2002), and earlier chapters have already discussed some of the cumulative life experiences for trans people which may impact on access to the health and social care services they may use to support themselves in later life. In some global regions, there is a general presumption that an ageing population will give rise to an increased need for health and social care services. This is a complex picture (Health Foundation, 2021), and the demand for care will also be influenced by the availability of unpaid and informal care provided by family and friends. The picture for trans people in later life may however be more complex in terms of who is best placed to support them and the choices they have available. In Chapter 2, Callahan and colleagues articulate some of the proactive choices and responses to care barriers experienced when engaging with services that have historically not welcomed them. In Chapter 3, Toze highlighted the health and social care network alternatives created by and for trans people but which are often small and fragile and vulnerable to macro- economic and political influences. To be able to plan future service delivery effectively, policy makers will need to understand how any changes in population structure will impact overall demand; other authors in this book have discussed some of the barriers and necessary changes required to achieve this in relation to the ageing trans population. A social constructionist approach can also help us to critically examine discourses present within the wider cultural environment about ageing, families and caring and to challenge normative understandings about what a family is, to appreciate what might be different, similar or unique for older trans people.

This chapter draws on some of the themes from the authors’ findings in relation to a systematic review on the international literature on what is known about trans parenting (Hafford- Letchfield et al, 2019).