Index

doi:10.1017/9781009004824.016

Index

AAPSO. See Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization

Abdel-Malek, Anour, 17

Abdesselam, Belaïd, 188–189

African National Congress (ANC), 25–26, 120–121, 141, 147, 149–150, 160–161, 337

Cuba and, 153–154

Defiance Campaign, 144–

exceptionalism of, 144–147

guerrilla warfare of, 154–155

liberation by, 147–152

PAC conflict with, 148–150

public relations of, 158

on solidarity, 156–160, 161

at Tricontinental Conference, 153–154

Tricontinentalism and, 161–162

on violence, 152–156, 157–158

Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization (AAPSO), 5–6, 12, 31–32, 46, 63, 82–83, 179, 265–266, 311, 339

first conference of, 199

Latin American leftist movements and, 63–64, 221–222

militancy of, 216–218

Moshi conference, 180–181, 201–202, 206–207

operation of, 197–198

origination of, 62, 75, 120, 216–218

Sino-Soviet competition and, 196–197, 198–199

Tricontinental Conference on, 218

United States on, 223

Afro-Asianism, 163–165, 166, 178–179

in Latin America, 49

Sino-Soviet competition and, 197–205

Algeria, 5–7, 33, 107–108, 163, 199–200, 340

anti-imperialism of, 177–185

Black Panthers in, 186–187

Cuba relations with, 166–177, 185–190

Guevara in, 173–174, 293–294

natural resources of, 188–189

Third Worldism and, 166

United States relations with, 174–175

Algerian war of independence, 103, 163–165, 171, 199–200, 255

All African People’s Conference, 145–146

Allende, Salvador, 76, 81

Alliance for Progress, 286–287

American War, 126–127, 130, 131. See also Vietnam War

analogies, power of, 24–25, 143–144

ANC. See African National Congress

Angola, 24–25, 67, 94, 134, 153–154, 163–165, 168–169, 206–207, 259–260, 304–305, 307–308

Cuba and, 316–322

mercenaries in, 316–322

anti-apartheid movement, 141, 145

anti-authoritarians, West German, 88–89, 91

anti-imperialism, 7–8, 195, 196, 226, 252–253, 266

of Algeria, 177–185

Guevara on, 153–154, 287

socialism linked with, 29–30

of Tricontinentalism, 15–17, 37–38, 77

Westerner support for, 24–25, 88–89, 267–269

Anti-Imperialist League of the Americas (LADLA), 44, 51–52

on Black labor, 56

communist parties and, 51

dissolution of, 59–60

ideological tendencies of, 48–49

on Indigenous peoples, 56

internationalism of, 49–60

origins of, 44, 46, 50–52

Anti-Imperialist Project, 4–5, 9–12, 16, 20–21

global schisms in, 177–185

Tricontinentalism and, 25–32

apartheid, 141. See also anti-apartheid movement

in South Africa, 65–66, 67

Apartheid Committee, 139, 141–

Arafat, Yasser, 31–32, 94, 97–98, 102–104, 106, 169–170

Arbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, 279–282

Argentina, 298–299

armed struggle, 5–6, 15, 21, 72, 73, 153–154

Cabral on, 255

in Cuban revolution, 205–206

Guevara on, 285

Tricontinentalism on, 80–81, 212–213

Asian-African Conference. See Bandung Conference

al-Assad, Hafiz, 104

authoritarianism, 29, 89

Baader-Meinhof Gang, 21, 107–108

Bandung Conference, 2, 5–6, 8–9, 11, 16, 19–20, 44, 46, 59–60, 177–178, 198–199, 219

on decolonization, 30–31

DRV at, 119–120

historical accounts of, 9–12, 48

LAI and, 48

solidarity at, 9–10

Tricontinentalism contrasted with, 2–4, 5–6, 10–12, 62–63

Bandung Conference II, 31–32, 182–184, 196–197, 204–205, 216, 219–220, 223–224, 337–338

China on, 202

preparatory conference for, 202–203

Soviet Union excluded from, 202–203

Barrientos, Rene, 298, 300–301

Baath Party, 28–29

Batista, Fulgencio, 279–280

Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 117, 120–121, 157–158

Bay of Pigs invasion, 61–62, 289–290, 306, 307–309, 310–311, 323

Bayo, Alberto, 282–283

Belgrade Conference, 177–178

Cuba at, 178–179

Ben Barka, Mehdi, 31–32, 63–64, 73, 166, 311

Ben Bella, Ahmed, 63–64, 143–144, 152–153, 166, 171–173, 177, 203, 296–297

on colonialism, 163–165

coup against, 186–187

on Third Worldism, 163

Tito and, 182–183

Berstein, Rusty, 156–157

Black Americans, 245–247, 268–269, 270

OSPAAAL and, 67

Black nationalism, 28–29, 272

Black Panthers, 21

in Algeria, 186–187

Black Power movement, 24–25, 269, 270–271

black radicalism, 29–30

Bolivia, 80–81, 298–299, 301–302

Guevara in, 298–301

Boumédiène, Houari, 33, 171–173, 177, 183–184, 186–187, 203

Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 171–172, 176–177, 183–184

Brandt, Willy, 33–34

Brazil, 5–6

Brezhnev, Leonid, 209–210, 301, 338

BRICS group, 36–37

Brussels Congress, 47–48, 52–53, 55–56, 60

on imperialism, 49–50

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 96–97

Buenos Aires, 58

Bundy, McGeorge, 230–231

Cabo Verde, 249, 250, 252–253, 256–257

independence of, 273–274

Cabral, Amílcar, 12, 21, 31–32, 65, 76, 184, 245–247, 315–316, 334, 335–336

on armed struggle, 255

Cubans and, 261–262, 315–316

death of, 273–274

foreign policy of, 260

as idol, 268–269

on imperialism, 267–268

Marxism of, 247–248, 253

on nationalism, 250–251

Pan-Africanism of, 270–271

on racial identity, 266–273, 321

on racism, 270–271

on re-Africanisation, 250

on revolution, 261–266

on self-determination, 253–254

on socialism, 248, 251–252, 253

on solidarity, 247–248, 250

on Soviet Union, 263–264

on transnational struggle, 256–261

on Tricontinentalism, 263–264, 274–275

youth of, 249

Cambodia, 94

capitalism, 26–27, 132–133, 263

Carlos the Jackal, 189

Castillo, Heberto, 76, 81

Castro, Fidel, 1–2, 31–32, 75, 129, 143–144, 153–154, 161, 163–165, 166, 172–173, 222, 223, 239–240, 288, 301–302, 304

Cabral and, 315–316

on China, 208

on Cuba, 288–289

Guevara and, 278

on mercenaries, 306, 312–313, 323–324

on Soviet Union, 301–302

on Tricontinental Conference, 201–202

CCP. See Chinese Communist Party

Central Intelligence Agency, 235–236, 279–280, 308–309

César Sandino, Augusto, 282–283

Charter of Algiers, 188–189

Che. See Guevara, Che

China, 2–4, 34–35, 36–37, 79. See also Sino-Soviet split

on Bandung II, 202

Castro on, 208

Cuba and, 205–208

DRV and, 116–117

Guevara in, 292–293

India relations with, 202

on PLO, 105

on racial identity, 181, 182

on socialism, 195

at Tricontinental Conference, 208–215, 338

Tricontinentalism supported by, 18–19

Vietnam at war with, 98, 104–105

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 194–195

Chinese Revolution, 194–195

CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency

Cienfuegos, Osmany, 63–64, 213

Clark, Akporode, 325, 326

class consciousness, 52–53

and nationalism, 17–18, 126, 195, 225–226, 250

and race, 58–59

class struggle, 58–59, 225–226

in DRV, 125–126, 137–138

in Marxism, 137–138

CMEA. See Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

Cold War, 4–5, 7–8, 38, 59–60, 108–109, 330–331

challenges to, 24–25

historiography of, 96–97

ideological stereotypes in, 71–72

NAM and, 72–74

Tricontinentalism in, 18–19

Colombo Powers, 12

colonialism, 25–26, 49–50, 60–61, 120–121, 224–225. See also decolonization; neocolonialism; postcolonial theory

Ben Bella on, 163–165

end of, 120–121

Guevara on, 284–285

Coloured People’s Congress, 145, 152

Comintern, 26–28, 29–30, 50–51, 53–54, 55, 59

united-front approach of, 51–52

communism, 16–17, 26–27, 137, 180–181

factionalism in, 184

Guevara on, 294–295

and internationalism of DRV, 124–136

in Soviet Union, 285–286

in Third World, 137–138, 193, 261–266

after World War II, 193–194

CONCP. See Conferência das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas

Confederation of Latin American Labor Unions (CSLA), 58–59

Conference of Non-Aligned States, 107

Conferência das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas (CONCP), 256–257, 272

Congo (Democratic Republic of), 2, 21–24, 153–154, 295–296, 298, 306, 309, 312–316

Guevara in, 314–315

United States involvement with, 31, 313–314, 315

Congress Against Colonial Oppression and Imperialism and for National Independence. See Brussels Congress

Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, 327–328

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 301–302

CSLA. See Confederation of Latin American Labor Unions

Cuba, 5–7, 21–24, 34–36, 46, 52–53

Algeria relations with, 166–177, 185–190

ANC and, 153–154

Angola and, 316–322

at Belgrade Conference, 178–179

Castro on, 288–289

China and, 205–208

FLN on, 171–172

foreign policy of, 240

FRG and, 82–90

GDR and, 82–90

Johnson on, 239

mercenaries and, 306

on NAM, 214, 327

national identity of, 75

PAIGC and, 261–262

racial identity in, 321–322

Sino-Soviet competition and, 205–208

socialism of, 84

solidarity of, with Algeria, 167–168

Soviet Union and, 62–63, 84–85, 201–202, 205–208, 291–292, 310–311, 343–344

at Tricontinental Conference, 208–215

on Tricontinentalism, 79–80

United States relations with, 61–62, 224, 240

Cuban Missile Crisis, 73, 84–85, 163–165, 166, 290–291, 311

Cuban Revolution, 63–64, 73, 74, 205–206, 221–222

armed struggled in, 205–206

Soviet Union on, 206

Cultural Revolution, 237–238

Czechoslovakia, 21–24, 264, 333–334

de Gaulle, Charles, 129–130

Debray, Régis, 283–284

decolonization, 10–12, 15–16, 141, 149, 176–178, 309

Bandung on, 30–31

of Latin America, 279

Portugal and, 273, 316

of South Africa, 146–147, 150–151

Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 5–6, 73, 82–83, 113, 193–194

at Bandung Conference, 119–120

China and, 116–117

class struggle in, 137–138

communist internationalism of, 124–136

diplomacy struggle in, 115–124

foreign policy of, 125

France and, 116–117

Geneva accords and, 116–118

international community and, 115–124

Latin America influenced by, 134

PLO influenced by, 134

recognition of, 118

socialism of, 118–119, 122–123

successes of, 138

Third World engagement of, 122–123

United States opposed by, 125–126, 127

Deng Xiaoping, 97, 108–109

détente, 135

disarmament, 203–204, 209–210

Dobrynin, Anatoly, 289

Dominican Republic, 80–81

Dos Santos, Marcelino, 249

Dreke, Victor, 295, 321

DRV. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam

DuBois, W. E. B., 25–26, 29–30, 118–119

Dutschke, Rudi, 88–89

Egypt, 97–98, 184–185, 199, 213

Israel relations with, 98

Egypt-Israeli Peace Treaty, 104–105

Ethiopia, 123–124, 326–327

Fanon, Frantz, 12, 21, 31–32, 73, 247–248, 264–265, 293–295

Farah, Abdulrahim, 139–141, 143, 144, 147, 155–156

Fateh, 169–170, 175–176

Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 72

Tricontinental and, 82–90

Fernández, Jose Santiago Cuba, 323

FLN. See Front de Libération Nationale

FNLA. See Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola

Foco Theory, 88–89, 283–284, 299–300, 301–302

France, DRC and, 116–117

Freedom Charter (1955), 145, 146–147, 149–150

FRELIMO. See Frente de Libertação de Moçambique

Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO), 256–257, 316–317

Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (FNLA), 257–259, 316–317, 318–319

Frente Revolucionario Democrático (FRD), 308–309

FRG. See Federal Republic of Germany

Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), 143–144, 149, 256, 293–294

on Cuba, 170, 171–172

Mandela on, 151–152

military stylings of, 171–172

G-77, 33, 37–38, 188–189, 327

Gadea, Hilda, 279–280

Gandhi, Mahatma, 28–29, 144–

Garvey, Marcus, 28–29

Gaza, 106, 200–201

GDR. See German Democratic Republic

Geneva accords, DRV in, 116–118

Geneva Convention, 323

Additional Protocols to, 325

German Democratic Republic (GDR), 72

Tricontinental and, 82–90

Ghana, 5–6, 63–64, 148–150, 152–153

Global North

defining, 38

Global South vs., 17

Global South, 14–15

defining, 38

Global North vs., 17

guerrilla warfare in, 276–278

resistance in, 45–

solidarity of, 16, 25–26, 34–35

Western hegemony critiqued by, 163

Gramsci, Antonio, 73

Grand Mosque siege, 101–102

Granma, 60–61, 283–284

Great Leap Forward, 199

Gromyko, Andrei, 203

Guerrero, Xavier, 51–52

guerrilla warfare, 151–152

of ANC, 154–155

in Global South, 276–278

Guevara on, 154–155, 238, 276–278

Mao on, 282–283

Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 12, 21, 31–32, 60–61, 65, 73–74, 82, 88–89, 103, 143–144, 174–175, 182, 206–207, 245–247

in Algeria, 173–174, 293–294

on anti-imperialism, 153–154, 287

on armed struggle, 285

assassination of, 80–81

in Bolivia, 298–301

Cabral and, 261–262

Castro and, 278

in China, 292–293

on colonialism, 284–285

on communism, 294–295

in Congo, 314–315

death of, 238–239, 277, 301, 340–341

on economic planning, 286–287

education of, 279

on foreign investment, 286–287

in Guatemala, 279–282

on guerrilla warfare, 154–155, 238, 276–278

on imperialism, 291–292

on internationalism, 284, 302–303

Latin American revolution and, 283–287

legacy of, 301–303

in Mexico City, 282–283

OSPAAAL and, 276–278

on revolution, 73–74, 282

on Soviet Union, 278, 285–286, 288–293

on Third World, 288–293

on United States, 280

on Vietnam, 129

on world revolution, 293–298

Habash, George, 102

Hague Convention, 323

Hallstein Doctrine, 88

Hamas, 106

Hani, Chris, 155, 158–159, 160–161

on Tambo, 155, 158–159

Havana, 75, 84–85, 179–180

Havana Conference. See Tricontinental Conference

Hezbollah, 105–106, 339

Ho Chi Minh, 115–118, 122–123

coup against, 124

nationalism of, 126

Hoare, Mike, 313–314

Huynh Kim Khanh, 136

identity politics, 19–20, 36, 102, 251–252

imperialism, 2–4, 48–49, 81–82, 335–336. See also anti-imperialism

Brussels Congress on, 49–50

Cabral on, 267–268

Guevara on, 291–292

inequality and, 263

Lenin, V. I. on, 49–51, 60–61

mercenarism as, 329

India, 12

China relations with, 202

independence of, 30–31

Indian National Congress, 25–26, 145

indigenous peoples, 54–55

LADLA on, 56

Indochina, 116–117

Indochina War, 115. See also Vietnam War

Indonesia, 5–6

Indo-Pakistani War, 341

International Conference of Solidarity with the Peoples of Southern Africa and the Portuguese Colonies, 265–266

International Court of Justice, 150–151

international law, mercenaries and, 322–329

International Preparatory Committee (IPC) of the Tricontinental, 65–66, 78

International War Crimes Tribunal, 130

internationalism, 52, 136

communist, of DRV, 124–136

Guevara on, 284, 302–303

of LADLA, 49–60

nationalist, 12

in self-determination, 53–54

internationalist fighters, 330–331

in Congo, 312–316

defining, 312–313

solidarity of, 313

Intifada, 106

IPC. See International Preparatory Committee of the Tricontinental

Iran, 36

Iranian revolution, 36, 99–100, 101–102

Iraq, 33

Islam, 36

Islamic Conference of Asia and Africa, 202–203

Islamic Jihad, 105–106

Israel, 97–98

Egypt relations with, 98

Palestine occupied by, 106

Jagan, Cheddi, 81

jihadism, 101

Jim Crow laws, 66–67

Johnson, Lyndon, 131–132, 235–236

on Cuba, 239

on Latin America, 230–231

Junco, Sandalio, 58–59

Kabila, Laurent, 295–296

Kasa-Vubu, Joseph, 314–315

Katanga, 309, 320

Kaunda, Kenneth, 152–153, 155, 158–159

Kennedy, John F., 163–166, 172, 185–186, 286–287, 308–309

Khilafat, 28–29

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 36, 99–100, 108, 339

Khrushchev, Nikita, 172–173, 206–208, 264–265, 290–291

Komer, Robert, 165–166

Korean War, 133

Kosygin, Aleksei, 209–210

Kouyaté, Garan, 29–30, 86–88

LADLA. See Anti-Imperialist League of the Americas

LAI. See League Against Imperialism

Latin American Confederation of Labor, 58

Latin American Solidarity Organization (OLAS), 79, 226, 238, 241

United States on, 238–239, 240

Le Duan, 31–32, 125, 130, 132–133, 137

Marxism of, 126, 127–128

on Soviet Union, 133–134

on United States, 127–128, 131

Le Duc Tho, 125–126

League Against Imperialism (LAI), 15–16, 27–28, 30–31, 44, 67–68, 338–339

Bandung Conference and, 48

foundation of, 47–48, 54

ideological fluidity of, 54

inaugural conference, 48

Lebanese Civil War, 99, 104

Lebanon, 94

Lenin, V. I., 26–27, 73, 193

on imperialism, 49–51, 60–61

Liberation Committee of Organization for African Unity, 149–150, 152, 260–261

El Libertador, 51–52, 53–54, 56–58

Liu Ningyi, 199

Lu Dingyi, 194–195

Luanda Trial, 318, 324–325

Lumumba, Patrice, 261, 309, 313–314

assassination of, 295

Lusaka Manifesto, 155

Luthuli, Albert, 147

Macmillan, Harold, 147

Madhubuti, Haki

Mandela, Nelson, 67, 147, 149–150

on Algeria, 149

arrest of, 150–152

on FLN, 151–152

Mao Zedong, 12, 21, 73, 84, 97, 103, 133, 181, 194–195, 245–247

on guerrilla warfare, 282–283

on Soviet Union, 290–291

Maoism, 18–19, 125, 137–138, 180–181, 225–226, 302

Mariátegui, José Carlos, 58–59, 73

Marxism, 12, 26–28, 62–63, 69, 73, 125, 225–226, 266, 300–301

of Cabral, 247–248, 253

class struggle in, 137–138

of Le Duan, 126, 127–128

in Third World, 102

of Tricontinentalism, 16–17

Massemba-Débat, Alphonse, 174–175

Matthews, Joe, 155, 156–157

Mella, Julio Antonio, 46, 51–52

Mendy, François, 252–253, 259

mercenaries

in Angola, 316–322

Castro on, 306, 312–313, 323–324

in Congo, 312–316

Cuba and, 306

as imperialism, 329

international law and, 322–329

opposition to, 307–308

shifting role of, 308

Tricontinentalism and, 308–311

United Nations on, 326

United States using, 309

Mexican Revolution, 49–50, 52

Middle East. See also specific countries

conflict in, 99–102

violence in, 101–102

Mikoyan, Anastas, 206

militancy. See also armed struggle

of AAPSO, 216–218

of Tricontinentalism, 15, 33–34, 332–333

MNR. See Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario

Monje, Mario, 299–300

Monrovia Group, 34–35

Moore, Richard B., 55–56

Morogoro, 155–157, 160–161

Moshi conference, 201–202, 206–207

Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR), 298, 299–300, 304

Mozambique, 94, 134, 168–169

MPLA. See People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola

Mujahideen, 108, 339

Münzenberg, Willi, 44

NAM. See Non-Aligned Movement

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 31–32, 61–62, 78, 97–98, 102, 177–178, 182, 199, 213, 228–229

National Liberation Front (NLF) of South Vietnam, 158–159

nationalism, 153–154

Black, 28–29

Cabral on, 250–251

fascist, 89

of Ho Chi Minh, 126

of Nkrumah, 145–146

subaltern, 89

Third World, 119–120

NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization

natural resources

of Algeria, 188–189

nationalization of, 33–34

Nazi Germany, 29

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 27–29, 30–31, 44, 118, 145, 177–178, 195–196

neocolonialism, 2, 70, –153–154, 203–204, 308, 337

opposition to, 15–16

transnational war against, 158

of United States, 309

neo-imperialism, 174–175

neoliberalism, 36–37

Neto, Agostinho, 249, 253, 295–296, 316–317

New Development Bank, 36–37

New International Economic Order (NIEO), 33, 189, 302–303

New Left, 21, 267–268

Ngo Dinh Diem, 117

Nguyen Chi Thanh, 125

NIEO. See New International Economic Order

Nkrumah, Kwame, 21, 32, 63–64, 143–144, 152–153, 177, 228–229, 247–248, 264–265, 336–337

nationalism of, 145–146

Pan-Africanism of, 146–147

NLF. See National Liberation Front

Nokwe, Duma, 156–157

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 8–9, 10–12, 19–20, 46, 71, 120, 152–153, 163–165, 166, 167–168, 182, 196–197, 312, 326–327

Cold War and, 72–74

Cuba on, 214, 327

founding of, 177–178

Tricontinentalism on, 333–334

nonstate movements, in Tricontinentalism, 20–21

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 72, –80–81, 88–89, 129–130, 245

North Vietnam. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Nujoma, Sam, 67

Nyerere, Julius, 201–202

OAS. See Organization of American States

OAU. See Organization of African Unity

October Crisis. See Cuban Missile Crisis

October Revolution. See Russian Revolution

OLAS. See Latin American Solidarity Organization

OPEC, 33–34, 189, 341–342

Operation Condor, 302

Organization of African Unity (OAU), 80–81, 123–124, 149–150, 153–154, 260, 314–315. See also Liberation Committee of Organization for African Unity

Organization of American States (OAS), 61–62, 221–222, 227, 232, 323, 336–337

African Americans and, 67

on OSPAAAL, 234

Radio Havana on, 230–231

Organization of Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa, Asia, and Latin America (OSPAAAL), 3, 6–7, 19, 43–44, 68, 84, 213, 236–238, 239, 339

on Black labor, 67–68

constitution of, 79

ephemera of, 345

formation of, 46–48, 60–61, 129–130, 180–181

Guevara and, 276–278

ideological tendencies of, 48–49, 64

leadership of, 62

logo, 70–

OAS on, 234

propaganda arms of, 65

role of, 241

on solidarity, 114–

Tricontinentalism and, 60–68

United States on, 234–235, 240

Ottoman Empire, 25–26

PAC. See Pan-African Conference

Padmore, George, 29–30

PAIGC. See Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde

Pakistan, 101

Palestine, 2, 163–165

Israeli occupation of, 106

Tricontinental Movement support for, 95

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 1–2, 94, 97–98, 106, 107–108, 326, 339

China on, 105

DRV influence on, 134

emergence of, 102

secular nature of, 103–104

Palme, Olof, 273

Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 146–147

ANC conflict with, 148–150

Pan-African Conference, 25–26

Pan-African Socialism, 145–146

Pan-Africanism, 12–13, 25–26, 29–30, 32, 123–124, 139, 166, 245–247, 254–255, 274–275

of Cabral, 270–271

of Nkrumah, 146–147

solidarity, 260–261

Panama Canal, 55

Pan-Arab movement, 28–29, 97–98, 102

Pan-Asianism, 25–26

Pan-Islamism, 25–26

Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), 245–247, 248, 250, 251–252, 254–255, 256–260, 261, 266, 268, 315–316

Cuba and, 261–262

Soviet Union and, 264–265

support for, 268–269, 271–272

Third Worldism and, 263–264

Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (PGT), 279–280

Partido Nacional, 88

Paz Estenssoro, Victor, 298

peaceful coexistence, 9–10, 31–32, 77, 118–119, 225–226

Chinese opposition to, 133, 178–179, 180–181, 195–196

Soviet Union on, 195, 209–210, 212–213

Peking Review (newspaper), 211

People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), 206–207, 295–296, 317, 322–323, 326–327

Peru, 231

PGT. See Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo

Pham Hung, 125

Pinto de Andrade, Mário, 249

Playa Girón. See Bay of Pigs invasion

PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization

Portugal, 94, 257, 259–260, 265

decolonization and, 273, 316

imperial collapse, 159–160, 255, 256–257, 316–317

postcolonial theory, 94–96

Tricontinental Conference and, 90

Pravda, 209–211, 301

Purna Swaraj, 27–28

racial identity, 29–30, 252–253, 254–255

Cabral on, 266–273, 321

China on, 181, 182

in Cuba, 321–322

solidarity and, 321

in Tricontinentalism, 19–20

racism, 49, 56, 67–68, 144, –223–224, 251–252

Cabral on, 270–271

opposition to, 19–20, 54–55, 56, 271–272

Rashidov, Sharaf, 210, 229

Rebel Armed Forces of Guatemala (FAR), 1–2

Red Cross, 326

religious identity

revolution and, 102

in Third World, 102

violence and, 94

Renmin Ribao (newspaper), 211

revolutions, 105–106. See also specific topics

Cabral on, 261–266

as cultural symbols, 45–

Guevara on, 73–74, 282

nationalist, 249–256

religious identity and, 102

secular, 103–104, 108–109

in Third World, 94, 233, 261–266

Tricontinentalism on, 164, –180–181

world, 113–115, 285, 293–298

Rhodesia, 156–157

Rivera, Diego, 51–53, 118–119

Rivonia Trial, 150–151

Robeson, Paul, 118–119

Rusk, Dean, 223, 227–228, 231, 235, 236–237

on Soviet Union, 232

Russell, Bertrand, 80–81, 130

Russian Revolution, 49–50, 194–195

Cabral on, 263–264

SACP. See South African Communist Party

al-Sadat, Anwar, 61–62, 97–98, 104

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 118–119

Saudi Arabia, 100, 101

SAVAK, 99–100

Savimbi, Joseph, 318

El Sebai, Youssef, 63–64

Second Afro-Asian Conference, 203–205

Second Afro-Asian Summit, 166

segregation, 25–26, 58–59

self-determination, 7, 15, 71, 312–313, 321–322

of Black labor, 58

Cabral on, 253–254

economic (sovereignty), 33, 302–303

internationalism in, 7–8, 53–54

Senghor, Lamine, 27–28, 44, 55–56

Serguera, Jorge, 63–64, 172–173, 174–175

Sharpeville Massacre, 143–144, 147, 149–150

Shijie Zhishi (journal), 211–212

al-Siba’i, Yusuf, 228–229

Simba rebellion, 320

Sinai Interim Agreement, 98

Sino-Soviet split, 63, 64, 77, 78, 82–83, 94–96, 97, 104–105, 122–123, 133–134, 159, 177–178, 180–181, 194–195, 237–238, 333–334, 343

AAPSO and, 196–197, 198–199

Afro-Asianism and, 197–205

Cuba and, 205–208

Sipolio Campaign, 155, 156–157

Six Day War, 213, 340–341

Sixth Pan-African Congress, 20–21

Slovo, Joe, 156–157

Sobukwe, Robert, 146–147, 148–149

socialism, 2–4, 29, 113–115

anti-imperialism linked with, 29–30

Cabral on, 248, 251–252, 253

China on possibility of, 195

of Cuba, 84

of DRV, 118–119, 122–123

modernization under, 5

scientific, 185–186, 264–265

in Third World, 195–196

Tricontinentalism on, 17–18

after World War II, 193–194

Soldier of Fortune (magazine), 319, 321

solidarity, 4–5, 24–25, 34–35, 89–90, 171–172, 179–180, 257–259

ANC on, 156–160, 161

Bandung vision of, 10–12

Cabral on, 247–248, 250, 256–257, 261–262

Cuban-Algerian, 167–168

of Global South, 16, 25–26, 34–35

of internationalist fighters, 313, 315

OSPAAAL on, 114–

Pan-African, 260–261, 321

racial identity and, 321

Third World, 103–104, 108, 166

of Tricontinentalism, 13–14, 15–16, 66–67, 80–81, 144, 235–236, 247–248, 293–294, 330, 337

Western, 90, 158–159, 266–273

South Africa, 6–7, 49, 120–121, 144. See also African National Congress

apartheid in, 65–66, 67

decolonization of, 146–147, 150–151

liberation struggle in, 143

South African Communist Party (SACP), 146–147, 152, 155–156

South African Congress of Trade Unions, 145, 149–150

Soviet Union, 2–4, 5, 132–133. See also Sino-Soviet split

Afghanistan and, 100–101

Bandung Conference II excluding, 202–203

Cabral on, 263–264

Castro on, 301–302

communism in, 285–286

Cuba and, 62–63, 84–85, 201–202, 205–208, 291–292, 310–311, 343–344

on Cuban revolution, 206

Guevara on, 278, 285–286, 288–293

Le Duan on, 133–134

Mao on, 290–291

PAIGC and, 264–265

on peace, 209–210, 212–213

Rusk on, 232

at Tricontinental Conference, 208–215, 338

on Tricontinentalism, 17, 18–19, 82

United States relations with, 96–97, 135

Vietnam and, 211–212

Soviet-Afghan war, 101–102

Subject People’s Conference, 29–30

Suez Canal, nationalization of, 199

Suez Crisis, 31

Sukarno, 31–32, 59–60

Sunni, 100

Syria, 97–98

Tambo, Oliver, 67, 147, 151, 152, 154–155, 158–159, 160–161

Hani and, 155, 158–159

Tanzania (Tanganyika), 201–202

Tet Offensive, 102–103, 131–133

Third World, 2, 4–5, 169–170. See also Global South

autonomy of, 5

communism in, 137–138, 193, 261–266

DRV engagement with, 122–123

Guevara on, 288–293

Marxism in, 102

nationalism, 119–120

nationalist internationalism in, 12

pride movements, 21

religious identity in, 102

revolutions in, 14–25, 94, 134, 233, 261–266

secular left-wing revolutions in, 94

socialism in, 195–196

solidarity, 103–104, 108

United Nations and, 120

United States and, 219–220

Western hegemony challenged by, 336–337

Third Worldism, 113–115, 137–138, 165–166, 332–333, 341–342

Algeria and, 166

Ben Bella on, 163

PAIGC and, 263–264

superpowers and, 214–215

Tito, Josip Broz, 178–179, 181, 193–194, 195–196

Ben Bella and, 182–183

Touré, Sékou, 257, 259, 264–265

Tricontinental (publication), 3, 65

Tricontinental Bulletin, 65, 66–67

Tricontinental Conference, 1–4, 5–6, 14–15, 22–23, 39, 60, 64, 66, 72, 75, 77, 86, 151–152, 159, 166, 168, 177–178, 182–183, 220, 233–234

on AAPSO, 218

ANC at, 153–154

on armed struggle, 212–213

Castro on, 201–202

China at, 208–215, 338

counterproductivity of, 236–241

Cuba at, 208–215

declassified documents of, 76

delegations at, 20–21

emergence of, 46

hosting of, 179–180

Latin American representation at, 187–188, 235–236

objectives of, 335–336, 338–339

organization of, 296–297, 311, 332

postcolonial theory and, 90

practical results of, 224–226

proposals for, 179

Soviet Union at, 208–215, 338

United States on, 216–218, 224–226, 236–241, 343–344

Tricontinental Organization, 79, 88–89, 213, 223–224

Tricontinentalism, 1–2, 4–5, 6–7, 13–14, 68, 74–82, 86–88

allegiances of, 19

ANC and, 161–162

Anti-Imperial Project and, 25–32

anti-imperialism of, 15–17, 37–38, 77

on armed revolution, 80–81

Bandung Conference contrasted with, 62–63

Cabral on, 263–264, 274–275

challenges faced by, 274

China support for, 18–19

in Cold War, 18–19

conflict in, 221–224

Cuba on, 79–80

defining, 38, 43–44, 341

emergence of, 2, 31–32

factionalism and, 184, 343

failures of, 237–238

as framework, 12–13

FRG and, 82–90

GDR and, 82–90

historiography of, 7–14

iconography of, 246

ideological principles of, 72

impact of, 21–24, 344–345

institutionalization of, 184–185

limitations of, 32–39, 343–344

Marxism of, 16–17

mercenaries and, 308–311

militant nature of, 15, 33–34, 332–333

on NAM, 333–334

nonstate movements in, 20–21

OSPAAAL and, 60–68

Palestine support in, 95

political power of, 24–25

racial identity in, 19–20

as rebel movement, 69

reformism vs., 5

on revolutions, 164, –180–181

on socialism, 17–18

solidarity of, 247–248

Soviet Union on, 17, 18–19, 82

support for, 140–

as worldview, 7, 12–13

Trotsky, Leon, 73, 193

Truong Chinh, 121–122, 133–134

Tshombe, Moishe, 182, 309, 313–315

Tunisia, 105–106, 171–172

UF. See United Front

Ulbricht, Walter, 83

uMkhonto weSizwe, 143, 149, 151, 158

UN. See United Nations

UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 33, 188–189, 287, 341–342

União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA), 316–317, 318

United Arab Republic, 78, 79, 97–98

United Front (UF), 147–149

United Fruit Company, 55, 280–282

United Nations, 15, 94, 145, 161, 227, 245–247, 312

Additional Protocols of 1977, 327–328

General Assembly, 103–104

on mercenaries, 326

Security Council, 232

Third World and, 120

United States, 5, 49

on AAPSO, 223

Algeria relations with, 174–175

Cabral in, 245

in Congo, 313–314, 315

containment strategies of, 107

counteroffensive of, 227–236, 302, 343–344

Cuba relations with, 61–62, 224, 240

DRV opposition to, 125–126, 127

economic leverage of, 235–236

Guevara on, 280

Le Duan on, 127–128, 131

mercenary force used by, 309

Mexico and, 52–53

neocolonialism of, 309

on OLAS, 238–239, 240

on OSPAAAL, 234–235, 240

Soviet Union relations with, 96–97, 135

Third World and, 219–220

on Tricontinental Conference, 216–218, 224–226, 236–241, 343–344

Uruguay, 88, 230–231

Uzbek Communist Party, 210

Uzbekistan, 229

Venezuela, 33–34

Venezuelan National Liberation Front, 172–173

Verwoerd, Hendrik, 147, 147–149, 155

Viet Cong, 20–21, 128, 131–132

Vietnam, 2, 6–7, 24–25, 35–36. See also Democratic Republic of Vietnam

China at war with, 98, 104–105

Guevara on, 129

Soviet Union and, 211–212

Vietnam War, 102–103, 318, 336

Vietnamese revolution, 136

Vietnamese Worker’s Party (VWP), 116–117, 121–122, 123–124, 132–133

coup, 124

violence, 7

ANC and, 152–156, 157–158

in Middle East, 101–102

religion and, 94

Vivo, Raul Valdes, 306, 318, 321, 323–324

Vorster, John, 155

VWP. See Vietnamese Worker’s Party

Wankie campaign, 155, 156–157

Warsaw Pact, 72–

Weathermen, 302

West Bank, 106

Western hegemony, 26–27, 71

Global South critiquing, 163

Third World challenge to, 336–337

Williams, Robert F., 66

Wilsonian Moment, 28–29

Wolfe, Bertram, 51–52, 54–55

World Council of Churches, 271–272

World Federation of Democratic Youth, 77

World Peace Council (WPC), 63, 118–119, 196–197, 200–201, 213–214

operation of, 197–198

World Trade Organization, 189

World War I, 26–27

World War II, 193–194

WPC. See World Peace Council

Yugoslavia, 184, 205–206, 284–285

Zambia, 36–37, 139, 151, 152–153, 155–156

ZANU. See Zimbabwean African National Union

Zhou Enlai, 131, 198–199, 203

Zimbabwe, 155

Zimbabwean African National Union (ZANU), 174–175

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