Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:07:40.157Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

30 - Functional imaging of substance abuse

from Section V - Substance Abuse

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2011

By
Omar M. Mahmood  and
Susan F. Tapert
Edited by
Martha E. Shenton  and
Bruce I. Turetsky
Omar M. Mahmood
Affiliation:
Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
Susan F. Tapert
Affiliation:
Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
Martha E. Shenton
Affiliation:
VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Bruce I. Turetsky
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Overview of substance abuse

Substance use disorders (SUD; substance abuse or dependence) are prevalent in both adult and adolescent populations. It is estimated that 8% of the US population aged 12 and older currently uses some formof illicit drug, and that this percentage is slightly higher among youths aged 12–17 (9.5%) (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2008). The most commonly used substance is alcohol, and the most frequently used illicit drug is cannabis, followed by non-prescribed medications, cocaine, methamphetamines, and hallucinogens. Given their prevalence and deleterious physical, psychosocial, and financial effects, SUDs have become a major focus of research, with a particular recent emphasis on elucidating the mechanisms of addiction-related dysfunction and implications for treatment.

SUDs, as defined in the DSM-IV, include substance dependence and substance abuse. Substance dependence refers to recurrent use of a substance resulting in a clinically impairing pattern of repeatedly experiencing at least 3 of the following 7 criteria within a 12-month period: (1) tolerance; (2) use to relieve withdrawal; (3) using larger amounts or for more time than intended; (4) inability to cut down or quit; (5) spending excessive time obtaining, using, or recovering from the substance; (6) giving up important activities due to the substance use; and (7) continued use despite negative consequences, such as in medical or psychological health.

Keywords

alcohol use disordercannabinoid receptorscognitive taskopioid dependenceneural networksmarijuanafMRIfunctional imagingsubstance abuse
Type
Chapter
Information
Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Insights from Neuroimaging
 , pp. 429 - 445
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

,American Psychiatric Association. 1994. DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th Edition. Washington, DC: APA.
Beatty, W W, Katzung, V M, Moreland, V J and Nixon, S J. 1995. Neuropsychological performance of recently abstinent alcoholics and cocaine abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend 37, 247–53.Google Scholar
Berry, J, Gorp, W G, Herzberg, D S, et al. 1993. Neuropsychological deficits in abstinent cocaine abusers: Preliminary findings after two weeks of abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 32, 231–7.Google Scholar
Blake, J and Smith, A. 1997. Effects of smoking and smoking deprivation on the articulatory loop of working memory. Hum Psychopharmacol 12, 259–64.Google Scholar
Block, R I, O'Leary, D S, Hichwa, R D, et al. 2000. Cerebellar hypoactivity in frequent marijuana users. Neuroreport 11, 749–53.Google Scholar
Brody, A L, Mandelkern, M A, Olmstead, R E, et al. 2007. Neural substrates of resisting craving during cigarette cue exposure. Biol Psychiatry 62, 642–51.Google Scholar
Büttner, A, Mall, G, Penning, R and Weis, S. 2000. The neuropathology of heroin abuse. Foren Sci Int 113, 435–42.Google Scholar
Chang, L and Chronicle, E P. 2007. Functional imaging studies in cannabis users. The Neuroscientist 13, 422.Google Scholar
Chang, L, Ernst, T, Speck, O, et al. 2002. Perfusion MRI and computerized cognitive test abnormalities in abstinent methamphetamine users. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag 114, 65–79.Google Scholar
Chang, L, Yakupov, R, Cloak, C and Ernst, T. 2006. Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual–attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain 129, 1096.Google Scholar
Cowan, R L. 2007. Neuroimaging research in human MDMA users: A review. Psychopharmacology 189, 539–56.Google Scholar
Daumann, J, Fimm, B, Willmes, K, Thron, A and Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. 2003a. Cerebral activation in abstinent ecstasy (MDMA) users during a working memory task: A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Cogn Brain Res 16, 479–87.Google Scholar
Daumann, J, Fischermann, T, Heekeren, K, Henke, K, Thron, A and Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. 2005. Memory-related hippocampal dysfunction in poly-drug ecstasy (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) users. Psychopharmacology 180, 607–11.Google Scholar
Daumann, J, Fischermann, T, Heekeren, K, Thron, A and Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. 2004. Neural mechanisms of working memory in ecstasy (MDMA) users who continue or discontinue ecstasy and amphetamine use: Evidence from an 18-month longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 56, 349–55.Google Scholar
Daumann, J, Schnitker, R, Weidemann, J, Schnell, K, Thron, A and Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. 2003b. Neural correlates of working memory in pure and polyvalent ecstasy (MDMA) users. Neuroreport 14, 1983.Google Scholar
David, S P, Munafn, M R, Johansen-Berg, H, et al. 2005. Ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens activation to smoking-related pictorial cues in smokers and nonsmokers: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 58, 488–94.Google Scholar
Davis, P E, Liddiard, H and McMillan, T M. 2002. Neuropsychological deficits and opiate abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 67, 105–08.Google Scholar
Desmond, J E, Chen, S H A, DeRosa, E, Pryor, M R, Pfefferbaum, A and Sullivan, E V. 2003. Increased frontocerebellar activation in alcoholics during verbal working memory: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 19, 1510–20.Google Scholar
Due, D L, Huettel, S A, Hall, W G and Rubin, D C. 2002. Activation in mesolimbic and visuospatial neural circuits elicited by smoking cues: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Psychiatry 159, 954–60.Google Scholar
Forman, S D, Dougherty, G G, Casey, B J, et al. 2004. Opiate addicts lack error-dependent activation of rostral anterior cingulate. Biol Psychiatry 55, 531–7.Google Scholar
Franklin, T R, Acton, P D, Maldjian, J A, et al. 2002. Decreased gray matter concentration in the insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of cocaine patients. Biol Psychiatry 51, 134–42.Google Scholar
Fu, L P, Bi, G H, Zou, Z T, et al. 2008. Impaired response inhibition function in abstinent heroin dependents: An fMRI study. Neurosci Lett 438, 322–6.Google Scholar
Gallinat, J, Meisenzahl, E, Jacobsen, L K, et al. 2006. Smoking and structural brain deficits: A volumetric MR investigation. Eur J Neurosci 24, 1744–50.Google Scholar
Garavan, H, Pankiewicz, J, Bloom, A, et al. 2000. Cue-induced cocaine craving: Neuroanatomical specificity for drug users and drug stimuli. Am J Psychiatry 157, 1789–98.Google Scholar
George, M S, Anton, R F, Bloomer, C, et al. 2001. Activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamus in alcoholic subjects on exposure to alcohol-specific cues. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58, 345–52.Google Scholar
Gilman, J M and Hommer, D W. 2008. Modulation of brain response to emotional images by alcohol cues in alcohol-dependent patients. Addiction Biol 13, 423–34.Google Scholar
Goldstein, R Z, Tomasi, D, Rajaram, S, et al. 2007. Role of the anterior cingulate and medial orbitofrontal cortex in processing drug cues in cocaine addiction. Neuroscience 144, 1153–9.Google Scholar
Gruber, S A and Yurgelun-Todd, D A. 2005. Neuroimaging of marijuana smokers during inhibitory processing: A pilot investigation. Cogn Brain Res 23, 107–18.Google Scholar
Grüsser, S M, Wrase, J, Klein, S, et al. 2004. Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics. Psychopharmacology 175, 296–302.Google Scholar
Heinz, A, Wrase, J, Kahnt, T, et al. 2007. Brain activation elicited by affectively positive stimuli is associated with a lower risk of relapse in detoxified alcoholic subjects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31, 1138–47.Google Scholar
Hester, R and Garavan, H. 2004. Executive dysfunction in cocaine addiction: Evidence for discordant frontal, cingulate, and cerebellar activity. J Neurosci 24, 11 017–22.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, L K, Mencl, W E, Constable, R T, Westerveld, M and Pugh, K R. 2007a. Impact of smoking abstinence on working memory neurocircuitry in adolescent daily tobacco smokers. Psychopharmacology 193, 557–66.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, L K, Mencl, W E, Pugh, K R, Skudlarski, P and Krystal, J H. 2004a. Preliminary evidence of hippocampal dysfunction in adolescent MDMA (“ecstasy”) users: Possible relationship to neurotoxic effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 173, 383–90.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, L K, Mencl, W E, Westerveld, M and Pugh, K R. 2004b. Impact of cannabis use on brain function in adolescents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021, 384–90.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, L K, Pugh, K R, Constable, R T, Westerveld, M and Mencl, W E. 2007b. Functional correlates of verbal memory deficits emerging during nicotine withdrawal in abstinent adolescent cannabis users. Biol Psychiatry 61, 31–40.Google Scholar
Jaffe, J H, Cascella, N G, Kumor, K M and Sherer, M A. 1989. Cocaine-induced cocaine craving. Psychopharmacology 97, 59–64.Google Scholar
Jager, G, Win, M M L, Tweel, I, et al. 2008. Assessment of cognitive brain function in ecstasy users and contributions of other drugs of abuse: Results from an fMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 247.Google Scholar
Jager, G, Kahn, R S, Brink, W, Ree, J M and Ramsey, N F. 2006. Long-term effects of frequent cannabis use on working memory and attention: An fMRI study. Psychopharmacology 185, 358–68.Google Scholar
Jager, G, Hell, H H, Win, M M L, et al. 2007. Effects of frequent cannabis use on hippocampal activity during an associative memory task. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17, 289–97.Google Scholar
Kanayama, G, Rogowska, J, Pope, H G, Gruber, S A and Yurgelun Todd, D A. 2004. Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology 176, 239–47.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J N, Ross, T J, Stein, E A and Garavan, H. 2003. Cingulate hypoactivity in cocaine users during a GO-NOGO task as revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 23, 7839–43.Google Scholar
Kivisaari, R, Kähkönen, S, Puuskari, V, Jokela, O, Rapeli, P and Autti, T. 2004. Magnetic resonance imaging of severe, long-term, opiate-abuse patients without neurologic symptoms may show enlarged cerebrospinal spaces but no signs of brain pathology of vascular origin. Arch Med Res 35, 395–400.Google Scholar
Kosten, T R, Scanley, B E, Tucker, K A, et al. 2006. Cue-induced brain activity changes and relapse in cocaine-dependent patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 644–50.Google Scholar
Langleben, D D, Ruparel, K, Elman, I, et al. 2008. Acute effect of methadone maintenance dose on brain fMRI response to heroin-related cues. Am J Psychiatry 165, 390.Google Scholar
Lee, J H, Lim, Y, Wiederhold, B K and Graham, S J. 2005. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of cue-induced smoking craving in virtual environments. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedb 30, 195–204.Google Scholar
Lee, T M C, Zhou, W, Luo, X, Yuen, K S L, Ruan, X and Weng, X. 2005. Neural activity associated with cognitive regulation in heroin users: A fMRI study. Neurosci Lett 382, 211–6.Google Scholar
Lundqvist, T, Jonsson, S and Warkentin, S. 2001. Frontal lobe dysfunction in long-term cannabis users. Neurotoxicol Teratol 23, 437–43.Google Scholar
Matochik, J A, Eldreth, D A, Cadet, J L and Bolla, K I. 2005. Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend 77, 23–30.Google Scholar
McBride, D, Barrett, S P, Kelly, J T, Aw, A and Dagher, A. 2006. Clinical research effects of expectancy and abstinence on the neural response to smoking cues in cigarette smokers: An fMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 2728–38.Google Scholar
McClernon, F J, Hiott, F B, Huettel, S A and Rose, J E. 2005. Abstinence-induced changes in self-report craving correlate with event-related fMRI responses to smoking cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 1940.Google Scholar
McClernon, F J, Kozink, R V and Rose, J E. 2007. Individual differences in nicotine dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and sex predict transient fMRI-BOLD responses to smoking cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2148.Google Scholar
Medina, K L, Hanson, K L, Schweinsburg, A D, Cohen-Zion, M, Nagel, B J and Tapert, S F. 2007. Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: Subtle deficits detectable after a month of abstinence. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 13, 807–20.Google Scholar
Moeller, F G, Steinberg, J L, Dougherty, D M, Narayana, P A, Kramer, L A and Renshaw, P F. 2004. Functional MRI study of working memory in MDMA users. Psychopharmacology 177, 185–94.Google Scholar
Myrick, H, Anton, R F, Li, X, et al. 2004. Differential brain activity in alcoholics and social drinkers to alcohol cues: Relationship to craving. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 393–402.Google Scholar
Nestor, L, Roberts, G, Garavan, H and Hester, R. 2008. Deficits in learning and memory: Parahippocampal hyperactivity and frontocortical hypoactivity in cannabis users. Neuroimage 40, 1328–39.Google Scholar
Okuyemi, K S, Powell, J N, Savage, C R, et al. 2006. Enhanced cue-elicited brain activation in African American compared with Caucasian smokers: An fMRI study. Addiction Biol 11, 97–106.Google Scholar
Padula, C B, Schweinsburg, A D and Tapert, S F. 2007. Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interactions in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychol Addict Behav 21, 478.Google Scholar
Paulus, M P, Hozack, N, Frank, L, Brown, G G and Schuckit, M A. 2003. Decision making by methamphetamine-dependent subjects is associated with error-rate-independent decrease in prefrontal and parietal activation. Biol Psychiatry 53, 65–74.Google Scholar
Paulus, M P, Hozack, N E, Zauscher, B E, et al. 2002. Behavioral and functional neuroimaging evidence for prefrontal dysfunction in methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 26, 53–63.Google Scholar
Paulus, M P, Tapert, S F and Schuckit, M A. 2005. Neural activation patterns of methamphetamine-dependent subjects during decision making predict relapse. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62, 761–8.Google Scholar
Payer, D E, Lieberman, M D, Monterosso, J R, Xu, J, Fong, T W and London, E D. 2007. Differences in cortical activity between methamphetamine-dependent and healthy individuals performing a facial affect matching task. Drug Alcohol Depend 93, 93–102.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, A, Desmond, J E, Galloway, C, Menon, V, Glover, G H and Sullivan, E V. 2001. Reorganization of frontal systems used by alcoholics for spatial working memory: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 14, 7–20.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, A, Sullivan, E V, Mathalon, D H and Lim, K O. 1997. Frontal lobe volume loss observed with magnetic resonance imaging in older chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21, 521–9.Google Scholar
Pillay, S S, Rogowska, J, Kanayama, G, et al. 2008. Cannabis and motor function: fMRI changes following 28 days of discontinuation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 16, 22.Google Scholar
Pillay, S S, Rogowska, J, Kanayama, G, et al. 2004. Neurophysiology of motor function following cannabis discontinuation in chronic cannabis smokers: An fMRI study. Drug Alcohol Depend 76, 261–71.Google Scholar
Pope, H G and Yurgelun-Todd, D. 1996. The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students. JAMA 275, 521–7.Google Scholar
Pope, J H G, Gruber, A J, Hudson, J I, Huestis, M A and Yurgelun-Todd, D. 2001. Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Am Med Assoc 58, 909–15.Google Scholar
Potter, A S and Newhouse, P A. 2008. Acute nicotine improves cognitive deficits in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 88, 407–17.Google Scholar
Quickfall, J and Crockford, D. 2006. Brain neuroimaging in cannabis use: A review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 18, 318.Google Scholar
Ray, R, Loughead, J, Wang, Z, et al. 2008. Neuroimaging, genetics and the treatment of nicotine addiction. Behav Brain Res 193, 159–69.Google Scholar
Risinger, R C, Salmeron, B J, Ross, T J, et al. 2005. Neural correlates of high and craving during cocaine self-administration using BOLD fMRI. Neuroimage 26, 1097–108.Google Scholar
Rose, J S, Branchey, M, Buydens-Branchey, L, et al. 1996. Cerebral perfusion in early and late opiate withdrawal: A technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag 67, 39–47.Google Scholar
Rosenbloom, M J, Sullivan, E V, Sassoon, S A, et al. 2007. Alcoholism, HIV infection, and their comorbidity: Factors affecting self-rated health-related quality of life. J Stud Alcohol 68, 115–25.Google Scholar
Salloum, J B, Ramchandani, V A, Bodurka, J, et al. 2007. Blunted rostral anterior cingulate response during a simplified decoding task of negative emotional facial expressions in alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31, 1490–504.Google Scholar
Schneider, F, Habel, U, Wagner, M, et al. 2001. Subcortical correlates of craving in recently abstinent alcoholic patients. Am J Psychiatry 158, 1075–83.Google Scholar
Schweinsburg, A D, Nagel, B J, Schweinsburg, B C, Park, A, Theilmann, R J and Tapert, S F. 2008. Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag 163, 40–51.Google Scholar
Scott, J C, Woods, S P, Matt, G E, et al. 2007. Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: A critical review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 17, 275–97.Google Scholar
Sinha, R, Lacadie, C, Skudlarski, P, et al. 2005. Neural activity associated with stress-induced cocaine craving: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 183, 171–80.Google Scholar
Snyder, F R, Davis, F C and Henningfield, J E. 1989. The tobacco withdrawal syndrome: Performance decrements assessed on a computerized test battery. Drug Alcohol Depend 23, 259–66.Google Scholar
Solowij, N and Battisti, R. 2008. The chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: A review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 1, 81–98.Google Scholar
Solowij, N, Michie, P T and Fox, A M. 1995. Differential impairments of selective attention due to frequency and duration of cannabis use. Biol Psychiatry 37, 731–9.Google Scholar
Strickland, T L. 1993. Cerebral perfusion and neuropsychological consequences of chronic cocaine use. Am Neuropsych Assoc 5, 419–27.Google Scholar
,Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2008. Results from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (NSDUH Series H-34, DHHS Publication No. SMA 08-4343). Rockville, MD.
Swan, G E and Lessov-Schlaggar, C N. 2007. The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain. Neuropsychol Rev 17, 259–73.Google Scholar
Tanner-Smith, E E. 2006. Pharmacological content of tablets sold as “ecstasy”: Results from an online testing service. Drug Alcohol Depend 83, 247–54.Google Scholar
Tapert, S F, Brown, G G, Baratta, M V and Brown, S A. 2004a. fMRI BOLD response to alcohol stimuli in alcohol dependent young women. Addict Behav 29, 33–50.Google Scholar
Tapert, S F, Brown, G G, Kindermann, S, Cheung, E H, Frank, L R and Brown, S A. 2001. fMRI measurement of brain dysfunction in alcohol-dependent young women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25, 236–45.Google Scholar
Tapert, S F, Cheung, E H, Brown, G G, et al. 2003. Neural response to alcohol stimuli in adolescents with alcohol use disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60, 727–35.Google Scholar
Tapert, S F, Schweinsburg, A D, Barlett, V C, et al. 2004b. Blood oxygen level dependent response and spatial working memory in adolescents with alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28, 1577–86.Google Scholar
Tapert, S F, Schweinsburg, A, Drummond, S, et al. 2007. Functional MRI of inhibitory processing in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychopharmacology 194, 173–83.Google Scholar
Thompson, P M, Hayashi, K M, Simon, S L, et al. 2004. Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. J Neurosci 24, 6028–36.Google Scholar
Toomey, R, Lyons, M J, Eisen, S A, et al. 2003. A twin study of the neuropsychological consequences of stimulant abuse. Am Med Assoc 60, 303–10.Google Scholar
Volkow, N D, Chang, L, Wang, G J, et al. 2001. Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. Am J Psychiatry 158, 377–82.Google Scholar
Volkow, N D, Fowler, J S, Wang, G J, et al. 1993. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse 14(2), 169–77.Google Scholar
Wexler, B E, Gottschalk, C H, Fulbright, R K, et al. 2001. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of cocaine craving. Am J Psychiatry 158, 86–95.Google Scholar
Wrase, J, Grüsser, S M, Klein, S, et al. 2002. Development of alcohol-associated cues and cue-induced brain activation in alcoholics. Eur Psychiatry 17, 287–91.Google Scholar
Xiao, Z, Lee, T, Zhang, J X, et al. 2006. Thirsty heroin addicts show different fMRI activations when exposed to water-related and drug-related cues. Drug Alcohol Depend 83, 157–62.Google Scholar
Xu, J, Mendrek, A, Cohen, M S, et al. 2005. Brain activity in cigarette smokers performing a working memory task: Effect of smoking abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 58, 143–50.Google Scholar
Xu, J, Mendrek, A, Cohen, M S, et al. 2006. Effects of acute smoking on brain activity vary with abstinence in smokers performing the N-Back Task: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag 148, 103–09.Google Scholar
Xu, J, Mendrek, A, Cohen, M S, et al. 2007. Effect of cigarette smoking on prefrontal cortical function in nondeprived smokers performing the stroop task. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 1421–8.Google Scholar
Xu, P, Jiang, Y, Geng, D, Wang, Y and Lu, G. 2008. A fMRI Study on Electroacupuncture Intervening Heroin Abstainers' Cognitive Attention. Paper presented at the 7th Asian-Pacific Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, Beijing, China.
Yücel, M, Lubman, D I, Harrison, B J, et al. 2007. A combined spectroscopic and functional MRI investigation of the dorsal anterior cingulate region in opiate addiction. Mol Psychiatry 12, 691–702.Google Scholar
Yurgelun-Todd, D, Gruber, A J, Hanson, R A, Baird, A A, Renshaw, P F and Pope, H G 1999. Residual Effects of Marijuana Use: A fMRI Study. Paper presented at the Problems of Drug Dependence 1998: Proceedings of the 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Bethesda, MD.
Zakzanis, K K, Campbell, Z and Jovanovski, D. 2007. The neuropsychology of ecstasy (MDMA) use: A quantitative review. Hum Psychopharmacol 22, 427–35.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Functional imaging of substance abuse
    • By Omar M. Mahmood, Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA, Susan F. Tapert, Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
  • Edited by Martha E. Shenton, Bruce I. Turetsky, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book: Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
  • Online publication: 10 January 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511782091.031
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Functional imaging of substance abuse
    • By Omar M. Mahmood, Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA, Susan F. Tapert, Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
  • Edited by Martha E. Shenton, Bruce I. Turetsky, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book: Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
  • Online publication: 10 January 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511782091.031
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Functional imaging of substance abuse
    • By Omar M. Mahmood, Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA, Susan F. Tapert, Psychology Service VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
  • Edited by Martha E. Shenton, Bruce I. Turetsky, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book: Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
  • Online publication: 10 January 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511782091.031
Available formats
×