9 - Human Rights and Social Change in Virtual Spaces

Summary

As a “convergence culture” (Jenkins, 2006), virtual spaces amplify underrepresented voices, fostering debates on human rights and influencing policies. This chapter examines gender equity, focusing on the #MeToo movement and non-binary gender identities, including gender-neutral pronouns. Online anonymity provides vulnerable populations with a supportive network in virtual communities, enabling them to engage in debates on protective policies. These virtual discussions hold transformative potential for advancing recognition and protection for marginalized communities despite challenges posed by digital inequalities and polarized debates.

Indeed, digital activism can fuel reactionary movements. The discussion on representing gender identities through language pronouns has led YouTube and YouTubers to disable comments, aiming to protect free expression and prevent harassment. Prominent conservative figures oppose gender-neutral pronouns, claiming it infringes on free speech, a stance that has garnered significant controversy online. Videos supporting these views contribute to hostility against gender minorities. In Spanish contexts, discussions on inclusive language face additional challenges, with resistance from bodies like the Royal Spanish Academy. Public language forums often censor these discussions, violating freedom of expression. Antagonistic behaviors like trolling and cyberbullying further stifle essential conversations, raising questions about the need for regulatory interventions to protect vulnerable populations and uphold democratic discourse.