Management of spasticity in children

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511544866.013

12 - Management of spasticity in children

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 August 2009

Rachael Hutchinson and

H. Kerr Graham

Edited by

Michael P. Barnes and

Garth R. Johnson

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Rachael Hutchinson: Affiliation:
Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norfolk, UK
H. Kerr Graham: Affiliation:
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Michael P. Barnes: Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Garth R. Johnson: Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne

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Summary

Introduction

Spasticity can be defined as a velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement of a joint and its associated musculature (Lance, 1980; Rymer & Powers, 1989; Massagli, 1991). Although spasticity is usually present before contracture in children with cerebral palsy, true muscle shortening or contracture also appears at an early stage. The majority of children will have a mixture of spasticity and contracture. Distinguishing spasticity from contracture is important from a management point of view.

‘Dynamic’ shortening is most commonly caused by spasticity but may also be associated with dystonia and mixed movement disorders. Typically, ‘dynamic’ contracture is recognized in younger children with cerebral palsy or spasticity of recent onset. Such children are likely to exhibit hyperreflexia, clonus, co-contraction and a velocity-dependent resistance to passive joint motion. Children who exhibit ‘dynamic’ calf shortening may walk on their toes with an equinus gait, but on the examination couch the range of passive ankle dorsiflexion may be full or almost full.
‘Fixed’ shortening or ‘myostatic’ contracture describes the typical stiffness found in muscles of older children with cerebral palsy or spasticity of longer duration. The stiffness is much less velocity dependent and is still present during couch examination and under anaesthesia.

Causes of spasticity in children

With the eradication of poliomyelitis and the dramatic fall in the prevalence of spina bifida, the most common motor disorder in children in developed countries is cerebral palsy. The incidence of cerebral palsy in developed countries is static or even rising.

Keywords

Ashworth scales botulinum toxin cerebral palsy musculoskeletal pathology traumatic brain injury spinal cord injury spasticity

Type: Chapter
Information: Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity
Clinical Management and Neurophysiology
, pp. 214 - 240

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544866.013 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2008

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12 - Management of spasticity in children

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