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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2025

Isabel M. Perera
Isabel M. Perera
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Type
Chapter
Information
The Welfare Workforce
Why Mental Health Care Varies Across Affluent Democracies
 , pp. 249 - 258
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

adaptive expectations mechanism, in public sector, 19, 115, 143, 154, 188
affluent democracies, 5
Affordable Care Act, U.S. (2010), 46–47, 107
AFL-CIO. See American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)
African Americans. See also race, racism and
Civil Rights Movement and, 112–113
Great Migration, 112–113
schizophrenia among, 112
AFSCME. See American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)
Alienists
in France, 72–73
in U.S., 66–67
Allentown State Hospital, demolition of, 1–6
AMA. See American Medical Association (AMA)
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 85
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 85, 89–90, 94, 97–100, 101–102
American Hospital Association, 104–105
American Medical Association (AMA), 60, 76–77, 83–84
American Medico-Psychological Association, 70
American Political Science Association, 11
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 56, 65, 76–77, 89–90, 97–100, 104–105, 110
historical roots of, 66–67, 70–71
Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act and, 84
Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 57, 68, 74
anti-psychiatry, 69, 139, 145–146, 147
antipsychotic medications, 14, 40–41, 162
APA. See American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Association of Medical Superintendents for American Institutions for the Insane, 67, 70–71
Association professionnelle des médecins des hôpitaux psychiatriques français (Professional Association of French Psychiatric Hospital Physicians), 74–75
Aubanel, Honoré, 71
Australia, mental health care services in, 31–32
Austria, mental health care services in, 36
Barre, Raymond, 135, 141
Basaglia, Franco, 40–41
Bauduret, Jean-François, 122
Beers, Clifford, 69
Belgium, mental health care services in, 31–32, 35–36
Beveridge Report, 58
Bigelow, Newton, 82
Blatz, Albert, 99
Bonapartists, 71–72
Bondevik, Kjell Magne, 182
Bouhaillier, Gaspard, 148
Boulenger, Pierre, 129
Boulin, Robert, 129
brokerage mechanism, in public sector, 19, 114, 131, 139, 154, 188
budget maximizers, in public sector, 19
Byrnes, John, 92
Canada, mental health care services in, 31–32
Carter, Jimmy, 99
Carter, Rosalynn, 99
catchment areas, 61
Centre de Postcure et de Réadaptation de Billiers
expansion of services in, 1–6
labor union support for, 3
Le Chapelier Law, France (1791), 74
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 72
Chirac, Jacques, 135
chlorpromazine. See antipsychotic medications
Civil Rights Movement, in U.S., 112–113
civil service employment, in France, 76
Clinton, Bill, 107
CMHCs. See Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs), in U.S.
Commission on Mental Health, U.S., 99
Common Program, 137–138, 140–141
community care
in Norway, 44
in Sweden, 44
Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs), in U.S., 45, 46, 80–88
comparative political economy, of mental health care, 7–14
Anglo-American focus of, 8
for elder care, 11–12
in postwar period, 7–8
in welfare states, 7–8, 10–11
Confédération des Syndicats Médicaux Français, 60, 75, 119, 236
Cooper, David, 40–41
Council for Mental Health, in Norway, 175–176, 179, 184
Covid-19 pandemic, mental health care facilities during
demolition of, 1–6
in France, 1–6
Daumezon, Georges, 75, 119
day hospital concept, 61
DDASS. See Direction départementale des affaires sanitaires et sociales (DDASS)
Debré, Robert, 126–127
Debré Reform (Law of December 30, 1958), 126–127
decarceration, 51
deinstitutionalization, in welfare state formation, 51
deinstitutionalization, psychiatric, xi–xii
comparative approaches to, 55–57
conceptual approach to, 51–54, 156–159
guidelines for, 52, 53
core findings about, 187–190
Debré Reforms, 126–127
decarceration and, 51
in France
administrative circular for, 119–122
alignment of public workers and managers, 124–128
alternative approaches to, 145–152
anti-psychiatry movement and, 145–146
authority of l’État, 147–149
Common Program and, 137–138, 140–141
conceptual approach to, 116–117
cutbacks in psychiatric services, 136–137
Demay Report, 137–140, 143–144
development of mental health sectors, 117–123
double remuneration problem, 127
expansion of mental health sectors, 123–135
financing for mental health sectors, 135–144
Gallois-Taïb Report, 141
labor unions and, 125
legal protection for mental health sectors, 140–144
localist agenda for, 149
“long sleep” of mental health care and, 122–123
mobilization of public workers, 124–125
new mental health sectors, 119–122
1968 protests and, 124–132
in postwar health policy, 117
public managers in, 118–119, 125–128, 134
public workers’ protections, 137–140
role of public employment in political economy, 149–152
Second Debré Reform, 131
sectorization mechanisms, 116, 117–122, 148, 151
as social movement, 145–147
supply-side policy feedback loop, 118, 124, 136
YAVIS phenomenon, 152
length of residence dimension in, 53
measures of, 54
mental health care workers and, 80–82, 157
mental health hospitals and, 108–110
of mental health patients
in France, xii, 51
in Norway, 5
in Sweden, 5
in U.S., 5, 79–80
methodological sources on, 27
structural interpretations of, 8
in U.S.
for community mental health centers, 80–88
conceptual approach to, 79–80
history of, 79–80
Joint Commission on Mental Health, 81–82
managers and, 80–82
under Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, 82–84
negative feedback on staffing provisions, 85–88
public mental health hospitals and, 88–95
public workers and, 80–82
under Social Security amendments, 88–89
supply-side policy feedback, 81, 88–89
trade unions in, 80–82
Deleuze, Gilles, 145–146
Demay, Jean, 137–140
Demay Report, 137–140, 143–144
Denmark, mental health care services in, 36–37
Despinoy, Maurice, 61
Deutsch, Albert, 61–62
diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 105
Direction départementale des affaires sanitaires et sociales (DDASS), 136–137, 141–142
disability, 34–35, 46, 89, 94–95, 100, 102, 105, 150, 151, 152, 181–182
Doctrinaires, 67–68, 71–72
double remuneration problem, in France, 127
Dowbiggin, Ian, 71–73
DRGs. See diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)
dualization, in labor market, 198–199, 203
Duval, Addison M., 86
education systems, national, expansion of, xii–xiii
1848 Revolution, in France, 72–73
elder care, marketization of, 11–12
England. See Great Britain
Engqvist, Lars, 47, 159–160
Escalation Plan, in Norway, 160, 179, 182
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, 190–191, 199
Ewalt, Jack R., 82, 84
Ey, Henri, 129–130
Fanon, Frantz, 40–41, 146
Faure, Edgar, 128
Finland, mental health care services in, 41
Foreningen sveriges socialchefer (Municipal Heads of Social of Services), 169–170
Foucault, Michel, 41, 145–146
France. See also mental health care systems, before deinstitutionalization; mental health care systems, in modern era; specific topics
Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 57, 68, 74
anti-psychiatry movement in, 145–146
authority of l’État, 147–149
Bonapartists in, 71–72
Centre de Postcure et de Réadaptation de Billiers
expansion of services in, 1–6
labor union support for, 3
Le Chapelier Law, 74
civil service employment in, 76
Confédération des Syndicats Médicaux Français, 60, 75, 119, 236
Debré Reform, 126–127
deinstitutionalization of mentally ill in, xii, 51
direction départementale des affaires sanitaires et sociales, 136–137, 141–142
Doctrinaires in, 67–68, 71–72
double remuneration problem, 127
institutional psychotherapy in, 61, 146–147
July Monarchy in, 67–68
labor unions in, 64–65
Centre de Postcure et de Réadaptation de Billiers, 3
psychiatric deinstitutionalization and, 125
Syndicat de la psychiatrie, 133
Syndicat des médecins des hôpitaux psychiatriques, xii, 56, 65, 77, 117, 118–119, 124–132
Syndicat des médecins français spécialistes du système nerveux, 119
Syndicat des psychiatres en formation, 127–128
medical-social services in, 48
national plan concept in, 131
1968 protests in, 124–132
Second Debré Reform, 131
sectorization in, 48–49, 62
psychiatric deinstitutionalization and, 116, 117–122, 148, 151
Société Médico-Psychologique, 67–68, 71–73
UNAFAM in, 150
within-case process-tracing tests in, 153–155
Gallois-Taïb Report, 141
Germany, mental health care services in, 31–32, 35–36, 41
Gingrich, Jane, 11–12
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 135–138
Glasscote, Raymond, 95
Goffman, Erving, 40–41, 108
“Golden Age,” in U.S., 55, 58
Goldstein, Jan, 71
Great Britain
mental health care services in, 36
Speenhamland system, 51
welfare state system in, 51
Great Society, 58
Guattari, Félix, 145–146
Guérin, Vincent, 134
halfway houses, in U.S., 95
Harrisburg State Hospital, closure of, 1
health care systems, national. See also hospitals; mental health care
expansion of, xii–xiii
hospital data and, 38
for indigent populations, 38
mental health care systems influenced by, 36
typologies of, 36–37
Henckes, Nicolas, 74
Heuyer, Georges, 119, 121
Holmberg, Bo, 170
hospitals. See also mental health hospitals
data variations in national health care systems, 38
Harrisburg State Hospital, 1
Mayview State Hospital, 1
pharmaceutical industry as influence on, 40–41
Hulterström, Sven, 167–168
incarceration, mental health care systems and, 60
indigent populations, health care services for, 38
institutional psychotherapy, 61, 146–147
Italy, mental health care services in, 31–32, 36
jails, prisons and. See incarceration
Jarvis, Edward, 68
Johnson, Lyndon B., 92–93
Joint Commission on Mental Health, in U.S., 81–82
July Monarchy, 67–68
Kall, Wendy Maycraft, 173
Kammerer, Théophile, 129–130, 138
Kennedy, John F., 62
Kirkbride, Thomas, 68
Knuttson, Gert, 170
Kommunenes Sentralforbund (KS, Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities), 176–177, 184
labor market dualization. See dualization
labor unions
in France, 64–65
Confédération française démocratique du travail (CFDT, French Democratic Confederation of Labor), 3, 125
Confédération générale du travail (CGT, General Confederation of Labor), 75, 118–119
Force ouvrière (FO, Workers’ Force), 118–119
Syndicat de la psychiatrie (Trade Union of Psychiatry), 133
Syndicat des médecins des hôpitaux psychiatriques (Trade Union of Psychiatric Hospital Physicians), xii, 56, 65, 77, 117, 118–119, 124–132
Syndicat des médecins français spécialistes du système nerveux (Trade Union of Nervous System Psychiatrists), 119
Syndicat des psychiatres en formation (Trade Union of Psychiatric Trainees), 127–128
in Norway, 165, 176–177. See also Council for Mental Health, in Norway
in public sector, 19
public unions, 194, 200–201
in Sweden, 166
Kommunal, 173
Sveriges kommunaltjänstemannaförbund (SKTF, Swedish Municipal Employers Union), 170, 173
in U.S., 64–65
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 85
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 85, 89–90, 94, 97–100, 101–102
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 3, 97
Lacan, Jacques, 145–146
Laing, R. D., 40–41
The Lancet Psychiatry, 34
Landstingsförbundet (Swedish County Employers’ Association), 169–170
Largactil. See antipsychotic medications
Law of December 30, 1958, France. See Debré Reform
League for Mental Hygiene, 74–75
Leguay, Denis, 141
Lieberman, Robert, 60
Long, Russell, 91
maisons de santé, 72
Making Markets in the Welfare State (Gingrich), 11
Markström, Urban, 171, 173, 174
Mayview State Hospital, closure of, 1
McGarrah, Robert, 102
McGrath, John, 101
Medicaid/Medicare services, in U.S., 46–47
mental health care. See also mental health care systems, before deinstitutionalization; mental health care systems, in modern era; mental health care workers; mental health hospitals; mentally ill populations; specific countries
comparative political economy of, 7–14
Anglo-American focus of, 8
for elder care, 11–12
in postwar period, 7–8
in welfare states, 7–8, 10–11
cross-national variations in, 4–5
educational services as element of, 13
labor-intensive costs of, 14
national comparisons with, 21–28
incorporation of non-European countries, 24–25
methodological approaches to, 22–28
public labor-management coalitions in, 26, 50–51
over time, 21–28
methodological approaches to, 22–28
in postwar period, 23
services component of, 13
vocational services as element of, 13
mental health care systems, before deinstitutionalization
in France
catchment areas, 61
centralization of, 59–60
Church role in, 59–60
expansion of welfare state as factor for, 58
government funding of, 59–60
initial conditions for, 57–63
institutional journals for, 57
institutional psychotherapy in, 61, 146
maisons de santé, 72
mental health care supply in, 63
private medical practices and, 60–61
race as factor in, 60
treatment for nervous conditions, 72
during the Trente Glorieuses, 58, 122, 134–135
U.S. system compared to, 57–78
in U.S.
alienists in, 66–67
catchment areas, 61
decentralization of, 59–60
expansion of welfare state as factor in, 58
French system compared to, 57–78
during the “Golden Age,”55, 58
incarceration and, 60
initial conditions for, 57–63
institutional journals for, 57
mental health care supply in, 63
milieu therapy in, 61
private medical practices and, 60–61
race factors in, 60
regional differences in, 60
mental health care systems, in modern era. See also mental health hospitals; specific countries
conceptual approach to, 29–30
critics of, 40–41
differences in supply across countries, 30–41
alternative explanations for, 35–41
centralization/decentralization patterns in, 38
historical legacy for, 37–38
methodological approaches to, 30–35
national budgets and, 31, 32
in France
access to, 48–49
facilities for, 1–6
mental health care supply in, 63
public policy for, 49
sectorization in, 48–49, 62
services for, 31–32, 41, 48–49
general health care systems as influence on, 36
in media, 29
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and (OECD), 32–33
typology of, 36–37
in U.S., 63
WHO data on, 30–31, 32
mental health care workers
deinstitutionalization and, 80–82, 157
in France
alignment of public workers and managers, 124–128
mobilization of public workers, 124–125
public workers’ protections, 137–140
political influence of, xii–xiii
in public mental health hospitals, 89–90
in public sector, 157
in U.S., 80–82
mental health hospitals, psychiatric care facilities and
during Covid-19 pandemic
demolition of, 1–6
in France, 1–6
day hospital concept, 61
decarceration of, 51
depopulation of, xi–xii
in France
during Covid-19 pandemic, 1–6
demolition of, 1–6
expansion of services in, 1–6
not-for-profit, 98
pharmaceutical industry expansion as influence on, 40–41
population demographics
mental hospitals in relation to, 39–40
for psychiatric beds, 39–40, 158, 187
residents per 100,000 people, 39–40, 158, 187
in U.S.
under Affordable Care Act, 107
AFSCME and, 85, 89–90, 94, 97–100, 101–102
Allentown State Hospital, 1–6
American Hospital Association and, 104–105
American Psychiatric Association and, 89–90, 97–100, 104–105, 110
closure and demolition of, 1–6
cutbacks for, 103–104
deinstitutionalization movement and, 108–110
diagnosis-related groups and, 105
federalism as influence on, 110–111
halfway houses and, 95
managers in, 89–90
under Mental Health Systems Act, 100–104, 111
negative feedback loops for, 104–107
public workers in, 89–90
race as factor in, 112–113
retrenchment of, 95–97
under Social Security programs, 90–95
Mental Health Systems Act, U.S. (1980), 100–104, 111
Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, U.S. (1963), 62, 82–84
mentally ill populations
deinstitutionalization of, in France, xii
NAMI, 150
stigma for, 7
Mignot, Hubert, 119
milieu therapy, 61
Miller, Jack, 92
Mills, Wilbur, 91
Mitchell, S. Weir, 69
Mitchell-Bateman, Mildred, 99
Mitterrand, François, 137–138, 140–141, 149, 151–152
Morel, B. A., 71
Municipal Employers Union, 170, 173
Municipal Social Services Act, Sweden (1980), 169
NAMI (National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, later National Alliance on Mental Illness), 99, 150
Napoleonic Code, 74
NASHPD. See National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASHPD)
National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASHPD), 105
national education systems. See education systems
national health care systems. See health care systems
national plan concept (carte sanitaire), in French health care, 131
Netherlands, mental health care services in, 31–32, 35–37
neurology, 72–73, 127, 131
nervous disease/neurosis, 72
neurologists, 56, 69, 70–71, 73, 74, 77, 119, 127–128
New Public Management, 183
New Zealand, mental health care services in, 31–32
Norway, mental health care services in, 23–24, 31–32, 49–51, 146
analysis of, 180–185
community care, 44
Council for Mental Health and, 175–176, 179, 184
decentralization of, 183
deinstitutionalization of, 5, 159–166
Escalation Plan, 160, 179, 182
mental health care workforce, 162
mental health policy reforms, 161, 165, 167
sectorization in, 162–163
geographic variations in, 49–50
“Golden Rule” principle in, 49–50
Kommunenes Sentralforbund, 176–177, 184
New Public Management approach, 183
private, 50
psychiatric nursing homes, 175
public labor-management coalition for, 182–183, 184–185
public services systems in, xii
state funding for, 49–50
Nowhere to Go (Torrey), 29
nurses, xii, 128–129, 131, 132, 134, 140, 146–147, 160, 172, 173. See also mental health care workers
Obama, Barack, 107
OECD. See Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Olson, Laura Katz, 91
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, U.S. (1981), 103
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 32–33
Packard, Elizabeth, 69
Parsons, Anne, 60
patient advocates, in mental health. See NAMI (National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, later National Alliance on Mental Illness); UNAFAM (Union de familles de malades mentaux et de leurs associations), in France
pharmaceutical industry, 40–41
Pinel, Philippe, 146
Polanyi, Karl, 51
policy feedback, 15, 15, 20–21, 132, 158, 179, 188. See also supply-side policy feedback
Pompidou, Georges, 125, 149
private mental health care
in France, 60–61
in Norway, 50
in Sweden, 47
in U.S., 60–61
psychiatric deinstitutionalization. See deinstitutionalization, psychiatric
psychiatric hospitals. See mental health hospitals
psychiatric-custodial establishment, 52–53
psychiatrists, 46–47, 48–49, 61, 66, 75, 76–77, 82, 99, 105, 112, 123, 127, 129–130, 131–134, 135, 138, 146–147, 150–151, 156–157, 173. See also mental health care workers
psychologists, 48, 105, 108–109, 132, 173. See also mental health care workers
psychotherapy, 13, 33–34, 152. See also institutional psychotherapy
public policy, implications for, 197–200
Quadagno, Jill, 60
race, racism and
Great Migration of African Americans and, 112–113
mental health care systems and
in France, 60
in U.S., 60
Ralite, Jack, 137–139, 141
Ray, Isaac, 68
Reagan, Ronald, 103, 106, 107
Renaudin, Émile, 71
schizophrenia
among African Americans, 112
prevalence rates for, 12
Schuknecht, Ludger, 191, 192
Schwartz, Morris S., 40–41
Schweiker, Richard, 102–103
Scull, Andrew, 7–8, 51
Second Debré Reform, France (1970), 131
sectorization
in France, 48–49, 62, 117–122, 148, 151
in Norway, 162–163
in Sweden, 162–163
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 3, 97
The Shame of the States (Deutsch), 61
Sharfstein, Steven, 99
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), 94–95
Social Security program, in U.S., 46, 90–93
Medicaid program, 90–92, 102
Medicare program, 90–92, 102
negative feedback to, 93–95
1972 amendments to, 93–95, 101–102
expansion of SSDI benefits, 94–95, 102
psychiatric deinstitutionalization and, 88–89
social workers, xii, 2, 13, 48, 128, 129–130, 132, 134, 140, 171, 173. See also mental health care workers
Société Médico-Psychologique, 67–68, 71–73
Speenhamland system, in Great Britain, 51
SSDI. See Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)
Stanton, Alfred H., 40–41
Stéhelin, M., 73–74
stigma, 7
supply-side policy feedback, 15–21, 42, 96
cost and wage pressures, 16–17
in France, 118, 124, 136
model for, 16, 189
in Norway, 175–179
in private sector, 18
psychiatric deinstitutionalization and, 81, 88–89
for public services, 17–18
in Sweden, 167–175
in U.S., 15, 22–28, 63–64, 156–159
weak client demand and, 15
Svenska Kommunförbundet (Swedish Municipal Employers’ Association), 169–170
Sveriges Kommuner och Regioner (Swedish County and Municipal Employers’ Association), 173
Sweden, mental health care services in, 23–24, 31–32, 47–48
analysis of, 180–185
community care, 44
deinstitutionalization of, 5, 159–166
mental health care workforce, 162, 172–173
mental health policy reforms, 161, 165, 167
Psychiatry Reform, 159–160, 167–168
sectorization in, 162–163
institutional failures in, 47
labor unions, 166
Municipal Employers Union, 170, 173
at municipal level, 47–48, 169–170
under Municipal Social Services Act, 169
public labor-management coalitions, 170, 184–185
public services systems in, xii
Swenson, Peter, 76–77
Switzerland, mental health care services in, 31–32, 41
Syndicat de la psychiatres (Trade Union of Psychiatry), 133
Syndicat des médecins des hôpitaux psychiatriques (Trade Union of Psychiatric Hospital Physicians), xii, 56, 65, 77, 117, 118–119, 124–132
Syndicat des médecins français spécialistes du système nerveux (Trade Union of Nervous System Psychiatrists), 119
Syndicat des psychiatres en formation (Trade Union of Psychiatric Trainees), 127–128
Szasz, Thomas, 40–41, 108
Taft-Hartley Act, U.S. (1947), 64
Thorazine. See antipsychotic medications
Thornburgh, Dick, 102–103
Torrey, E. Fuller, 29
Tosquelles, François, 125–126
Toulouse, Edouard, 74–75
Trente Glorieuses, in France, 58, 122, 134–135
U.K. See United Kingdom (U.K.)
UNAFAM (Union de familles de malades mentaux et de leurs associations), in France, 150
United Kingdom (U.K.). See also Great Britain
mental health care services in, 36–37
United States (U.S.). See also mental health care systems, before deinstitutionalization; mental health care systems, in modern era; Social Security program; specific topics
Affordable Care Act, 107
Association of Medical Superintendents for American Institutions for the Insane, 67, 70–71
civil rights movement in, 112–113
community mental health centers in, 45, 46, 82–88
Great Society in, 58
halfway houses in, 95
Joint Commission on Mental Health in, 81–82
labor unions in, 64–65
AFSCME, 85, 89–90, 94, 97–100, 101–102
American Medical Association, 60, 76–77, 83–84
under Taft-Hartley Act, 64
mental health care services in, 31–32, 45–47
access to, 45–46
under Affordable Care Act, 46–47
Community Mental Health Centers, 45, 46
Medicaid/Medicare services, 46–47
under Social Security program, 46
Mental Health Systems Act, 100–104, 111
Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, 62, 82–84
National Alliance on Mental Illness, 99
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 103
President’s Commission on Mental Health, 99
Taft-Hartley Act, 64
welfare state system in, 58
race as factor in, 112–113
Waldeck-Rousseau, Loi, 74
Walker, Alexis, 64
welfare state
definition and scope of, 4
deinstitutionalization of, 51
expansion of public employment, 193–194
expansion of service arm in, 190–193
in France, 58
models of, 10–11
Polanyi on, 51
political logic of social service distribution in, 195–197
Scandinavian/Nordic, 23–24, 156–159, 163, 165, 194
theoretical implications for, 190–197
typology of, 10–11
in U.S., 58
race as factor in, 112–113
welfare workforce. See also labor unions
evolving definition of, 202–204
political influence of, xiii
scope of, 5–6
supply-side policy feedback, 15–21, 42
cost and wage pressures, 16–17
model for, 16
for public services, 17–18
weak client demand and, 15
wage bargaining and, 203
WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO)
within-case process-tracing tests
in France, 153–155
in U.S., 114–115
World Health Organization (WHO), 22, 54, 61
The Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Esping-Andersen), 190–191
Wurf, Jerry, 98–99
YAVIS phenomenon, 152

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  • Index
  • Isabel M. Perera, Cornell University, New York
  • Book: The Welfare Workforce
  • Online publication: 02 January 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009499866.012
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  • Index
  • Isabel M. Perera, Cornell University, New York
  • Book: The Welfare Workforce
  • Online publication: 02 January 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009499866.012
Available formats
×

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  • Index
  • Isabel M. Perera, Cornell University, New York
  • Book: The Welfare Workforce
  • Online publication: 02 January 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009499866.012
Available formats
×