Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T22:35:45.306Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Tools to Address Wicked Problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 July 2020

Edited by
William Nikolakis  and
John L. Innes
William Nikolakis
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
John L. Innes
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Wicked Problem of Forest Policy
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Sustainability in Forest Landscapes
 , pp. 259 - 383
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Balint, P. J., Stewart, R. E., Desai, A. and Walters, L. C.. 2011. Wicked Environmental Problems: Managing Uncertainty and Conflict. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Boedhihartono, A. K. 2017. Can community forests be compatible with biodiversity conservation in Indonesia? Land 6(1): Article 21.Google Scholar
Boedhihartono, A. K., Gunarso, P., Levang, P. and Sayer, J.. 2007. The principles of conservation and development: do they apply in Malinau? Ecology and Society 12(2): Article 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langston, J. D., Riggs, R. A., Sururi, Y., Sunderland, T. and Munawir, M.. 2017. Estate crops more attractive than community forests in west Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land 6(1): Article 12.Google Scholar
Margono, B. A., Potapov, P. V., Turubanova, S., Stolle, F. and Hansen, M. C.. 2014. Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000-2012. Nature Climate Change 4:730–735.Google Scholar
Marx, D. A. 2009. Whack-A-Mole: The Price We Pay for Expecting Perfection. Plano, TX: By Your Side Studios.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. 2009. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 325:419–422.Google Scholar
Pisani, E. 2014. Indonesia, Etc.: Exploring the Improbable Nation. New York: WW Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Riggs, R. A., Sayer, J., Margules, C., et al. 2016. Forest tenure and conflict in Indonesia: Contested rights in Rempek Village, Lombok. Land Use Policy 57:241–249.Google Scholar
Riggs, R. A., Langston, J. D., Margules, C., et al. 2018. Governance challenges in an Eastern Indonesian Forest Landscape. Sustainability 10(1): Article 169.Google Scholar
Sandker, M., Suwarno, A. and Campbell, B. M.. 2007. Will forests remain in the face of oil palm expansion? Simulating change in Malinau, Indonesia. Ecology & Society 12(2): Article 37.Google Scholar
Sayer, J., Bull, G. and Elliott, C.. 2008. Mediating forest transitions: 'Grand design' or 'Muddling through'. Conservation and Society 6: Article 320.Google Scholar
Sayer, J., Ghazoul, J., Nelson, P. and Boedhihartono, A.. 2012. Oil palm expansion transforms tropical landscapes and livelihoods. Global Food Security 1:114–119.Google Scholar
Sayer, J., Sunderland, T., Ghazoul, J., et al. 2013. Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110:8349–8356.Google Scholar
Sayer, J., Margules, C., Boedhihartono, A. K., et al. 2014. Landscape approaches; what are the pre-conditions for success? Sustainability Science 10(2):345–355.Google Scholar
Sayer, J., Margules, C. and Boedhihartono, A. K.. 2017. Will biodiversity be conserved in locally-managed forests? Land 6(1): Article 6.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Van Noordwijk, M., Matthews, R., Agus, F., et al. 2014. Mud, muddle and models in the knowledge value-chain to action on tropical peatland conservation. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19:887–905.Google Scholar

References

Agrawal, A. 2014. Studying the commons, governing common-pool resource outcomes: some concluding thoughts. Environmental Science and Policy 36 :86–91.Google Scholar
Alemagi, D. 2010. A comparative assessment of community forest models in Cameroon and British Columbia, Canada. Land Use Policy 27(3):928–936.Google Scholar
Armenteras, D., Rodríguez, N. and Retana, J.. 2009. Are conservation strategies effective in avoiding the deforestation of the Colombian Guyana Shield? Biological Conservation 142(7):1411–1419.Google Scholar
Baffes, J. and Gong, X.. 2017. Where Commodity Prices Are Going, Explained in Nine Charts. Available at: http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/where-commodity-prices-are-going-explained-nine-chartsGoogle Scholar
Baynes, J., Herbohn, J., Smith, C., Fisher, R. and Bray, D.. 2015. Key factors which influence the success of community forestry in developing countries. Global Environmental Change 35 :226–238.Google Scholar
Blackman, A. and Veit, P.. 2018. Titled Amazon Indigenous communities cut forest carbon emissions. Ecological Economics 153:56–67.Google Scholar
Blaikie, P. 2006. Is small really beautiful? Community-based natural resource management in Malawi and Botswana. World Development 34(11):1942–1957.Google Scholar
Blomley, T. 2014. Lessons Learned from Community Forestry and Their Relevance for REDD+. USAID-Supported Forest Carbon, Markets and Communities (FCMC) Program, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: http://research.usc.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/usc:13889Google Scholar
Bocci, C., Fortmann, L., Sohngen, B. and Milian, B.. 2018. The impact of community forest concessions on income: an analysis of communities in the Maya Biosphere Reserve. World Development 107:10–21.Google Scholar
Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L. M., Healey, J. R., et al. 2012. Does community forest management provide global environmental benefits and improve local welfare? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10(1):29–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, D. B., Merino-Pérez, L., Negreros-Castillo, P., et al. 2003. Mexico’s community-managed forests as a global model for sustainable landscapes. Conservation Biology 17(3):672–677.Google Scholar
Buntaine, M. T., Hamilton, S. E. and Millones, M., M. 2015. Titling community land to prevent deforestation: an evaluation of a best-case program in Morona-Santiago, Ecuador. Global Environmental Change 33:32–43.Google Scholar
Burivalova, Z., Hua, F., Koh, L. P., Garcia, C. and Putz, F.. 2017. A critical comparison of conventional, certified, and community management of tropical forests for timber in terms of environmental, economic, and social variables. Conservation Letters 10(1):4–14.Google Scholar
Busch, J. and Ferretti-Gallon, K.. 2017. What drives deforestation and what stops it? A meta-analysis. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 11(1):3–23.Google Scholar
Casse, T. and Milhoj, A.. 2013. While waiting for the answer: a critical review of meta-studies of tropical forest management. Journal of Environmental Management 131:334–342.Google Scholar
Ceddia, M. G., Gunter, U. and Corriveau-Bourque, A.. 2015. Land tenure and agricultural expansion in Latin America: the role of Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ forest rights. Global Environmental Change 35:316–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chhatre, A. and Agrawal, A.. 2009. Trade-offs and synergies between carbon storage and livelihood benefits from forest commons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(42):17667–17670.Google Scholar
Cubbage, F. W., Davis, R. R., Rodríguez Paredes, D., et al. 2015. Community forestry enterprises in Mexico: sustainability and competitiveness. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 34:623–650.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, S. and Burivalova, Z.. 2017. Does Community-Based Forest Management Work in the Tropics? Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2017/11/does-community-based-forest-management-work-in-the-tropics/Google Scholar
Durán, E., Bray, D. B., Velázquez, A. and Larrazábal, A.. 2011. Multi-scale forest governance, deforestation, and violence in two regions of Guerrero, Mexico. World Development 39(4):611–619.Google Scholar
Grafton, Q. 2000. Governance of the Commons: a role for the state? Land Economics 76(4):504–517.Google Scholar
Hajjar, R., Oldekop, J. A., Cronkleton, P., et al. 2016. The data not collected on community forestry. Conservation Biology 30(6):1357–1362.Google Scholar
Hall, A. 2004. Extractive Reserves: Building Natural Assets in the Brazilian Amazon. Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Holland, M. B., de Koning, F., Morales, M., et al. 2014. Complex tenure and deforestation: implications for conservation incentives in the Ecuadorian Amazon. World Development 55:21–36.Google Scholar
Kaimowitz, D. 2015. Indigenous peoples and deforestation in Latin America. Pages 167–176 in Martin, C., editor. On the Edge: The State and Fate of the World's Tropical Rainforests. Greystone Books Ltd.Google Scholar
Larson, A. M. and Springer, J.. 2016. Recognition and Respect for Tenure Rights. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Macqueen, D. 2013. Enabling conditions for successful community forest enterprises. Small-Scale Forestry 12(1):145–163.Google Scholar
Min-Venditti, A. A., Moore, G. W. and Fleischman, F.. 2017. What policies improve forest cover? A systematic review of research from Mesoamerica. Global Environmental Change 47:21–27.Google Scholar
Nelson, A. and Chomitz, K. M.. 2011. Effectiveness of strict vs. multiple use protected areas in reducing tropical forest fires: a global analysis using matching methods. PLoS ONE 6(8): Article e22722.Google Scholar
Nolte, C., Agrawal, A., Silvius, K. M. and Soares-Filho, B. S.. 2013. Governance regime and location influence avoided deforestation success of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(13):4956–4961.Google Scholar
Notess, L., Veit, P., Monterroso, I., et al. 2018. The Scramble for Land Rights: Reducing Inequity between Communities and Companies. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.Google Scholar
Pagdee, A., Kim, Y. and Daugherty, P. J.. 2006. What makes community forest management successful: a meta-study from community forests throughout the world. Society & Natural Resources 19(1):33–52.Google Scholar
Pelletier, J., Gélinas, N. and Skutsch, M.. 2016. The place of community forest management in the REDD+ landscape. Forests 7(8):1–24.Google Scholar
Peluso, N. L. 1993. Coercing conservation? Global Environmental Change 3(2):199–217.Google Scholar
Persha, L., Fischer, H., Chhatre, A., Agrawal, A. and Benson, C.. 2010. Biodiversity conservation and livelihoods in human-dominated landscapes: forest Commons in South Asia. Biological Conservation 143(12):2918–2925.Google Scholar
Porter-Bolland, L., Ellis, E. A., Guariguata, M. R., et al. 2012. Community managed forests and forest protected areas: an assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics. Forest Ecology and Management 268:6–17.Google Scholar
PRISMA. 2014. Pueblos Indígenas y comunidades rurales defendiendo derechos territoriales: Estudios de caso sobre experiencias el narcotráfico y el crimen organizado. San Salvador: PRISMA-Alianza Mesoamericana de Pueblos y Bosques.Google Scholar
PRISMA. 2017. Lessons on Mesoamerican Community Forestry. San Salvador.Google Scholar
Radachowsky, J., Ramos, V. H., McNab, R., Baur, E. H. and Kazakov, N.. 2012. Forest concessions in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala: a decade later. Forest Ecology and Management 268:18–28.Google Scholar
Robinson, B. E., Holland, M. B. and Naughton-Treves, L.. 2015. Does secure land tenure save forests? A review of the relationship between land tenure and tropical deforestation. Global Environmental Change 29:281–293.Google Scholar
Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI). 2012. What Rights? A Comparative Analysis of Developing Countries’ National Legislation on Community and Indigenous Peoples’ Forest Tenure Rights. Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative.Google Scholar
Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI). 2014. What Future for Reform? Progress and Slowdown in Forest Tenure Reform Since 2002. Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative. http://doi.org/10.1038/232146a0Google Scholar
Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI). 2018. At a Crossroads: Consequential Trends in Recognition of Community-Based Forest Tenure. Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative.Google Scholar
Sayer, J. and Margules, C.. 2017. Biodiversity in locally managed lands. Land 6(2): Article 41.Google Scholar
Schlager, E. and Ostrom, E.. 1992. Property-rights regimes and natural resources: a conceptual analysis. Land Economics 68(3):249–262.Google Scholar
Schreckenberg, K. and Luttrell, C.. 2009. Participatory forest management: a route to poverty reduction? International Forestry Review 11(2):221–238.Google Scholar
Schuster, R., Germain, R., Bennett, J., et al. 2018. Biodiversity on Indigenous lands equals that in protected areas. BioRxiv (Preprint Server for Biology). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1101/321935Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. 1998. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Seymour, F., La Vina, T. and Hite, K.. 2014. Evidence Linking Community-Level Tenure and Forest Condition: An Annotated Bibliography. Washington, DC: Climate and Land Use Alliance.Google Scholar
Siswanto, W. and Wardojo, W.. 2005. Decentralization of the forestry sector: Indonesia’s experience. Pages 141–151 in Colfer, C. and Capistrano, D., editors. The Politics of Decentralization: Forests, Power and People. London, UK: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Stevens, C., Winterbottom, R., Springer, J. and Reytar, K.. 2014. Securing Rights, Combating Climate Change. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.Google Scholar
Stocks, A., McMahan, B. and Taber, P.. 2007. Indigenous, colonist, and government impacts on Nicaragua’s Bosawas reserve. Conservation Biology 21(6):1495–1505.Google Scholar
Sunderlin, W. D., Hatcher, J. and Liddle, M.. 2008. From Exclusion to Ownership? Challenges and Opportunities in Advancing Forest Tenure Reform. Washington, DC: Rights and Resources Initiative.Google Scholar
Trosper, R. 2009. Resilience, Reciprocity and Ecological Economics. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Velho, N., Sreekar, R. and Laurance, W.. 2016. Terrestrial species in protected areas and community-managed lands in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. Land 5(4): Article 35.Google Scholar
Wang, S., Van Kooten, G. C. and Wilson, B.. 2004. Mosaic of reform: forest policy in post-1978 China. Forest Policy and Economics 6(1):71–83.Google Scholar
Wily, L. A. 2011. The Tragedy of Public Lands: The Fate of the Commons under Global Commercial Pressure. Commercial Pressures on Land. Rome: International Land Coalition. Available at: www.landcoalition.org/sites/default/files/publication/895/WEB_WILY_Commons_final_layout.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wily, L. A. 2018. Collective land ownership in the 21st century: overview of global trends. Land 7(2): Article 68.Google Scholar
WRI. (n.d.). Democratic Republic of the Congo Enables Forest-Based Communities to Secure Land Rights. Available at: www.wri.org/our-work/top-outcome/democratic-republic-congo-enables-forest-based-communities-secure-land-rightsGoogle Scholar

References

Barnes, G. and Child, B., editors. 2014. Adaptive Cross-Scalar Governance of Natural Resources. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bebbington, A. and Hinojosa Valencia, L.. 2011. Conclusiones: minería, neoliberalización y reterritorialización en el desarrollo rural. Pages 311–343 in Bebbington, A., editor. Minería, Movimientos Sociales y Respuestas Campesinas. Una Ecología Política de Transformaciones Territoriales. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Chambers, R. 1983. Rural Development; Putting the Last First. Harlow: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Chambers, R. 2006. Transforming power: from zero sum to win-win? IDS Bulletin 37(6):1–12.Google Scholar
Chambers, R., Pacey, A. and Thrupp, L. A., editors. 1989. Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.Google Scholar
Cooke, B. and Kothari, U., editors. 2001. Participation: The New Tyranny? New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Cornwall, A. 2003. Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflections on gender and participatory development. World Development 31(8):1325–1342.Google Scholar
Denier, L., Scherr, S., Shames, S., et al. 2015. The Little Sustainable Landscapes Book. Oxford: Global Canopy Programme.Google Scholar
Dougill, A. J., Fraser, E. D. G., Holden, J., et al. 2006. Learning from doing participatory rural research: lessons from the Peak District National Park. Journal of Agricultural Economics 57:259–275.Google Scholar
Fishman, A., Oliveira, E. and Gamble, L.. 2017. Tackling Deforestation through a Jurisdictional Approach: Lessons from the Field. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.Google Scholar
Fujisaki, T., Hyakumura, K., Scheyvens, H. and Cadman, T.. 2016. Does REDD plus ensure sectoral coordination and stakeholder participation? A comparative analysis of REDD plus national governance structures in countries of Asia-Pacific Region. Forests 7(9): Article 195.Google Scholar
Gardner, E. 2012. Peru battles the golden curse of Madre de Dios. Nature 486:306–307.Google Scholar
Hickey, S. and Mohan, G.. 2005a. Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Hickey, S. and Mohan, G.. 2005b. Relocating participation within a radical politics of development. Development and Change 36(2):237–262.Google Scholar
Hughes, N. 2010. Indigenous protest in Peru: the “orchard dog” bites back. Social Movement Studies 9(1):85–90.Google Scholar
Kowler, L. F., Ravinkumar, A., Larson, A. M., Rodriguez-Ward, D. and Burga, C.. 2016. Analyzing Multilevel Governance in Peru: Lessons for REDD+ from the Study of Land-Use Change and Benefit Sharing in Madre de Dios, Ucayali and San Martin. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.Google Scholar
Kusters, K. 2015. Climate-Smart Landscapes and the Landscape Approach: An Exploration of the Concepts and Their Practical Implications. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.Google Scholar
Minang, P. A., van Noordwijk, M., Freeman, O. E., et al., editors. 2015. Climate-Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice. Nairobi: ICRAF.Google Scholar
Monterroso, I., Cronkleton, P., Pinedo, D. and Larson, A.. 2017. Reinvindicacion de Derechos Colectivos: Reformas de Tenencia de Tierras y Bosques en el Peru (1960–2016). Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.Google Scholar
Pedroni, L., Dutschke, M., Streck, C. and Estrada, M.. 2009. Creating incentives for avoiding further deforestation: the nested approach. Climate Policy 9:207–220.Google Scholar
Reed, M. 2008. Stakeholder participation for environmental management: a literature review. Biological Conservation 141:2417–2431.Google Scholar
Reed, M., Dougill, A. J. and Baker, T.. 2008. Participatory indicator development: what can ecologists and local communities learn from each other? Ecological Applications 18:1253–1269.Google Scholar
Robbins, P. 2012. Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Ward, D., Larson, A. M. and Gordillo-Ruesta, H. A.. 2018. Top-down, bottom-up and sideways: the multilayered complexities of multi-level actors shaping forest governance and REDD+ arrangements in Madre de Dios, Peru. Environmental Management 62(1):98–116.Google Scholar
Sarmiento Barletti, J. P. 2011. Kametsa Asaiki: The Pursuit of the ‘Good Life’ in an Ashaninka Village. PhD thesis, University of St Andrews.Google Scholar
Sarmiento Barletti, J. P. 2016. The angry earth: wellbeing, place, and extractive development in the Amazon. Journal for Applied Anthropology in Policy and Practice 23(3):43–53.Google Scholar
Sarmiento Barletti, J. P., Larson, A. M., Hewlett, C. and Delgado, D.. 2020. Designing for engagement: A Realist Synthesis Review of how context affects the outcomes of multi-stakeholder forums on land use and/or land-use change. World Development 127.Google Scholar
Thompson, M. C., Baruah, M. and Carr, E. R.. 2011. Seeing REDD+ as a project of environmental governance. Environmental Science & Policy 14:100–110.Google Scholar
Tippett, J., Handley, J. F. and Ravetz, J.. 2007. Meeting the challenges of sustainable development – a conceptual appraisal of a new methodology for participatory ecological planning. Progress in Planning 67(1):1–98.Google Scholar
Weber, M. 1952. The essentials of bureaucratic organization: an ideal-type construction. Pages 18–27 in Merton, R. K., Gray, A. P., Hockey, B. and Selvin, H. C., editors. Reader in Bureaucracy. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
White, D. F., Rudy, A. P. and Gareau, B. J.. 2015. Environments, Natures and Social Theory towards a Critical Hybridity. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Williams, G. 2004. Evaluating participatory development: tyranny, power and (re)politicisation. Third World Quarterly 25(3):557–578.Google Scholar
Wilson, Z. and Perret, S.. 2010. Participation in water resource and services governance in South Africa: caught in the Acts. Pages 183–200 in Berry, K. and Mollard, E., editors. Social Participation in Water Governance and Management: Critical and Global Perspectives. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar

References

Adams, C. A. 2017. The Sustainable Development Goals, Integrated Thinking and the Integrated Report [online]. Available at: http://integratedreporting.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/SDGs_integratedthinking_and_integratedreport.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Bernow, S., Klempner, B. and Magnin, C.. 2017. From ‘Why’ to ‘Why Not’: Sustainable Investment as the New Normal [online]. Available at: www.mckinsey.com/industries/private-equity-and-principal-investors/our-insights/from-why-to-why-not-sustainable-investing-as-the-new-normal?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck-oth-1710 (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Bordon, A., Feller, E., Sullivan, R. and Martindale, W.. 2015. Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century [online]. Available at: http://unepinquiry.org/publication/fiduciary-duty-in-the-21st-century/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Brockerhoff, E. G., Jactel, H., Parrotta, J. A., Quine, C. P. and Sayer, J.. 2008. Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity? Biodiversity and Conservation 17(5):925–951.Google Scholar
Brotto, L., Pettenella, D., Cerutti, P. O. and Pirard, R.. 2016. Planted Forests in Emerging Economies: Best Practices for Sustainable and Responsible Investments [online]. Available at: www.cifor.org/library/6136/planted-forests-in-emerging-economies-best-practices-for-sustainable-and-responsible-investments/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Bullen, M. 2016. Responsible Investment in Forestry. A Primer on ESG-Based, Institutional Investment [online]. Available at: www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/rap/Asia-Pacific_Forestry_Week/doc/Stream_5/ST5_24Feb_MKBullen_Investment.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Bullen, M. and Brand, D.. 2016. The Business Case for Landscape Level Conservation and Restoration: New Forests’ Experience Investing in Landscapes in Southeast Asia. Asia Pacific Rainforest Partnership Private Sector Roundtable: Projects and Policy Briefs [online]. Available at: www.cifor.org/wp-content/themes/dw-focus-child/asia-pacific-rainforests-summit/pdf/APRP_PSR_ProjectsPolicyBriefs2907%20V5.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
CDC Group. 2017. ESG Toolkit for Fund Managers. Forestry and Plantations [online]. Available at: http://toolkit.cdcgroup.com/sector-profiles/forestry (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Cheng, B. and Le Clue, S.. 2010. Forestry in Asia. Issues for Responsible Investors [online]. Available at: https://platform.reprisk.com/downloads/partnerreports/2/Forestry_in_Asia-Issues_for_Responsible_Investors.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., De Groot, R., et al. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260.Google Scholar
Daily, G., Alexander, S., Ehrlich, P. R., et al. 1997. Ecosystem services: benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems. Issues in Ecology [online], no. 2, Spring 1997. Ecological Society of America. Available at: www.esa.org/esa/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/issue2.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
FAO. 2011. Framework for Assessing and Monitoring Forest Governance [online]. Available at: www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/03cc002e-b31e-5081-af25-94fabb00f7e8/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
FAO. 2015. Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management [online]. Available at: www.fao.org/forestry/ci/16609/en/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Generation Foundation. 2015. Allocating Capital for Long-Term Returns. The Strengthened Case for Sustainable Capitalism [online]. Available at: www.genfound.org/media/1373/pdf-genfound-wp2015-final.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
GIIN. 2017. The State of Impact Measurement and Management Practice [online]. Available at: https://thegiin.org/assets/2017_GIIN_IMM%20Survey_Web_Final.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
GIIN IRIS. 2017. Home. What Is IRIS? [online]. Available at: https://iris.thegiin.org/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Griscom, B. W., Adams, J., Ellis, P. W., et al. 2017. Natural climate solutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116(7):2776–2776.Google Scholar
Houghton, R.A., Birdsey, R. A., Nassikas, A. and McGlinchey, D.. 2017. Forests and Land Use: Undervalued Assets for Global Carbon Stabilization [online]. Available at: http://whrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/PB_Forests_and_Land_Use.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
IFC. 2012. Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability [online]. Available at: www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/115482804a0255db96fbffd1a5d13d27/PS_English_2012_Full-Document.pdf?MOD=AJPERES (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Kerr, T. 2017. Creating Markets for Climate Business: An IFC Climate Investment Opportunities Report [online]. Available at: www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/974eedcb-f3d9-4806-b32e-73720e6f4ca7/IFC-Climate_Investment_Opportunity_Creating_Markets.pdf?MOD=AJPERES (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Markowitz, H. M. 1952. Portfolio selection. The Journal of Finance 7(1):77–91.Google Scholar
Nikolakis, W., Cohen, D. and Nelson, H. W.. 2012. What matters for socially responsible investment in the natural resources sectors? Mutual funds and forestry in North America. Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investment 2(2):136–151.Google Scholar
Nikolakis, W., Nelson, H. and Cohen, D.. 2014. Are Indigenous Peoples important to sustainable development? Evidence from socially responsible investment mutual funds in North America. Organization & Environment 27(4):368–382.Google Scholar
New Forests. 2012. Responsible Investment in the Forest Sector [online]. Available at: www.newforests.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/201205-Responsible_Investment_in_Forestry.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
New Forests. 2015. Timberland Investment Outlook 2015–2019 [online]. Available at: www.newforests.com.au/p1837/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
New Forests. 2016. 2015 Sustainability Report [online]. Available at: www.newforests.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/New-Forests-2015-Sustainability-Report-web.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
New Forests. 2017. 2016 Sustainability Report [online]. Available at: www.newforests.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/New-Forests-2016-Sustainability-Report-web.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
New Generation Plantations. 2017. About. What Is NGP? [online] Available at: http://newgenerationplantations.org/en/ngp/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Portfolio Decarbonisation Coalition. 2017. Portfolio Decarbonisation Coalition [online]. Available at: http://unepfi.org/pdc/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
PRI. 2017. About the PRI. What Is Responsible Investment? [online]. Available at: www.unpri.org/about/what-is-responsible-investment (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
RISI. 2015. Institutional Investments in Timberland Topping $100 Billion Globally: But Does the Outlook for Forest Products Markets Support This Bullish Trend? [online]. Available at: www.risiinfo.com/press-release/institutional-investments-in-timberland-topping-100-billion-globally-but-does-the-outlook-for-forest-products-markets-support-this-bullish-trend/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Rust, S. 2017. APG, PGGM Set Out Investment Routes to UN Development Goals [online]. Available from: www.ipe.com/news/esg/apg-pggm-set-out-investment-routes-to-un-development-goals/www.ipe.com/news/esg/apg-pggm-set-out-investment-routes-to-un-development-goals/10019777.fullarticle (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Sayer, J., Sunderland, T., Ghazoul, J., et al. 2013. Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110(21):8349–8356.Google Scholar
Smith, P. and Friedmann, J.. 2017. Chapter 7: Bridging the Gap – Carbon dioxide removal. The Emissions Gap Report. A UN Environment Synthesis Report [online]. Available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/22070/EGR_2017.pdf?sequen%E2%80%A6 (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Stefanova, K., Teten, D. and Beardsley, B.. 2016. Asset Managers, Prepare to Have Your Business Disrupted [online]. Available at: www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b14z9qb69zjl6c/asset-managers-prepare-to-have-your-business-disrupted (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Swensen, D. F. 2000. Pioneering Portfolio Management. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Tropical Forest Alliance 2020. 2017. Commodities and Forests Agenda 2020: Ten Priorities to Remove Tropical Deforestation from Commodity Supply Chains [online]. Available at: www.tfa2020.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/TFA2020_CommoditiesandForestsAgenda2020_Sept2017.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
UNEP. 2015. Explore Topics. Ecosystems [online]. Available at: http://web.unep.org/ecosystems/story/landscape-approach-development (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
United Nations. 2017. Sustainable Development Goals. 17 Goals to Transform Our World [online]. Available at: www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar
Wall Street Journal. 2016. Pension Funds Pile on the Risk Just to Get a Reasonable Return [online], 31 May 2016. Available at: https://wsj.com/articles/pension-funds-pile-on-the-risk-to-get-reasonable-returns-1464713013 (accessed 14 March 2018, requires subscription access).Google Scholar
WWF. 2011. Living Forests Report [online]. See Chapter 2: Forests and energy and Chapter 4: Forests and wood products. Available at: http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/deforestation/forest_publications_news_and_reports/living_forests_report/ (accessed 14 March 2018).Google Scholar

References

ACDI/VOCA. 2017. Climate Smart Agriculture. Available at: www.acdivoca.org/2017/10/liberian-farmer-learns-agroforestry-techniques-from-fifes-project/ (accessed October 2018).Google Scholar
Altman, S. L., Nichols, S. S. and Woods, J. T.. 2012. Leveraging high-value natural resources to restore the rule of law: the role of the Liberia Forest Initiative in Liberia’s transition to stability. Pages 337–366 in Lujala, P. and Rustad, S. A., editors. High-Value Natural Resources and Peacebuilding. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Beevers, M. D. 2015. Governing natural resources for peace: lessons from Liberia and Sierra Leone. Global Governance 21(2):227–246.Google Scholar
Beevers, M. D. 2016. Forest governance and post-conflict peace in Liberia: emerging contestation and opportunities for change? The Extractive Industries and Society 3(2):320–328.Google Scholar
Blaser, J. and Dagbe, B. V.. 2008. Assessment of the Current Status of the Forest Sector in Liberia and Identification of Priority Needs for Development Assistance through ITTO Project Activities. Monrovia, Liberia: FDA/ITTO/Intercooperation.Google Scholar
CIFOR. 2005. Towards a Shared Vision and Action Frame for Community Forestry in Liberia: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Community Forestry in Liberia, Monrovia, 12–15 December 2005. Bogor, Indonesia: Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).Google Scholar
FAO. 2018. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Cooperatives and Producer Organisations. Available at: www.fao.org/partnerships/cooperatives/en/.Google Scholar
FDA. 2011. Regulations to the Community Rights Law of 2009 with Respect to Forest Lands. Forestry Development Authority of the Republic of Liberia. Monrovia: Forestry Development Authority of the Republic of Liberia (FDA).Google Scholar
FDA. 2016. Social Agreements Handbook. Monrovia: Forestry Development Authority of the Republic of Liberia (FDA).Google Scholar
Global Witness. 2002. Logging Off: How the Liberian Timber Industry Fuels Liberia’s Humanitarian Disaster and Threatens Sierra Leone. London: Global Witness Ltd.Google Scholar
Global Witness. 2016. Making Community Forest Management Work for Liberia: Some Practical Suggestions. London: Global Witness Ltd.Google Scholar
Global Witness. 2017. Holding the Line: Logging Accountability Report for Liberia. London: Global Witness Ltd.Google Scholar
Global Witness. 2018. Power to the People? How Companies Are Exploiting Community Forestry in Liberia. London: Global Witness Ltd.Google Scholar
Government of Liberia (GoL). 2003a. An Act for the Establishment of a Protected Areas Network and Amending Chapters 1 and 9 of the New National Forestry Law, Part II, Title 23 of the Liberian Code of Law Revised and Thereto Adding Nine New Sections. Monrovia: Government of the Republic of Liberia (GoL).Google Scholar
Government of Liberia (GoL). 2003b. An Act for the Establishment of the Nimba Nature Reserve. Monrovia: Government of the Republic of Liberia (GoL).Google Scholar
Government of Liberia (GoL). 2003c. An Act for the Extension of the Sapo National Park. Monrovia: Government of the Republic of Liberia (GoL).Google Scholar
Government of Liberia (GoL). 2009. An Act to Establish the Community Rights Law of 2009 with Respect to Forest Lands. Monrovia: Government of the Republic of Liberia (GoL).Google Scholar
Government of Liberia (GoL). 2017. Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of the Republic of Liberia. Monrovia: Government of the Republic of Liberia (GoL).Google Scholar
Hoyt, R. 2004. Wild Meat Harvest and Trade in Liberia: Managing Biodiversity, Economic and Social Impacts. ODI Wildlife Policy Briefing. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
ILO. 2009. A Rapid Impact Assessment of the Global Economic Crisis on Liberia. Geneva: International Labour Organisation (ILO).Google Scholar
Joint Implementation Committee (JIC). 2015. Aide Memoire for the Second Meeting of the Liberia-EU FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) Joint Implementation Committee (JIC). Monrovia, Liberia: Liberia-EU FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) Joint Implementation Committee (JIC).Google Scholar
Joint Implementation Committee (JIC). 2014. Aide Memoire for the First Meeting of the Liberia-EU FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) Joint Implementation Committee (JIC). Monrovia: Liberia-European Union Voluntary Partnership Agreement Joint Implementation Committee (JIC).Google Scholar
Kieh, G. E. K. Jr. 2015. Land reforms and post-conflict peace building in Liberia. Pages 11–32 in Lumumba-Kasongo, T., editor. Land Reforms and Natural Resource Conflicts in Africa. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Koinyeneh, G. 2018. Liberia’s Legislature Finally Passes Land Rights Act. Front Page Africa [Online]. Available at: https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberias-legislature-finally-passes-land-rights-act (accessed 3 October 2018).Google Scholar
Lamb, J. N., Moore, K. M. and Smith, R.. 2009. Pursuing community forestry in Liberia. Environmental Policy and Governance 19(5):296–308.Google Scholar
Land Commission 2012. Land Rights, Private Use Permits and Forest Communities. Report Prepared with the Support of EU Project Fed/2011/270957. Monrovia: Land Commission.Google Scholar
Levitt, J. I. 2006. The Evolution of Deadly Conflict in Liberia: From ‘Paternaltarianism’ to State Collapse. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Likens, G. and Lindenmayer, D.. 2018. Effective Ecological Monitoring. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.Google Scholar
Magnusson, W. E., Lima, A. P., Luizão, R., et al. 2005. RAPELD: a modification of the Gentry method for biodiversity surveys in longterm ecological research sites. Biota Neotropica 5:19–24.Google Scholar
Nichols, S. S. and Goldman, L.. 2011. U.S. bilateral assistance to Liberia: forestry as the cornerstone to peacebuilding. Pages 301–328 in Bruch, C., Nakayama, M. and Coyle, I., editors. Harnessing Natural Resources for Peacebuilding: Lessons from US and Japanese Assistance. Washington, DC: Environmental Law Institute (ELI).Google Scholar
Nketia, S. K., Larmie, S. A. and Ansah, N. Y. O.. 2016. Liberia Forest Sector Project: Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF). Monrovia: Government of Liberia.Google Scholar
REDD 2016. United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. www.un-redd.org/Google Scholar
Sawyer, A. 1992. The Emergence of Autocracy in Liberia: Tragedy and Challenge, San Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies.Google Scholar
Sustainable Development Institute (SDI) 2018. Community Forestry in Liberia: Community Forest Management Plan Processes and Draft Template for Commercial Use Contract Negotiations in Community Forest Operations. Workshop Report.Google Scholar
Siakor, S. K. A. 2011. Forest Governance and the Voluntary Partnership Agreement: Deepening Forest Sector Reform in Liberia. Monrovia: Sustainable Development Institute (SDI).Google Scholar
SIIB. 2012. Special Independent Investigations Body. Report on the Issuance of Private Use Permits, December 2012. Pages 57–60. Available at: www.cental.org/SIIB%20 Report%20on%20PUPs.pdfGoogle Scholar
Soloh, F. 2005. The Role of Local Communities in Community Forestry. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Community Forestry in Liberia: Towards a Shared Vision and Action Frame for Community Forestry in Liberia, Bogor Barat, Indonesia, 12–15 December 2005. Bogor, Indonesia: Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).Google Scholar
Stevens, C. J. 2014. The legal history of public land in Liberia. Journal of African Law 58(2):250–265.Google Scholar
The World Bank 2016. International Development Association (IDA) Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Grant in the Amount of $37.5 Million from the Liberia Forest Landscape Single Donor Trust Fund to the Republic of Liberia for a Liberia Forest Sector Project. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
UNEP 2004. Desk Study on the Environment in Liberia. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).Google Scholar
Unruh, J. D. 2009. Land rights in postwar Liberia: the volatile part of the peace process. Land Use Policy 26(2):425–433.Google Scholar
USAID. 2017a. Community Forestry Facilitator's Manual. A Manual Prepared under the People, Rules, and Organisations Supporting the Protection of Ecosystem Resources (PROSPER) Project. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Google Scholar
USAID. 2017b. Forest Incomes for Environmental Sustainability (FIFES) Factsheet. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Google Scholar
USAID/PROSPER. 2016. The "Nine Steps" Handbook Checklist for Establishing a Forest Community. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Google Scholar
van der Kraaij, F. P. M. 1983. The Open Door Policy of Liberia: An Economic History of Modern Liberia. Bremen: Übersee-Museum Verlag.Google Scholar

References

Messier, C., Puettmann, K. J. and Coates, K. D., editors. 2014. Managing Forests as Complex Adaptive Systems. Building Resilience to the Challenge of Global Change. Abingdon, UK: Earthscan from Routledge.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. 1999. Self-Governance and Forest Resources. Center for International Forestry (CIFOR), Occasional Paper No. 20. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.Google Scholar
Wexler, M. N. 2009. Exploring the moral dimension of wicked problems. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 29(9/10):531–542.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×