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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 March 2019
Sherman described the excitation of characteristic radiations by primary x-rays and by secondary excitation. The derivation has been made assuming a homogeneous sample. Criss and Birks inverted the problem from the calculation of fluorescent countrates to the quantitative XFA by means of fundamental parameters. Theoretical and instrumental developments enabled a reduction of the sample area and led to small area XFA and imaging XFA sytems. Depth profiling by means of XFA is a further development. We continue the original concept of variable take-off angle technique for the determination of film thicknesses without reference samples and apply the variation of the incidence angle to depth profiling.