Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T10:37:05.825Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reciprocal Comparison and African History: Tackling Conceptual Eurocentrism in the Study of Africa's Economic Past

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

Gareth Austin
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

This article argues for constructive responses to the dominance, in the analysis of African economic history, of concepts derived from Western experience. It reviews the existing responses of this kind, highlighting the fact that some of the most influential ideas applied to African economies, past and present, have been coined in the context not of Europe or North America but rather of other relatively poor regions formerly under European colonial rule. These “Third World” contributions have been enriching for African studies, though they have been duly criticized in African contexts, in accordance with the usual scholarly pattern. It is argued here that the main requirement for overcoming conceptual Eurocentrism in African history, in the interests of a more genuinely “general” social science and “global” history, is reciprocal comparison of Africa and other continents—or, more precisely, of specific areas within Africa with counterparts elsewhere. Pioneering examples of such comparisons are reviewed and, to illustrate the possibilities, a set of propositions is put forward from African history that may be useful for specialists on other parts of the world. The article concludes with suggestions for ways in which Africanists can best pursue the project of reciprocal comparison, and with a plea for us to be more intellectually ambitious.

Type
Research Article
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , December 2007 , pp. 1 - 28
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A.. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91: 1369–1401.10.1257/aer.91.5.1369CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A.. 2002. “Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution.” Quarterley Journal of Economics 118: 1231–79.10.1162/003355302320935025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A.. 2005. “Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth.” In Handbook of Economic Growth, edited by PhilippAghion, e and Dulauf, Steven, vol. 1a, 385–472. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Alence, Rod. 1990–1991. “The 1937–38 Gold Coast Cocoa Crisis: The Political Economy of Commercial Stalemate.” African Economic History 19: 77–104.10.2307/3601893CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amin, Samir. 1976 (1973). Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism. Translated by Pierce, Brian. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Arrighi, Giovanni. 1970. “Labour Supplies in Historical Perspective: A Study of the Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia.” Journal of Development Studies 3: 197–234.10.1080/00220387008421322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, Ralph E. 1993. “The Moral Economy of Witchcraft: An Essay in Comparative History.” In Modernity and Its Malcontents: Ritual and Power in Postcolonial Africa, edited by Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John, 89–110. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Austin, Gareth. 1996a. “‘No Elders Were Present’: Commoners and Private Ownership in Asante, 1807–96.” Journal of African History 37: 1–30.10.1017/S0021853700034770CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, Gareth. 1996b. “National Poverty and the ‘Vampire State’ in Ghana: A Review Article.” Journal of International Development 8: 553–73.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199607)8:4<553::AID-JID265>3.0.CO;2-83.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, Gareth. 1996c. “Mode of Production or Mode of Cultivation: Explaining the Failure of European Cocoa Planters in Competition with African Farmers in Colonial Ghana.” In Cocoa Pioneer Fronts since 1800:The Role of Smallholders, Planters and Merchants, edited by Clarence-Smith, William Gervase, 154–75. London: Macmillan.10.1007/978-1-349-24901-5_9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, Gareth. 2002. “African Business in Nineteenth-Century West Africa.” In Black Business and Economic Power, edited by Jalloh, Alusine and Falola, Toyin, 114–44. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Austin, Gareth. 2003. “Moneylending and Witchcraft: The Moral Economy of Accumulation in Colonial Asante.” Paper presented at the Modern Economic History Seminar, London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Austin, Gareth. 2005. Labour, Land and Capital in Ghana: From Slavery to Free Labour in Ghana, 1807–1956. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Austin, Gareth. 2006. “The Political Economy of the Natural Environment in West African History: Asante and Its Savanna Neighbors in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” In Land and the Politics of Belonging in West Africa, edited by Kuba, Richard and Lentz, Carola, 187–212. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Austin, Gareth. Forthcoming. “Resources, Techniques and Strategies South of the Sahara: Revising the Factor Endowments Perspective on African Economic Development, 1500–2000.” Economic History Review.Google Scholar
Azarya, V., and Chazan, N.. 1987. “Disengagement from the State in Africa: Reflections on the Experience of Ghana and Guinea.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29: 106–31.10.1017/S0010417500014377CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, William J. 1961. The Economy of British Central Africa: A Case Study of Development in a Dualistic Society. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J. 1997. Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Basu, Kaushik. 1997. Analytical Development Economics: The Less Developed Economy Revisited. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H.. 1983. Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511558740CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, Robert H.. 1989. Beyond the Miracle of the Market: The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H.. 1990. “Capital, Kinship, and Conflict: The Structuring Influence of Capital in Kinship Societies.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 24: 145–64.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H.. 1991. “Agricultural Policy and the Study of Politics in Post-Independence Africa.” In Africa 30 Years On: The Record and the Outlook, edited by Rimmer, Douglas, 115–29. London: Royal African Society.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H.. 1995. “Social Dilemmas and Rational Individuals: An Assessment of the New Institutionalism.” In The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development, edited by Harriss, John, Hunter, Janet, and Lewis, C. M., 17–26. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H., Mudimbe, V. Y., and O'Barr, Jean, eds. 1993. The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bernault, Florence. 2001. “L'Afrique et la modernite des sciences sociales.” Vingtième siècle: Revue d'histoire 70: 127–38.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2003. Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511615597CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boserup, Ester. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. London: G. Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Boserup, Ester. 1970. Women's Role in Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Bray, Francesca. 1986. The Rice Economies: Technology and Development in Asian Societies. Oxford: Blackwell.10.1525/9780520914933CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braudel, Fernand. 1984 (1979). Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century. Vol. 3: The Perspective of the World. London: William Collins.Google Scholar
Brenner, Robert. 1977. “The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism.” New Left Review 104: 25–92.Google Scholar
Brewer, Anthony. 1980. Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Byres, T. J. 1979. “Of Neopopulist Pipe-Dreams: Daedalus in the Third World and the Myth of Urban Bias.” Journal of Peasant Studies 6: 210–44.10.1080/03066157908438073CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carney, Judith A. 2001. “African Rice in the Columbian Exchange.“ Journal of African History 42: 377–96.10.1017/S0021853701007940CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2000. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre. 2003 (2000). The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. Translated by Strauss, S.. New York: Zone Books.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H. 1988 (1937). “The Nature of the Firm.” In The Firm, the Market, and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H.. 1988 (1960). “The Problem of Social Cost.” In The Firm, the Market, and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H.. 1988. “Notes on the Problem of Social Cost.” In The Firm, the Market, and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Coatsworth, John H. 1998. “Economic and Institutional Trajectories in Nineteenth-Century Latin America.” In Latin America and the World Economy since 1800, edited by Coatsworth, John H. and Taylor, Alan M., 23–54. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul, and Lal, Deepak. 1984. “Why Poor People Get Rich: Kenya 1960–79.” World Development 12: 1007–18.10.1016/0305-750X(84)90026-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul, and Lal, Deepak. 1986. Labour and Poverty in Kenya 1900–1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul. 1993. “Africa and the Study of Economics.” In Africa and the Disciplines, edited by Bates, Robert H., Mudimbe, V. Y., and O'Barr, Jean, 158–82. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1993. “Africa and the World Economy.” In Cooper, F. et al., Confronting Historical Paradigms: Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. 1969. “Recherches sur un mode of production africain.” La Penseé 144: 61–78.Google Scholar
Crummey, Donald. 1980. “Abyssinian Feudalism.” Past and Present 89: 115–38.10.1093/past/89.1.115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtin, Philip D. 1984. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511661198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Gang. 1993. Development versus Stagnation: Technological Continuity and Agricultural Progress inPre-Modern China. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Destombes, Jérôme. 2006. “From Long-Term Patterns of Seasonal Hunger to Changing Experiences of Everyday Poverty: North-Eastern Ghana, c. 1930–2000.” Journal of African History 47: 181–205.10.1017/S0021853706001800CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devereux, Stephen. 1993. Theories of Famine: From Malthus to Sen. Hemel Hempstead, U.K.: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jarrod. 1997. Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years. London: Chatto & Windus.Google Scholar
Eggertsson, Thráinn. 1990. Economic Behavior and Institutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511609404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eldredge, Elizabeth. 1993. A South African Kingdom: Nineteenth-Century Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ensminger, Jean. 1992. Making a Market: The Institutional Transformation of an African Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Engerman, Stanley L., and Sokoloff, Kenneth L.. 1997. “Factor Endowments, Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growth among New World Economies: A View from Economic Historians of the United States.” In How Latin America Fell Behind, edited by Haber, Stephen, 260–304. Stanford: Stanford University Press.10.1515/9781503622500-013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, E. W., and Richardson, David. 1995. “Hunting for Rents: The Economics of Slaving in Pre-Colonial Africa.” Economic History Review 48: 665–86.10.2307/2598129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairhead, James, and Leach, Melissa. 1996. Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest-Savanna Mosaic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139164023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farias, P. F. De Moraes. 2004. “Afrocentrism: Between Crosscultural Grand Narrative and Cultural Relativism.” Journal of African History 44: 327–40.Google Scholar
Feierman, Steven. 1993. “African Histories and the Dissolution of World History.” In Africa and the Disciplines, edited by Bates, Robert H., Mudimbe, V. Y., and O'Barr, Jean, 167–212. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fenoaltea, Stefano. 1999. “Europe in the African Mirror: The Slave Trade and the Rise of Feudalism.” Rivista di Storia Economica 15 (2): 123–65.Google Scholar
Field, M. J. 1960. Search for Security: An Ethno-Psychiatric Study of Rural Ghana. London: Faber.Google Scholar
Firmin-Sellers, Kathryn. 1996. The Transformation of Property Rights in the Gold Coast. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511584855CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, Andre Gunder. 1967. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Frank, Andre Gunder, and Gills, Barry K., eds. 1993. The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack. 1971. Technology, Tradition and the State in Africa. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack. 1976. Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack. 1982. Cooking, Cuisine and Class: A Study in Comparative Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511607745CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goody, Jack. 1996. The East in the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139171052CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goody, Jack. 2004. Capitalism and Modernity: The Great Debate. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Grafe, Regina, and Irigoin, Maria Alejandra. 2006. “The Spanish Empire and Its Legacy: Fiscal Redistribution and Political Conflict in Colonial and Post-Colonial Spanish America.” Journal of Global History 1 (2): 241–67.10.1017/S1740022806000155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, Avner. 1989. “Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghbribi Traders.” Journal of Economic History 49: 85–82.10.1017/S0022050700009475CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, Avner. 1997. “On the Interrelations and Economic Implications of Economic, Social, Political, and Normative Factors: Reflections from Two Late Medieval Societies.” In The Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics, edited by Drobak, John N. and Nye, John V. C., 57–94. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Greif, Avner. 2006. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511791307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyer, Jane I. 2004. Marginal Gains: Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hart, Keith. 1973. “Informal Economic Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 11 (3): 61–89.10.1017/S0022278X00008089CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helpman, Elhanan. 2004. The Mystery of Economic Growth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Herbst, Jeffrey. 2000. States and Power in Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. G. 1973. An Economic History of West Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A. G.. 1980. “Africa's Age of Improvement.” History in Africa 7: 141–60.10.2307/3171659CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, Robin. 1985 (1971). “Stateless Societies in the History of West Africa.” In History of West Africa, vol. 1, edited by Ajayi, J. F. A. and Crowder, Michael, 87–128. 3rd edition. Harlow, U.K.: Longman.Google Scholar
Inikori, Joseph E. 2002. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511583940CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamal, Vali, and Weeks, John. 1993. Africa Misunderstood: Or Whatever Happened to the Rural-Urban Gap? London: Macmillan.10.1007/978-1-349-13157-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jewsiewicki, Bogumil, and Létourneau, Jocelyn, eds. 1985. Mode of Production: The Challenge of Africa. Canadian Journal ofAfrican Studies 19 (1).Google Scholar
Jones, E. L. 1988. Growth Recurring: Economic Change in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Keen, David. 1994. The Benefits of Famine: A Political Economy of Famine and Relief in Southwestern Sudan, 1983–1989. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Krueger, Anne O. 1974. “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society.” American Economic Review 64: 291–303.Google Scholar
Lai, Deepak. 1983. The Poverty of “Development Economics.” London: Institute of Economic Affairs.Google Scholar
Lai, Deepak. 1998. Unintended Consequences: The Impact of Factor Endowments, Culture and Politics on Long-Run Economic Performance. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lai, Deepak. 2004. In Praise of Empires: Globalization and Order. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Landes, David S. 1998. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Lewis, W. A. 1953. Report on Industrialisation and the Gold Coast. Accra: Government of the Gold Coast.Google Scholar
Lewis, W. A.. 1954. “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour.” Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 20: 139–91.10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipton, Michael. 1977. Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, John. 1981. “States and Social Processes in Africa: A Historiographical Survey.” African Studies Review 24: 139–225.10.2307/523904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, Paul E., and Richardson, David. 1999. “Trust, Pawnship, and Atlantic History: The Institutional Foundations of the Old Calabar Slave Trade.” American Historical Review 104: 333–55.10.2307/2650369CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovejoy, Paul E., and Richardson, David. 2004. “‘This Horrid Hole’: Royal Authority, Commerce and Credit at Bonny 1690–1840.“ Journal of African History 44: 363–92.10.1017/S0021853704009879CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowenberg, Anton D., and Kaempfer, William H.. 1998. The Origins and Demise of South African Apartheid: A Public Choice Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.23161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manning, Patrick. 1987. “The Prospects for African Economic History: Is Today Included in the Long Run?” African Studies Review 30 (2): 49–62.10.2307/524040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manning, Patrick. 2003a. Navigating World History: Historians Create a Global Past. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781403973856CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manning, Patrick. 2003b. “Africa and the African Diaspora: New Directions of Study.” Journal of African History 44: 487–506.10.1017/S0021853703008569CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCann, James C. 2005. Maize and Grace: Africa's Encounter with a New World Crop 1500–2000. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674040748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCaskie, T. C. 1983. “Accumulation, Wealth and Belief in Asante History: 1, To the Close of the Nineteenth Century.” Africa 53: 23–43.10.2307/1159772CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, Roderick, 2005. Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-Organizing Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Joseph C. 1988. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade 1730–1830. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Mosley, Paul. 1983. The Settler Economies: Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1900–1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511759895CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Kevin M., Schleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. 1991. “Why Is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth?” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 83: 409–14.Google Scholar
Myint, Hlya. 1958. “The ‘Classical’ Theory of International Trade and the Underdeveloped Countries.” Economic Journal 68: 317–37.10.2307/2227598CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myint, Hlya. 1973 (1964). The Economics of the Developing Countries. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511808678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, Douglass C.. 2005. Understanding the Process of Economic Growth. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400829484CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, Douglass C., and Thomas, Robert Paul. 1973. The Rise of the Western World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511819438CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, Douglass C., Summerhill, William, and Weingast, Barry R.. 2000. “Order, Disorder, and Economic Change: Latin America vs. North America.” In Governing for Prosperity, edited by de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno and Root, Hilton L., 17–58. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Peel, J. D. Y. 1987. “History, Culture and the Comparative Method: A West African Puzzle.” In Comparative Anthropology, edited by Holy, L., 88–118. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Penningroth, Dylan C. 2003. The Claims of Kinfolk: African American Property and Community in the Nineteenth-Century South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Platteau, Jean-Philippe. 1995. “The Food Crisis in Africa: A Comparative Structural Analysis.” In The Political Economy of Hunger, edited by Drèze, Jean, Sen, Amartya, and Hussain, Athar, 445–553. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pomeranz, Kenneth. 2000. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400823499CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, Richard J. 2002. Political Power in Pre-Colonial Buganda: Economy, Society and Warfare in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Richards, Paul. 1985. Indigenous Agricultural Revolution: Ecology and Food Production in West Africa. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Rodney, Walter. 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle-L'Ouverture.Google Scholar
Runciman, W. G. 1995. “The ‘Triumph’ of Capitalism as a Topic in the Theory of Social Selection.” New Left Review 210: 33–47.Google Scholar
Schoenbrun, David Lee. 1998. A Green Place, A Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the 15th Century. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1981. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sender, John, and Smith, Sheila. 1986. The Development of Capitalism in Africa. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew. 1995. “Reviving the Grand Narrative: Archaeology and Long-Term Change.” Journal of European Archaeology 3: 1–32.10.1179/096576695800688223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Sheila. 1980. “The Ideas of Samir Amin: Theory or Tautology?” Journal of Development Studies 17 (1): 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Sheila. 1976. “An Extension of the Vent-for-Surplus Model in Relation to Long-Run Structural Change in Nigeria.” Oxford Economic Papers 28: 426–46.10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugihara, Kaoru. 2000. The East Asian Path of Economic Development. Osaka: Discussion Papers in Economics and Business, Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University.Google Scholar
Sutton, J. E. G. 1984. “Irrigation and Soil-Conservation in African Agricultural History.” Journal of African History 25: 25–46.10.1017/S0021853700022544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terray, Emmanuel. 1971. “Commerce pré-colonial et organisation sociale chez les Dida de Côte d'Ivoire.” In The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa, edited by Meillassoux, Claude, 145–52. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Keith. 1971. Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.Google Scholar
Tignor, Robert L. 2006. W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9780691204246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tosh, John. 1980. “The Cash-Crop Revolution in Tropical Africa: An Agricultural Reappraisal.” African Affairs 79 (314): 79–94.10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, Jan. 1978. Children of Woot: History of the Kuba Peoples (Congo). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Megan. 1987. The Story of an African Famine: Gender and Famine in Twentieth-Century Malawi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511549885CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, Megan. 2006. “Africa and the Birth of the Modern World.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 16: 143–62.10.1017/S0080440106000454CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, Robert. 1990. Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9780691187181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1976. “The Three Stages of African Involvement in the World Economy.” In The Political Economy of Contemporary Africa, edited by Gutkind, Peter C. W. and Wallerstein, Immanuel, 30–57. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.Google Scholar
Warren, Bill. 1980. Imperialism: Pioneer of Capitalism. Edited by Sender, John. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Wariboko, Nimi. 1998. ”A Theory of the Canoe House Corporation.” African Economic History 26: 141–72.10.2307/3601694CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickham, C. 1984. “The Other Transition: From the Ancient World to Feudalism.” Past and Present 103: 3–36.10.1093/past/103.1.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickham, C.. 1985. “The Uniqueness of the East.” Journal of Peasant Studies 12 (2–3): 166–96.10.1080/03066158508438267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Anti-Trust Implications. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E.. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets and Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Wong, R. Bin. 1997. China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wrigley, E. A. 1987 (1972). “The Process of Modernization and the Industrial Revolution in England.” In People, Cities and Wealth: The Transformation of Traditional Society, 46–74. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Yarak, Larry. 1996. “Slavery and the State in Asante History.” In The Cloth of Many Colored Silks: Papers on History and Society Ghanaian and Islamic in Ivor Wilks, edited by Hunwick, John and Lawler, Nancy, 223–40. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe. 1993. A Modern Economic History of Africa. Vol. 1: The Nineteenth Century. Dakar: CODESRIA.Google Scholar