It is suggested that four major types of survey can be identified: (1) reconnaissance, which is extensive rather than intensive, and results in a catalog of sites; (2) survey which is done in conjunction with a specific program of excavation and is designed to increase the sample of material culture; (3) limited survey that is problem oriented and is conducted for a specific reason (this is usually the most successful type); and (4) survey that involves intensive study of a local area and is designed to extract all possible information from each site found. It is believed that the last type, despite a large expenditure of time and funds, provides much more information than other types of survey. Data from a survey of Cebolleta Mesa, New Mexico, are presented to document the value of the intensive archaeological survey.

Doctrinaire diffusionism is a menace to the development of sound archaeological theory based on comparative studies; it distracts archaeologists from such studies and seeks to destroy the basis of comparison. Diffusionist arguments are defective in principle, however. The bias in the selection of data for these arguments can be illustrated by listing cultural similarities between ancient Peru and the ancient Mediterranean.

This paper shows that two previous lines of evidence (radiocarbon dating and historic dynasty lists) for calculating absolute dates in prehistoric northern Peru produce a hiatus between the regional Classic and the late periods (kingdoms and confederations), which can best be resolved by expanding the time span of the Tiahuanacoid (Middle) period. Material evidence is adduced for this longer period by quantifying total construction for the last three precolonial periods on both the northern and central coasts. This procedure indicates that the last two periods combined were only half as long as the preceding Tiahuanacoid period and provides the temporal basis for postulating that the late-period trends, such as urbanization and secularization, were evolved largely during Tiahuanacoid times.

Excavations at the Clovis site near Portales, New Mexico, in 1962 and 1963 produced much new information on the Llano complex. This work, which was done principally by the El Llano Archaeological Society (Portales, New Mexico), yielded the skeletons of four mammoths and other Pleistocene faunal remains and enlarged the tool inventory of the Llano complex. Significant ancestral ties with the Upper Paleolithic of Siberia, which have been postulated on the basis of prismatic blades and blade-tools collected from the Clovis horizon seem to be further confirmed. Further information on the size range of Clovis projectile points has been obtained from small projectile points found in the mammoth-bone bed. Analysis of lithic materials from the Clovis site reveals extensive use of Alibates flint from the Canadian River valley of Texas.

Archaeological material from Kodiak Island, Alaska, is described in terms of five phases which, from oldest to youngest, are Ocean Bay I, Ocean Bay II, Old Kiavak, Three Saints, and Koniag. Ocean Bay I and II, components of a single site, are characterized by flaked-stone and ground-slate industries, respectively. Old Kiavak and Three Saints appear to be developmental stages within a single tradition, possibly different from the traditions of the antecedent Ocean Bay phases and the succeeding Koniag. In Old Kiavak there is a partial return to flaking of stone artifacts, and two characteristic artifacts are small notched stones and plummet-type grooved stones. In the Three Saints phase, "plummets" went out of use, and by the beginning of the Koniag phase, which continued into the contact period, so did small notched stones. Among the new elements that characterized the Koniag phase are the steam sweat bath, the splitting adz, and, locally, pottery. A pottery-using variant of this phase has been emphasized. When compared with Three Saints material, Koniag archaeological remains usually show style changes or degeneration in workmanship. These units do not outline a complete sequence because the periods between Ocean Bay II and Old Kiavak and, locally, between Three Saints and the pottery-using Koniag variant do not appear to be represented. It is estimated that their time range is 2500 B.C. to shortly after A.D. 1800.

Elaborate rock paintings from several rock shelters in the central part of Baja California are reported and described. The paintings are assigned to the Comondú culture on the basis of artifacts found in the shelters, one of which yielded a radiocarbon date of A.D. 1435 ± 80. The paintings apparently served as hunting magic. The complexity of the rock art and the wealth of sites and paintings suggest a somewhat more advanced culture than reported by the Spanish.

Surface collections from three sites at Red Butte, near Grand Canyon in northern Arizona, produced small, concave-based Pinto points, as well as fragmentary Ventana-Amargosa forms. In addition, a wide range of lithic tools was found. Lateral and basal grinding on several points suggest that at least one preceramic component is represented. No points characteristic of the ceramic period were obtained, but a few potsherds dating A.D. 1000-1200 were found on two of the sites. The pottery, unexpectedly, is attributable to Kayenta Anasazi rather than Cohonina. Presumably, but not demonstrably, this pottery is not associated with the points mentioned above. Neither the projectile forms nor the pottery complex from these sites has been reported previously from this immediate region.

Most soil-survey reports published since about 1957 by the Soil Conservation Service portray the soils data on a series of photomap base sheets generally at a scale of 1:20,000. Since all or portions of many of the 203 counties for which the reports are available lack detailed topographic maps, the soil-survey reports help alleviate this deficiency and also provide an economical source of aerial photos for use in archaeological surveys. Moreover, the soil-survey data presented in the photomaps often provide valuable clues to the locations of sites and should not be overlooked in survey work.

Construction activities at Torrance County Beach in Los Angeles County, California, recently removed the last remnant of Hollywood Riviera, a once important archaeological site. Among the artifacts recovered during earth-moving operations and from earlier surface hunts are numerous handstones, milling stones, and cobble hammers. Also included in the collection are two mortars, a pestle, and a few rude choppers. Smaller stone-work consists of large, coarsely flaked projectile points, broken knife blades, simple flake scrapers, and an unusual chipped "crescent." The plentiful seed-grinding implements testify to a seed-collecting mode of subsistence for Hollywood Riviera's former inhabitants, whereas a near absence of molluscan remains in the archaeological deposit suggests that they were an inland people, recently moved to the seashore, who had not yet acquired a taste for shellfish. Occupation at the site appears to have occurred entirely within the Early Milling Stone horizon of the southern California coast, dated roughly between 5000 and 2000 B.C., and presumably during an early phase of it.

Radiocarbon dating is a useful tool in archaeological research, but the precision hoped for by some is not attainable because of the nature of the radiocarbon assay itself, possible contaminations, the Suess effect, and especially the peculiar nature of wood structure and growth. Wood and charcoal, unlike animal remnants, will not necessarily give the age corresponding to the time when the tree died or was cut; they will give only the age of the particular fragment used in the radiocarbon assay. If wood comes from the central portion of a large tree stem, there may even be several hundred years difference between its radiocarbon date and the date of the corresponding archaeological level. Such discrepancies are common in the recent finds at Teotihuacάn. Even the apparently erroneous date of 1474 ± 230 B.C. for Teotihuacάn can thus be explained. Other radiocarbon dates should also be evaluated with this in mind.

A type of Mexican folk pottery first collected in 1920 at Cuernavaca is demonstrated to be of Iberian derivation and to date back as early as the 17th century. It has been found at Ft. Jesus in Mombasa, Kenya, and at the kiln site in the Old City of Panama. The pottery is decorated with inlays of small tesserae of feldspar and occasionally other minerals. Incision, stamping, low relief, and red paint are often associated decorative features.

Another publication of the uncorrected, transposed, and incomplete design layout of an important Teotihuacan-style pottery vessel from the Maya Lowlands has prompted this publication of the corrected and complete version.

A crude stone point from a gravel pit near Wichita Falls, Texas, is tentatively associated with a Wisconsin vertebrate fauna from the same locality on the basis of adhering cemented sand.

A well-made Clovis point, found in October, 1964, in central Utah, is the first unequivocal specimen of this type reported from Utah.

A quartzite cobble, excavated from a Late Prehistoric site on the Roanoke River, bears pecked designs on its two flat faces. These designs are circles with radiating grooves that extend to the edges of the stone. Information is requested on similar stones found elsewhere.