With this issue the UFAW journal Animal Welfare enters its second year. It is appropriate here to thank two of the Section Editors, Professor Anton Beynen and Dr James Serpell for the work they did on Volume 1 of the journal; they have now stood down as active members of the editorial team but have joined the group of Editorial Advisers. We welcome the two new Section Editors, Professor Jann Hau and Dr Dennis Turner.

Efforts to promote the psychological well-being of captive non-human primates through the application of environmental enrichment techniques are becoming more common. However, from this perspective relatively little empirical work has been done on the effects of manipulation of the social environment. The data currently available indicate that primates kept in solitary confinement are likely to develop a variety of behavioural and physiological disturbances reflecting reduced well-being, whereas most compatibly socially housed primates appear better adapted. There is always some risk associated with manipulating the social environment for experimental or husbandry reasons, but the risk of deleterious consequences can be reduced by a good knowledge of the animals’ normal repertoire and careful monitoring of how the animals adjust to the new conditions. Attending to the social environment of captive primates is fundamental to their welfare.

The responses of 56 cotton-top tamarin monkeys (Saguinus oedipus) to the faecal scent of predators and non-predators were recorded to determine if there was a differential response. Methylene chloride extracts were prepared from the faeces of suspected predators (margay and tayra) and non-predators (capybara and paca) known to co-exist with the tamarins in the wild The faecal extracts were presented to the tamarins on wooden dowels in their enclosures. Untreated dowel and dowel treated with methylene chloride served as controls. The tamarins exhibited high anxiety responses to predator scent compared to non-predator scent which produced low anxiety responses. No sex differences were found but an age difference was apparent: younger individuals were more curious than their elders. The response pattern was observed in captive-born individuals and was not affected by whether or not their parents were wild-caught or captive-born. This indicates that the discrimination of predator and non-predator scents is innate. However, this should not be taken to mean that captive cotton-top tamarins should be re-introduced to the wild without prior predator avoidance training. The implication of this study for animal welfare is that in captive environments where both predator and prey species are kept, it is important that predators, and their faeces, are not situated where prey species can detect their presence through olfaction, because prey species may suffer continual levels of heightened anxiety with possible detrimental effects.

Although human factors are recognized as influential factors affecting the welfare and productivity of farm animals, only limited research has been conducted to identify these important human characteristics and to quantify their effects. During the last 13 years we have studied two apparently important human factors: the attitude and the behaviour of stockpersons towards farm animals.

We have proposed that in intensive animal production systems there are some important sequential relationships between the attitude and behaviour of the stockperson towards farm animals and the behaviour, performance and welfare of farm animals. Basically we have suggested that because a stockperson's behaviour towards animals is largely under volitional control it is strongly influenced by the attitudes and beliefs that the stockperson holds about the animals. Furthermore, the stockperson's behaviour towards animals affects the animals’ fear of humans which, in turn, affects the animals’ productivity and welfare. It is the occurrence of a stress response by animals which are highly fearful of humans which places their productivity and welfare at risk We have published data which strongly support these interrelationships between human attitude and behaviour and animal behaviour, productivity and welfare. This paper reviews this and other research on this subject. The results of research in the pig industry and to a lesser extent, the poultry industries indicate the excellent opportunity which exists to improve animal productivity and welfare by training and selecting stockpersons to have desirable attitudinal and behavioural profiles towards farm animals.

Full ‘rehabilitation’ of sick and injured wild animals should include restoration to the wild. Few attempts have been made to discover the fate of released ‘rehabilitated’ animals, a significant omission in terms of animal welfare. They may die, unable to find adequate food or nest sites in unfamiliar places. They may be ostracized or even attacked by wild resident conspecifics.

Eight ‘rehabilitated’ hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were released into farmland and radio-tracked to monitor their movements and nesting; they were also weighed frequently. Three wild hedgehogs caught on site were studied in parallel.

Only one animal remained close to the release site throughout the eight week study. The rest scattered, perhaps seeking more familiar terrain. One animal died, possibly not having fully recovered from its original disorder. Of the seven others, three survived at least seven weeks, but two then met with accidental deaths (drowning and road kill). Contact was lost with four animals, but circumstances suggested that they were probably still alive at least five weeks after release. There was no evidence of negative interaction with local wild hedgehogs nor any indication of difficulty with foraging, nesting or finding their nests again. Body-weights were generally maintained or increased. It is concluded that rehabilitated adult hedgehogs can probably cope well with release.

Conventional cages for laying hens have many disadvantages for welfare and there have been widespread calls for them to be banned. However, they also have advantages: in particular, they house the birds in small groups. Modified designs intended to reduce the disadvantages while retaining the advantages have included the get-away cage (providing perches and other facilities for up to 60 birds), but these designs have not yet had much success. The Edinburgh project on modified cages has adopted a stage-by-stage, systematic approach to cage design. Recommendations include increased area and height compared to conventional cages, and inclusion of a perch, a nest box and a dust bath. Current trials combine all these features in designs with commercial potential One remaining welfare problem is restriction of locomotion, with associated effects on bone strength However, alternative, non-cage husbandry systems for laying hens also have welfare problems, including those associated with large group sizes, and these problems may be worse than those in modified cages. Probably most important is the risk of cannibalism - or the practice of beak trimming to prevent it. Rather than banning cages, it might be more appropriate for legislation to specify the facilities which should be provided for laying hens.

In the current state of development of alternative systems, modifying cages for laying hens could on balance be more beneficial to welfare than banning them.

Introduction

Guidelines have been formulated by the European Community (EC 1986) to cover housing conditions for laboratory animals. These guidelines are based essentially on common practice of housing laboratory animals and on limited data concerning relations between housing conditions and either animal growth or development of pathologies. Further information on this subject is required to optimize housing conditions of laboratory animals.

This publication in the (US) National Library of Medicine's renowned Current Bibliographies in Medicine, is the ninth in a continuing series produced each year since 1984 on laboratory animal welfare. The current issue, which has been prepared by F P Gluckstein, is made up of eighty-six selected and annotated citations and covers the period January to December 1991. The entries are classified under some ten headings ranging from Historical Aspects through Replacement, Reduction, Refinement, and Biomedical Education and Training, to Monographs and Bibliographies.

A new quarterly newsletter, The Shape of Enrichment focuses on environmental and behavioural enrichment for captive animals. In an easy to read, desk top published format, the newsletter is produced on double-sided A4 and stapled, with black and white photographs, line-drawings and clip art throughout. The Shape of Enrichment has feature articles on general enrichment topics and regular columns on browse, feeding programme, behaviour and exhibit design and construction. The ‘Shorts’ section includes brief practical advice on particular enrichment techniques and the Letters section adds to the sharing of ideas that this publication promotes.

The statutory provisions relating to the welfare of animals on the farm are somewhat complex and are scattered throughout a large number of Acts and Regulations/Orders. They may not therefore be easily understood and followed by the average farmer or stock keeper. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) is to be congratulated on producing a much needed, short, clear summary of the main points covered in the various pieces of legislation. The summary of the law relating to certain routine surgical operations eg castration is particularly well done. Details of who may carry out which operation, on which particular species and age range of animals, and under what anaesthetic regime (if any) is clearly laid out in a series of seven detailed species-orientated tables.

Each year, Her Majesty's Stationery Office (the UK government's official printer) formally publishes two Command Papers on the working of the 1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act. These two publications - ‘Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals’ and ‘Report of the Animal Procedures Committee’ - are presented by the Secretary of State for the Home Department (the government agency responsible for the control of animal experimentation) to parliament, and at the same time they are offered for general sale, ie they become public documents.

The journal Society and Animals, whose first issue was recently published by The White Horse Press has, in words from the Editor's Introduction, ‘The main purpose of fostering within the social sciences a substantive subfield, animal studies, which will further the understanding of the human side of human/nonhuman animal interactions.’ The intent is to publish refereed papers which describe and analyse man's experience of non-human animals.

Experienced livestock keepers know full well that they will have to cope, throughout the year, with a whole series of minor and, at times, major emergencies involving their animals. One of the talents of the good stockperson is his/her ability to anticipate trouble and to take early remedial action. In extensive husbandry systems the problems largely revolve around the weather, the provision of shelter and supplementary food. In intensive husbandry enterprises where large numbers of animals are often kept within buildings and are looked after by a relatively small staff, the crises result more from building failures and the breakdown of mechanical and electrical equipment.