The withdrawal of water with a free surface through a line sink from a two-dimensional, vertical sand column is considered using the hodograph method and a novel spectral method. Hodograph solutions are presented for slow flow and for critical, limiting steady flows, and these are compared with spectral solutions to the steady problem. The spectral method is then extended to obtain unsteady solutions and hence the evolution of the phreatic surface to the steady solutions when they exist. It is found that for each height of the interface there is a unique critical coning value of flow rate, but also that the value obtained is dependent on the flow history.

The Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation is a prototypical chaotic nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) in which the size of the spatial domain plays the role of a bifurcation parameter. We investigate the changing dynamics of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky PDE by calculating the Lyapunov spectra over a large range of domain sizes. Our comprehensive computation and analysis of the Lyapunov exponents and the associated Kaplan–Yorke dimension provides new insights into the chaotic dynamics of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky PDE, and the transition to its one-dimensional turbulence.

Rayleigh–Taylor instability occurs when a heavier fluid overlies a lighter fluid, and the two seek to exchange positions under the effect of gravity. We present a linearized theory for arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) initial disturbances that grow in time, and calculate the evolution of the interface for early times. A new spectral method is introduced for the fully 3D nonlinear problem in a Boussinesq fluid, where the interface between the light and heavy fluids is approximated with a smooth but rapid density change in the fluid. The results of large-scale numerical calculation are presented in fully 3D geometry, and compared and contrasted with the early-time linearized theory.

This paper is concerned with the problem of existence and uniqueness of weak and classical solutions for a fourth-order semilinear boundary value problem. The existence and uniqueness for weak solutions follows from standard variational methods, while similar uniqueness results for classical solutions are derived using maximum principles.

We consider a theoretical model for the flow of Newtonian fluid through a long flexible-walled channel which is formed from four compliant and rigid compartments arranged alternately in series. We drive the flow using a fixed upstream flux and derive a spatially one-dimensional model using a flow profile assumption. The compliant compartments of the channel are assumed subject to a large external pressure, so the system admits a highly collapsed steady state. Using both a global (linear) stability eigensolver and fully nonlinear simulations, we show that these highly collapsed steady states admit a primary global oscillatory instability similar to observations in a single channel. We also show that in some regions of the parameter space the system admits a secondary mode of instability which can interact with the primary mode and lead to significant changes in the structure of the neutral stability curves. Finally, we apply the predictions of this model to the flow of blood through the central retinal vein and examine the conditions required for the onset of self-excited oscillation. We show that the neutral stability curve of the primary mode of instability discussed above agrees well with canine experimental measurements of the onset of retinal venous pulsation, although there is a large discrepancy in the oscillation frequency.