Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:10:04.988Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Modelling the impacts of marine protected areas for mobile exploited fish populations and their fisheries: what we recently learnt and where we should be going

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 January 2015

Arnaud Grüss
Arnaud Grüss*
Affiliation:
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR EME 212 (IRD/Ifremer/Université Montpellier 2), Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, avenue Jean Monnet, CS30171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 33149, USA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Sustainable Fisheries Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149-1099, USA
*
a Corresponding author: agruss@rsmas.miami.edu
Get access

Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being considered and used for the management of fisheries targeting mobile fish populations. Here, the recent modelling literature on MPA effects for mobile fish populations and their fisheries is reviewed. Modelling studies conducted since 2011 have filled a considerable number of knowledge gaps on the impacts of MPAs for species exhibiting home-range behaviour, nomadic movements or behavioural polymorphism, and on the effects of “targeted MPAs”, which aim to protect relatively small areas where migratory fishes spend an inordinate fraction of time or are highly vulnerable to fishing (e.g., nursery or spawning zones). Also, in recent years, two studies investigated the consequences of MPAs targeting highly migratory (tuna-like) fish populations for the first time in the history of MPA modelling. Recent modelling studies found that MPAs aimed at protecting mobile species may have positive conservation effects under a relatively wide range of situations, but may generate long-term fisheries benefits only under a very limited set of conditions. In particular, MPAs were not found to be beneficial for the fisheries targeting highly migratory populations. Strategies producing both conservation and fisheries benefits were identified, which depend on fish movement patterns and numerous aspects of fish life history and fisheries dynamics. However, in view of the diversity of fish movement patterns in MPA systems and current dynamics in resource management, it is clear that additional modelling work is needed to fully understand how protected areas affect mobile fish populations and their fisheries and to be able to implement pertinent MPAs. In particular, future modelling studies should systematically assess the effects of MPAs in relation to other management tools to find strategies that are most effective in meeting management objectives, and explore the impacts of “dynamic” MPAs that follow highly migratory fish populations in space and time.

Keywords

Marine protected areasMarine reservesMobile fish populationsModellingResource conservationFisheries yieldsMigratory populationsConservation targets
Type
Review
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 27 , Issue 3-4 , July 2014 , pp. 107 - 133
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agardy, T., Di Sciara, G.N.,Christie, P., 2011, Mind the gap: Addressing the shortcomings of marine protected areas through large scale marine spatial planning. Mar. Policy 35, 226–232. Google Scholar
Agardy, T.S.,Bridgewater, P.,Crosby, M.P.,Day, J.,Dayton, P.K.,Kenchington, R.,Laffoley, D.,McConney, P.,Murray, P.A.,Parks, J.E., et al., 2003, Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas. Aquat. Conserv. 13, 353–367. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alban F., Appéré G., Boncoeur J., 2008, Economic analysis of Marine Protected Areas. A literature review. EMPAFISH Project Booklet 3, 51 p. Google Scholar
Alemany, D.,Iribarne, O.O.,Acha, E.M., 2013, Effects of a large-scale and offshore marine protected area on the demersal fish assemblage in the Southwest Atlantic. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 70, 123–134. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonzo, S.H.,Mangel, M., 2004, The effects of size-selective fisheries on the stock dynamics of and sperm limitation in sex-changing fish. Fish. Bull. 102, 1–13. Google Scholar
Apostolaki, P.,Milner-Gulland, E.J.,McAllister, M.K.,Kirkwood, G.P., 2002, Modelling the effects of establishing a marine reserve for mobile fish species. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59, 405–415. Google Scholar
Armstrong, M.P.,Dean, M.J.,Hoffman, W.S.,Zemeckis, D.R.,Nies, T.A.,Pierce, D.E.,Diodati, P.J.,McKiernan, D.J., 2012, The application of small scale fishery closures to protect Atlantic cod spawning aggregations in the inshore Gulf of Maine. Fish. Res. 141, 62–69. Google Scholar
Attwood, C.G.,Bennett, B.A., 1995, Modelling the effect of marine reserves on the recreational shore-fishery of the south-western cape, South Africa. South Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 16, 227–240. Google Scholar
Aumont O., Bopp L., 2006, Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 20, GB2017, doi:10.1029/2005GB002591. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babcock, R.C.,Egli, D.P.,Attwood, C.G., 2012, Incorporating behavioural variation in individual-based simulation models of marine reserve effectiveness. Environ. Conserv. 39, 282–294. Google Scholar
Ban, N.C.,Klein, C.J., 2009, Spatial socioeconomic data as a cost in systematic marine conservation planning. Conserv. Lett. 2, 206–215. Google Scholar
Ban, N.C.,Maxwell, S.M.,Dunn, D.C.,Hobday, A.J.,Bax, N.J.,Ardron, J.,Gjerde, K.M.,Game, E.T.,Devillers, R.,Kaplan, D.M., et al., 2014, Better integration of sectoral planning and management approaches for the interlinked ecology of the open oceans. Mar. Policy 49, 127–136. Google Scholar
Barr, L.M.,Possingham, H.P., 2013, Are outcomes matching policy commitments in Australian marine conservation planning? Mar. Policy 42, 39–48. Google Scholar
Baskett, M.L.,Levin, S.A.,Gaines, S.D.,Dushoff, J., 2005, Marine reserve design and the evolution of size at maturation in harvested fish. Ecol. Appl. 15, 882–901. Google Scholar
Bijoux, J.P.,Dagorn, L.,Berke, G.,Cowley, P.D.,Soria, M.,Gaertner, J.-C.,Robinson, J., 2013, Temporal dynamics, residency and site fidelity of spawning aggregations of a herbivorous tropical reef fish Siganus sutor. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 475, 233–247. Google Scholar
Block, B.,Jonsen, I.,Jorgensen, S.,Winship, A.,Shaffer, S.,Bograd, S.,Hazen, E.,Foley, D.,Breed, G.,Harrison, A.L., et al., 2011, Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean. Nature 475, 86–90. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohnsack, J.A.,Ault, J.S.,Bannerot, S.P.,Causey, B., 2004, Why have no-take marine protected areas. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 42, 185–193. Google Scholar
Botsford, L.W.,Brumbaugh, D.R.,Grimes, C.,Kellner, J.B.,Largier, J., O’Farrell, M.R.,Ralston, S.,Soulanille, E.,Wespestad, V., 2009, Connectivity, sustainability, and yield: bridging the gap between conventional fisheries management and marine protected areas. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 19, 69–95. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botsford, L.W.,Hastings, A.,Gaines, S.D., 2001, Dependence of sustainability on the configuration of marine reserves and larval dispersal distance. Ecol. Lett. 4, 144–150. Google Scholar
Bradbury, I.R.,Laurel, B.J.,Robichaud, D.,Rose, G.A.,Snelgrove, P.V.R.,Gregory, R.S.,Cote, D.,Windle, M.J.S., 2008, Discrete spatial dynamics in a marine broadcast spawner: Re-evaluating scales of connectivity and habitat associations in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in coastal Newfoundland. Fish. Res. 91, 299–309. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, C.M., 2013, Competing values on the Antarctic high seas: CCAMLR and the challenge of marine-protected areas. Polar J. 3, 277–300. Google Scholar
Byers, J.E.,Noonburg, E.G., 2007, Poaching, enforcement, and the efficacy of marine reserves. Ecol. Appl. 17, 1851–1856. Google Scholar
CBD, 2010, Decision X/2: the strategic plan for biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi biodiversity target. Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD, Nagoya, Japan. Google Scholar
Chown, S.L., 2013, Antarctic treaty system past not predictive. Science 339, 141–141. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claudet J., 2011, Marine protected areas: a multidisciplinary approach. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Coleman, F.C.,Koenig, C.C.,Collins, L.A., 1996, Reproductive styles of shallow water groupers of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and the consequences of fishing spawning aggregations. Environ. Biol. Fishes 47, 129–141. Google Scholar
Collie, J.S.,Adamowicz, W.L.,Beck, M.W.,Craig, B.,Essington, T.E.,Fluharty, D.,Rice, J.,Sanchirico, J.N., 2013, Marine spatial planning in practice. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 117, 1–11. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cury P., Pauly D., 2013, Mange tes méduses ! Réconcilier les cycles de la vie et la flèche du temps. Paris, Editions Odile Jacob. Google Scholar
Davies N., Hoyle S.D., Harley S.J., Langley A.D., Hampton J., 2011, Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean. WCPFC-SC7-2011/SA-WP-02, 133 p. Google Scholar
DeMartini, E.E., 1993, Modeling the potential of fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fishes. Fish. Bull. 91, 414–427. Google Scholar
Domeier, M.L.,Colin, P.L., 1997, Tropical reef fish spawning aggregations: defined and reviewed. Bull. Mar. Sci. 60, 698–726. Google Scholar
Douvere, F., 2008, The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management. Mar. Policy 32, 762–771. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drexler, M.,Ainsworth, C.H., 2013, Generalized Additive Models Used to Predict Species Abundance in the Gulf of Mexico: An Ecosystem Modeling Tool. PloS One 8, e64458. Google Scholar
Drouineau, H.,Mahévas, S.,Pelletier, D.,Beliaeff, B., 2006, Assessing the impact of different management options using ISIS-Fish: the French Merluccius merluccius-Nephrops norvegicus mixed fishery of the Bay of Biscay. Aquat. Living Resour. 19, 15–29. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dueri, S.,Faugeras, B.,Maury, O., 2012, Modelling the skipjack tuna dynamics in the Indian Ocean with APECOSM-E: Part 1. Model formulation. Ecol. Model. 245, 41–54. Google Scholar
Dueri, S.,Maury, O., 2013, Modelling the effect of marine protected areas on the population of skipjack tuna in the Indian Ocean. Aquat. Living Resour. 26, 171–178. Google Scholar
Dunlop, E.S.,Baskett, M.L.,Heino, M.,Dieckmann, U., 2009, Propensity of marine reserves to reduce the evolutionary effects of fishing in a migratory species. Evol. Appl. 2, 371–393. Google Scholar
Edgar, G.J., 2011, Does the global network of marine protected areas provide an adequate safety net for marine biodiversity? Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 21, 313–316. Google Scholar
Edgar G.J., Stuart-Smith R.D., Willis T.J., Kininmonth S., Baker S.C., Banks S., Barrett N.S., Becerro M.A., Bernard A.T., Berkhout J., 2014, Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features. Nature, doi:10.1038/ nature13022. Google Scholar
Edwards, C.T.T.,Plaganyi, E.E., 2011, Protecting old fish through spatial management: is there a benefit for sustainable exploitation? J. Appl. Ecol. 48, 853–863. Google Scholar
Egli, D.P.,Babcock, R.C., 2004, Ultrasonic tracking reveals multiple behavioural modes of snapper (Pagrus auratus) in a temperate no-take marine reserve. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 61, 1137–1143. Google Scholar
Ellis, R.D.,Powers, J.E., 2012, Gag grouper, marine reserves, and density-dependent sex change in the Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Res. 115, 89–98. Google Scholar
Gaines, S.D.,Gaylord, B.,Largier, J.L., 2003, Avoiding current oversights in marine reserve design. Ecol. Appl. 13, 32–46. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaines, S.D.,Lester, S.E.,Grorud-Colvert, K.,Costello, C.,Pollnac, R., 2010, Evolving science of marine reserves: New developments and emerging research frontiers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 18251–18255. Google Scholar
Game, E.T.,Grantham, H.S.,Hobday, A.J.,Pressey, R.L.,Lombard, A.T.,Beckley, L.E.,Gjerde, K.,Bustamante, R.,Possingham, H.P.,Richardson, A.J., 2009, Pelagic protected areas: the missing dimension in ocean conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 360–369. Google Scholar
Gell, F.R.,Roberts, C.M., 2003, Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18, 448–455. Google Scholar
Gerber, L.R.,Botsford, L.W.,Hastings, A.,Possingham, H.P.,Gaines, S.D.,Palumbi, S.R.,Andelman, S., 2003, Population models for marine reserve design: a retrospective and prospective synthesis. Ecol. Appl. 13, 47–64. Google Scholar
Gerber, L.R.,Heppell, S.S.,Ballantyne, F.,Sala, E., 2005, The role of dispersal and demography in determining the efficacy of marine reserves. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62, 863–871. Google Scholar
Grüss A., 2012, Evaluation of the effectiveness of marine protected areas for mobile exploited fish populations and their fisheries: Modeling approaches. PhD thesis, University of Montpellier 2. Google Scholar
Grüss A., Robinson J., 2015, Fish populations forming transient spawning aggregations: Should spawners always be the targets of spatial protection efforts? ICES J. Mar. Sci., doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu139. Google Scholar
Grüss, A.,Kaplan, D.M.,Guénette, S.,Roberts, C.M.,Botsford, L.W., 2011a, Consequences of adult and juvenile movement for Marine Protected Areas. Biol. Conserv. 144, 692–702. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grüss, A.,Kaplan, D.M.,Hart, D.R., 2011b, Relative impacts of adult movement, larval dispersal and harvester movement on the effectiveness of reserve networks. PloS One 6, e19960. Google Scholar
Grüss A., Robinson J., Heppell S.S., Heppell S.A., Semmens B.X., 2014a, Conservation and fisheries effects of spawning aggregation marine protected areas: what we know, where we should go and what we need to get there. ICES J. Mar. Sci., doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu038. Google Scholar
Grüss, A.,Drexler, M.,Ainsworth, C.H., 2014b, Using delta generalized additive models to produce distribution maps for spatially-explicit ecosystem models. Fish. Res. 159, 11–24. Google Scholar
Grüss, A.,Kaplan, D.M.,Robinson, J., 2014c, Evaluation of the effectiveness of marine reserves for transient spawning aggregations in data-limited situations. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 71, 435–449. Google Scholar
Guénette, S.,Lauck, T.,Clark, C., 1998, Marine reserves: from Beverton and Holt to the present. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 8, 251–272. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guénette, S.,Pitcher, T.J., 1999, An age-structured model showing the benefits of marine reserves in controlling overexploitation. Fish. Res. 39, 295–303. Google Scholar
Halpern, B.S., 2014, Conservation: Making marine protected areas work. Nature 506, 167–168. Google Scholar
Halpern, B.S.,Lester, S.E.,McLeod, K.L., 2010, Placing marine protected areas onto the ecosystem-based management seascape. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 312–317. Google Scholar
Halpern, B.S.,Warner, R.R., 2003, Matching marine reserve design to reserve objectives. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 270, 1871–1878. Google Scholar
Hart, D.R., 2006, When do marine reserves increase fishery yield? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63, 1445–1449. Google Scholar
Hastings, A.,Botsford, L.W., 2006, Persistence of spatial populations depends on returning home. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, 6067–6072. Google Scholar
Heppell, S.S.,Heppell, S.A.,Coleman, F.C.,Koenig, C.C., 2006, Models to compare management options for a protogynous fish. Ecol. Appl. 16, 238–249. Google Scholar
Hilborn, R.,Stokes, K.,Maguire, J.J.,Smith, T.,Botsford, L.W.,Mangel, M.,Orensanz, J.,Parma, A.,Rice, J.,Bell, J., et al., 2004, When can marine reserves improve fisheries management? Ocean Coast. Manag. 47, 197–205. Google Scholar
Hobday A.J., Game E.T., Grantham H.S., Richardson A.J., 2011, Missing Dimension – Conserving the largest habitat on earth: protected areas in the pelagic ocean. In: Claudet J. (Ed.) Marine Protected Areas: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 347–372. Google Scholar
Hobday, A.J.,Hartog, J.R.,Timmis, T.,Fielding, J., 2010, Dynamic spatial zoning to manage southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) capture in a multi-species longline fishery. Fish. Oceanogr. 19, 243–253. Google Scholar
Holland, D.S., 2000, A bioeconomic model of marine sanctuaries on Georges Bank. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57, 1307–1319. Google Scholar
Holland, D.S.,Brazee, R.J., 1996, Marine reserves for fisheries management. Mar. Resour. Econ. 11, 157–172. Google Scholar
Horwood, J., O’Brien, C.,Darby, C., 2006, North Sea cod recovery? ICES J. Mar. Sci. 63, 961–968. Google Scholar
Horwood, J.W.,Nichols, J.H.,Milligan, S., 1998, Evaluation of closed areas for fish stock conservation. J. Appl. Ecol. 35, 893–903. Google Scholar
Hussein, C.,Verdoit-Jarraya, M.,Pastor, J.,Ibrahim, A.,Saragoni, G.,Pelletier, D.,Mahévas, S.,Lenfant, P., 2011, Assessing the impact of artisanal and recreational fishing and protection on a white seabream (Diplodus sargus sargus) population in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, using a simulation model. Part 2: Sensitivity analysis and management measures. Fish. Res. 108, 174–183. Google Scholar
Hutchinson, N.,Rhodes, K.L., 2010, Home range estimates for squaretail coralgrouper, Plectropomus areolatus (Rüppell 1830). Coral Reefs 29, 511–519. Google Scholar
IOTC, 2010, Report of the 12th Session of the IOTC Working Party on Tropical Tunas. Victoria, Seychelles IOTC Doc IOTC-2010-WPTT-R E. Google Scholar
Johannes, R.E., 1998, The case for data-less marine resource management: examples from tropical nearshore finfisheries. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 243–246. Google Scholar
Johansen, J.L.,Messmer, V.,Coker, D.J.,Hoey, A.S.,Pratchett, M.S., 2013, Increasing ocean temperatures reduce activity patterns of a large commercially important coral reef fish. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 1067–1074. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones N., 2011, Marine protection goes large. Nature News, doi:10.1038/news.2011.292. Google Scholar
Kahui, V.,Alexander, W.R.J., 2008, A bioeconomic analysis of marine reserves for Paua (Abalone) management at Stewart Island, New Zealand. Environ. Resour. Econ. 40, 339–367. Google Scholar
Kaiser, M.J., 2005, Are marine protected areas a red herring or fisheries panacea? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62, 1194–1199. Google Scholar
Kaplan, D.M.,Botsford, L.W., O’Farrell, M.R.,Gaines, S.D.,Jorgensen, S., 2009, Model-based assessment of persistence in proposed marine protected area designs. Ecol. Appl. 19, 433–448. Google Scholar
Kaplan D.M., Chassot E., Amandé J.M., Dueri S., Demarcq H., Dagorn L., Fonteneau A., 2014, Spatial management of Indian Ocean tropical tuna fisheries: potential and perspectives. ICES J. Mar. Sci., doi:10.1093/icesjms/fst233. Google Scholar
Kaplan, D.M.,Chassot, E.,Grüss, A.,Fonteneau, A., 2010, Pelagic MPAs: The devil is in the details. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 62–63. Google Scholar
Kelaher, B.P.,Coleman, M.A.,Broad, A.,Rees, M.J.,Jordan, A.,Davis, A.R., 2014, Changes in fish assemblages following the establishment of a network of no-take marine reserves and partially-protected areas. PloS One 9, e85825. Google Scholar
Kellner, J.B.,Tetreault, I.,Gaines, S.D.,Nisbet, R.M., 2007, Fishing the line near marine reserves in single and multispecies fisheries. Ecol. Appl. 17, 1039–1054. Google Scholar
Kerwath S.E., Winker H., Götz A., Attwood C.G., 2013, Marine protected area improves yield without disadvantaging fishers. Nature Communications 4, 2347, doi:10.1038/ncomms3347. Google Scholar
Koenig C.C., Coleman F.C., Collins L.A., Colin P.L., 1996, Reproduction in gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) (Pisces: Serranidae) in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and the consequences of fishing spawning aggregations. In: Biology, fisheries, and culture of tropical groupers and snappers: Proc. EPOMEX/ICLARM International Workshop on Tropical Snappers and Groupers, University of Campeche, Mexico, 26–29 October 1993. Google Scholar
Koldewey, H.J.,Curnick, D.,Harding, S.,Harrison, L.R.,Gollock, M., 2010, Potential benefits to fisheries and biodiversity of the Chagos Archipelago/British Indian Ocean Territory as a no-take marine reserve. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60, 1906–1915. Google Scholar
Le Quesne, W.J., 2009, Are flawed MPAs any good or just a new way of making old mistakes? ICES J. Mar. Sci. 66, 132–136. Google Scholar
Le Quesne, W.J.F.,Codling, E.A., 2009, Managing mobile species with MPAs: the effects of mobility, larval dispersal, and fishing mortality on closure size. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 66, 122–131. Google Scholar
Lehodey, P.,Senina, I.,Murtugudde, R., 2008, A spatial ecosystem and populations dynamics model (SEAPODYM)–Modeling of tuna and tuna-like populations. Prog. Oceanogr. 78, 304–318. Google Scholar
Little, L.R.,Punt, A.E.,Mapstone, B.D.,Begg, G.A.,Goldman, B.,Ellis, N., 2009, Different responses to area closures and effort controls for sedentary and migratory harvested species in a multispecies coral reef linefishery. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 66, 1931–1941. Google Scholar
Little, L.R.,Punt, A.E.,Mapstone, B.D.,Pantus, F.,Smith, A.D.M.,Davies, C.R.,McDonald, A.D., 2007, ELFSim–A model for evaluating management options for spatially structured reef fish populations: An illustration of the “larval subsidy” effect. Ecol. Model. 205, 381–396. Google Scholar
Lubchenco, J.,Palumbi, S.R.,Gaines, S.D.,Andelman, S., 2003, Plugging a hole in the ocean: the emerging science of marine reserves. Ecol. Appl. 13, S3–S7. Google Scholar
Madigan, D.J.,Baumann, Z.,Carlisle, A.B.,Hoen, D.K.,Popp, B.N.,Dewar, H.,Snodgrass, O.E.,Block, B.A.,Fisher, N.S., 2014, Reconstructing transoceanic migration patterns of Pacific bluefin tuna using a chemical tracer toolbox. Ecology 95, 1674–1683. Google Scholar
Mesnildrey, L.,Gascuel, D., Le Pape, O., 2013, Integrating Marine Protected Areas in fisheries management systems: some criteria for ecological efficiency. Aquat. Living Resour. 26, 159–170. Google Scholar
Miethe, T.,Dytham, C.,Dieckmann, U.,Pitchford, J.W., 2010, Marine reserves and the evolutionary effects of fishing on size at maturation. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 67, 412–425. Google Scholar
Miethe, T.,Pitchford, J.,Dytham, C., 2009, An individual-based model for reviewing marine reserves in the light of fisheries-induced evolution in mobility and size at maturation. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Soc. 41, 151–162. Google Scholar
Miethe, T.,Pitchford, J.W.,Dytham, C., 2011, Modelling the evolutionary effects of a coastal marine reserve on different ecological guilds of fish. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 91, 1369–1380. Google Scholar
Moffitt, E.A.,Botsford, L.W.,Kaplan, D.M., O’Farrell, M.R., 2009, Marine reserve networks for species that move within a home range. Ecol. Appl. 19, 1835–1847. Google Scholar
Moffitt, E.A.,White, J.W.,Botsford, L.W., 2013, Accurate assessment of marine protected area success depends on metric and spatiotemporal scale of monitoring. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 489, 17–28. Google Scholar
Murawski, S.A.,Wigley, S.E.,Fogarty, M.J.,Rago, P.J.,Mountain, D.G., 2005, Effort distribution and catch patterns adjacent to temperate MPAs. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 1150–1167. Google Scholar
Norse E.A., Crowder L.B., Cjerde K., Hyrenbach D., Roberts C.M., Safina C., Soule M.E., 2005, Place-Based Ecosystem Management in the Open Ocean. In: Norse E.A., Crowder L.B. (Eds.) Marine Conservation Biology: The Science of Maintaining the Sea’s Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 302–325. Google Scholar
Pala, C., 2009, Protecting the last great tuna stocks. Science 324, 1133–1133. Google Scholar
Pala, C., 2010, Islands champion tuna ban. Nature 468, 739–740. Google Scholar
Pala, C., 2013, Giant marine reserves pose vast challenges. Science 339, 640–641. Google Scholar
Palumbi, S.R., 2004, Marine reserves and ocean neighborhoods: the spatial scale of marine populations and their management. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 29, 31–68. Google Scholar
Parsons, D.M.,Babcock, R.C.,Hankin, R.K.S.,Willis, T.J.,Aitken, J.P., O’Dor, R.K.,Jackson, G.D., 2003, Snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) home range dynamics: acoustic tagging studies in a marine reserve. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 262, 253–265. Google Scholar
Parsons, D.M.,Morrison, M.A.,McKenzie, J.R.,Hartill, B.W.,Bian, R.,Francis, R.C.,Hilborn, R., 2011, A fisheries perspective of behavioural variability: differences in movement behaviour and extraction rate of an exploited sparid, snapper (Pagrus auratus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 68, 632–642. Google Scholar
Parsons, D.M.,Morrison, M.A.,Slater, M.J., 2010, Responses to marine reserves: Decreased dispersion of the sparid Pagrus auratus (snapper). Biol. Conserv. 143, 2039–2048. Google Scholar
Pelletier, D.,Magal, P., 1996, Dynamics of a migratory population under different fishing effort allocation schemes in time and space. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53, 1186–1199. Google Scholar
Pelletier, D.,Mahévas, S., 2005, Spatially explicit fisheries simulation models for policy evaluation. Fish Fish. 6, 307–349. Google Scholar
Pelletier, D.,Mahevas, S.,Drouineau, H.,Vermard, Y.,Thebaud, O.,Guyader, O.,Poussin, B., 2009, Evaluation of the bioeconomic sustainability of multi-species multi-fleet fisheries under a wide range of policy options using ISIS-Fish. Ecol. Model. 220, 1013–1033. Google Scholar
Polacheck, T., 1990, Year around closed areas as a management tool. Nat. Resour. Model. 4, 327–354. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rademeyer R.A., Butterworth D.S., 2013, 2013 Update of the Reference Set of Operating Models used in testing Candidate OMPs for the South African hake resource. MARAM IWS/DEC13/Hake/P7. Google Scholar
Rademeyer, R.A.,Butterworth, D.S.,Plaganyi, E.E., 2008, Assessment of the South African hake resource taking its two-species nature into account. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 30, 263–290. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rassweiler, A.,Costello, C.,Hilborn, R.,Siegel, D.A., 2014, Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 281, 20132252. Google Scholar
Rhodes K.L., Warren-Rhodes K., 2005, Management Options for Fish Spawning Aggregations of Tropical Reef Fishes: A Perspective. Report prepared for the Pacific Island Countries Coastal Marine Program, The Nature Conservancy. TNC Pacific Island Countries Report No. 7/05. Google Scholar
Rice, J.,Houston, K., 2011, Representativity and networks of Marine Protected Areas. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 21, 649–657. Google Scholar
Rijnsdorp, A.D., Van Overzee, H.M.,Poos, J.J., 2012, Ecological and economic trade-offs in the management of mixed fisheries: a case study of spawning closures in flatfish fisheries. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 447, 179–194. Google Scholar
Roberts C., 2007, The unnatural history of the sea. Washington, DC, Island Press. Google Scholar
Roberts, C., 2012, Marine ecology: reserves do have a key role in fisheries. Curr. Biol. 22, R444–R446. Google Scholar
Roberts C., Mason L., 2008, Return to Abundance: A case for Marine Reserves in the North Sea. A report for WWF-UK. Google Scholar
Roberts, C.M.,Hawkins, J.P.,Gell, F.R., 2005, The role of marine reserves in achieving sustainable fisheries. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 360, 123–132. Google Scholar
Roberts, C.M.,Sargant, H., 2002, Fishery benefits of fully protected marine reserves: why habitat and behavior are important. Nat. Resour. Model. 15, 487–508. Google Scholar
Rodwell, L.D.,Roberts, C.M., 2004, Fishing and the impact of marine reserves in a variable environment. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 2053–2068. Google Scholar
Rooker, J.R.,Secor, D.H., De Metrio, G.,Schloesser, R.,Block, B.A.,Neilson, J.D., 2008, Natal homing and connectivity in Atlantic bluefin tuna populations. Science 322, 742–744. Google Scholar
Sadovy de Mitcheson, D.M.Y.,Cornish, A.,Domeier, M.,Colin, P.L.,Russell, M.,Lindeman, K.C., 2008, A global baseline for spawning aggregations of reef fishes. Conserv. Biol. 22, 1233–1244. Google Scholar
Sadovy, Y.,Domeier, M., 2005, Are aggregation-fisheries sustainable? Reef fish fisheries as a case study. Coral Reefs 24, 254–262. Google Scholar
Sadovy Y., Eklund A.M., 1999, Synopsis of biological data on the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792), and the jewfish, E. itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822). NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, NOAA Technical Report NMFS. Google Scholar
Sadovy de Mitcheson Y.S.D., Colin P.L., 2012, Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations: Biology, Research and Management. Dordrecht, Springer. Fish and Fisheries Series: Springer, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. Google Scholar
Sale, P.F.,Cowen, R.K.,Danilowicz, B.S.,Jones, G.P.,Kritzer, J.P.,Lindeman, K.C.,Planes, S.,Polunin, N.V.,Russ, G.R.,Sadovy, Y.J., et al., 2005, Critical science gaps impede use of no-take fishery reserves. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 74–80. Google Scholar
Schaefer, K.M.,Fuller, D.W., 2010, Vertical movements, behavior, and habitat of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean, ascertained from archival tag data. Mar. Biol. 157, 2625–2642. Google Scholar
Schaefer, K.M.,Fuller, D.W.,Aldana, G., 2014, Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in waters surrounding the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Fish. Oceanogr. 23, 65–82. Google Scholar
Semmens B.X., Luke K.E., Bush P.G., Pattengill-semmens C., Johnson B., McCoy C., Heppell S., 2006, Investigating the reproductive migration and spatial ecology of Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) on Little Cayman Island using acoustic tags – An Overview. In: Proc. 56th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, pp. 1–8. Google Scholar
Sibert, J.,Hampton, J., 2003, Mobility of tropical tunas and the implications for fisheries management. Mar. Policy 27, 87–95. Google Scholar
Sibert, J.,Senina, I.,Lehodey, P.,Hampton, J., 2012, Shifting from marine reserves to maritime zoning for conservation of Pacific bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 18221–18225. Google Scholar
Singleton, R.L.,Roberts, C.M., 2014, The contribution of very large marine protected areas to marine conservation: Giant leaps or smoke and mirrors? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 87, 7–10. Google Scholar
Sink K., Attwood C., 2008, Guidelines for Offshore Marine Protected Areas in South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 9. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Google Scholar
Sladek Nowlis, J.,Roberts, C.M., 1999, Fisheries benefits and optimal design of marine reserves. Fish. Bull. 97, 604–616. Google Scholar
Spalding, M.D.,Meliane, I.,Milam, A.,Fitzgerald, C.,Hale, L.Z., 2013, Protecting marine spaces: global targets and changing approaches. Ocean Yearbook 27, 213–248. Google Scholar
Starr, R.M., O’Connell, V.,Ralston, S., 2004, Movements of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) in southeast Alaska: potential for increased conservation and yield from marine reserves. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61, 1083–1094. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stefansson, G.,Rosenberg, A.A., 2005, Combining control measures for more effective management of fisheries under uncertainty: quotas, effort limitation and protected areas. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 360, 133–146. Google Scholar
Stequert, B.,Ramcharrum, B., 1996, Reproduction of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) from the western Indian Ocean. Aquat. Living Resour. 9, 235–248. Google Scholar
Stockhausen, W.T.,Lipcius, R.N.,Hickey, B.M., 2000, Joint effects of larval dispersal, population regulation, marine reserve design, and exploitation on production and recruitment in the Caribbean spiny lobster. Bull. Mar. Sci. 66, 957–990. Google Scholar
Tuck, G.N.,Possingham, H.P., 2000, Marine protected areas for spatially structured exploited stocks. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. 192, 89–101. Google Scholar
Van Keeken, O.A., Van Hoppe, M.,Grift, R.E.,Rijnsdorp, A.D., 2007, Changes in the spatial distribution of North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and implications for fisheries management. J. Sea Res. 57, 187–197. Google Scholar
Walters, C., 2000, Impacts of dispersal, ecological interactions, and fishing effort dynamics on efficacy of marine protected areas: how large should protected areas be? Bull. Mar. Sci. 66, 745–757. Google Scholar
Walters, C.J.,Hilborn, R.,Parrish, R., 2007, An equilibrium model for predicting the efficacy of marine protected areas in coastal environments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 64, 1009–1018. Google Scholar
White, J.W.,Botsford, L.W.,Baskett, M.L.,Barnett, L.A.,Barr, R.J.,Hastings, A., 2011, Linking models with monitoring data for assessing performance of no-take marine reserves. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 390–399. Google Scholar
White, J.W.,Botsford, L.W.,Baskett, M.L.,Barnett, L.A.K.,Barr, R.J.,Hastings, A., 2011, Linking models with monitoring data for assessing performance of no-take marine reserves. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 390–399. Google Scholar
Willis, T.J.,Millar, R.B.,Babcock, R.C., 2003, Protection of exploited fish in temperate regions: high density and biomass of snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) in northern New Zealand marine reserves. J. Appl. Ecol. 40, 214–227. Google Scholar
Wood, L., 2011, Global marine protection targets: How SMART are they? Environ. Manage. 47, 1–11. Google Scholar