Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being considered and used for the management of fisheries targeting mobile fish populations. Here, the recent modelling literature on MPA effects for mobile fish populations and their fisheries is reviewed. Modelling studies conducted since 2011 have filled a considerable number of knowledge gaps on the impacts of MPAs for species exhibiting home-range behaviour, nomadic movements or behavioural polymorphism, and on the effects of “targeted MPAs”, which aim to protect relatively small areas where migratory fishes spend an inordinate fraction of time or are highly vulnerable to fishing (e.g., nursery or spawning zones). Also, in recent years, two studies investigated the consequences of MPAs targeting highly migratory (tuna-like) fish populations for the first time in the history of MPA modelling. Recent modelling studies found that MPAs aimed at protecting mobile species may have positive conservation effects under a relatively wide range of situations, but may generate long-term fisheries benefits only under a very limited set of conditions. In particular, MPAs were not found to be beneficial for the fisheries targeting highly migratory populations. Strategies producing both conservation and fisheries benefits were identified, which depend on fish movement patterns and numerous aspects of fish life history and fisheries dynamics. However, in view of the diversity of fish movement patterns in MPA systems and current dynamics in resource management, it is clear that additional modelling work is needed to fully understand how protected areas affect mobile fish populations and their fisheries and to be able to implement pertinent MPAs. In particular, future modelling studies should systematically assess the effects of MPAs in relation to other management tools to find strategies that are most effective in meeting management objectives, and explore the impacts of “dynamic” MPAs that follow highly migratory fish populations in space and time.

There is growing interest in bio-economic models as tools for understanding pathways of fishery behaviour, in order to assess the impact on natural resources. Based on ‘FishRent’, a modelling approach is presented that integrates economics of the fleet, the impact of fishing on stock development and their spatio-temporal interplay. The simulation of species seasonal movements in combination with both observed values and stochastic recruitment allowed analysing the economic response of fleet segments to changes in stock distribution and development. Optimisation of net profits determines the effort adjustment and spatial allocation of fleet segments, which in turn affects the level of catch rates. Effort tended to concentrate where fish abundance was high, but also where fishing costs were low. In simulations with the current management plan spawning stock of North Sea saithe (Pollachius virens) declined below its precautionary reference point. In response fishing far from home ports became expensive and 40% of the initial effort was shifted to areas closer to home ports, but as areas of high fish concentrations were located by the modelled fleet segments catch rates remained high. Changes in seasonal/annual stock distribution, the stock decline and costs influenced the change in fishing effort distributions leading to overestimated catch per unit of effort values that masked the decline of stock abundance.

This study relied on the day-by-day analysis of bioenergetics and prey size preference inisolated cannibals of the African catfish Heterobranchus longifilis(13–57 mm standard length, 3–500 mg dry body mass, n = 153) that were offeredad libitum conspecific prey of adequate sizes in small-sized (2-L)environments under controlled conditions (12L:12D, 30 °C). In these conditions, cannibals ofincreasing body size selected preferentially prey of decreasing size relative to theirown, and increasingly closer to the optimal prey size (producing the highest grossconversion efficiency). The role of experience in cannibalism was found of secondaryimportance relative to body size, both as regards food intake and prey size selectivity.These results indicate that in environments that minimize the escape capacities of theirpotential victims, as applies to most aquacultural contexts, fish exercising cannibalismtend to forage optimally, which has rarely been evidenced for piscivorous behaviour. Thepresent study further highlights that H. longifilis possesses a very highcapacity for growth, which originates from the combination of high food intake and veryhigh conversion efficiency, and makes this species of utmost interest for aquaculturistswherever fast growth is desirable, but also extremely prone to cannibalism whereverfeeding schedules are inadequate.

In 2009, the European Commission set restricted fishing areas northwest of the British Isles to protect deep-sea vulnerable marine ecosystems and fish stocks. Two protection areas which, historically, have been targeted by fisheries directed at blue ling (Molva dypterygia), were defined. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of restricting fishing activity within the protection areas during the blue ling spawning period (March–May) and to determine whether the existing boundaries are fit for purpose. Estimations of the spatial apportionment of blue ling landings within and outside the protection areas are achieved by combining low-resolution data from fishing vessel logbook entries with higher-resolution vessel monitoring system (VMS) data. High-resolution spatial apportionment of blue ling landings is limited by a lack of high-resolution logbook data, and certain assumptions need to be made on whether vessels are engaging in fishing activity at any individual VMS data point, based on vessel speed and types of fishing gear available. Although current measures appear to have influenced fishing activity in the vicinity of the protection areas, more evidence is needed for a robust evaluation of their effectiveness in protecting blue ling. Recommendations are made for improvements in data collection methods and data availability for research in support of monitoring, assessment and delineation of marine protection boundaries.

Through the experiments presented here we wanted to test whether egg production of theblack-chinned tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron heudelotii underexperimental conditions varies as a function of ambient salinity (fresh waters vs.sea waters vs. hypersaline waters, 0, 35 and 70, respectively)and whether these responses differ between fish acclimated within a few weeks from freshwater to saline and hypersaline environments (experiments E1 and E2, monitoring over 10and 18 weeks), and individuals born and raised all life long at the experimentalsalinities (E3, monitoring over 18 weeks). In total, 233 spawns were collected. In each ofthe three experiments, the reproductive investment (gram of egg per gram of female over 2weeks) did not differ between salinities of 0 and 35, whereas it was 2–3 times lower at 70than at 0–35, because of lower spawning frequency (E1-E3), smaller clutch size (E1) andlower spawn mass (E1-E3). Finally, fish acclimated to salinity from fresh water over a fewweeks and those maintained at a particular salinity all life long showed similarreproductive traits, thereby emphasizing the remarkable physiological plasticity of thisspecies.

A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the identification and quantification of two oyster species: Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas. Two sets of primers and TaqMan-MGB probes were designed, based on partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. An amplification positive control system was also located in the 18S rRNA gene sequences. Closely related species of oysters and other bivalves, known to co-occur with the target species in European waters, were used to test the assay for cross-reactivity. The assay designed was specific for the target species and no signal or no significant signal was detected for all non-target species tested. The high sensitivity of this method was demonstrated since it is possible to detect just one larva (150–200 μm size) of each species even when it is present with others. Furthermore, this assay provided an acceptable quantification of the number of spiked larvae (1, 10 and 100 larvae) in plankton samples employing a standard curve for larvae.

The effect of dietary water content on Dicentrarchus labrax growthparameters and resistance to Vibrio anguillarum infection wasinvestigated using commercial pellets with identical energy contents and differentmoisture levels. The first experiment hypothesis was that moisturizing pelleted ration canhave an impact on Dicentrarchus labrax growth performance by theosmoregulation energy cost reduction. In a second time, the experiment explores the effectof water addition in pellets on the fish resistance to a disease. A specific device wasbuilt to uniformly moisturize dry pellets to different moisture levels, i.e. 8%, 20%, 40%and 60%. After an acclimation period and a 54-day rearing period, the control fish hadgrown from 72.7 ± 17.9 g to133.3 ± 29.4 g. Nosignificant differences were recorded for fish growth parameters. After the growth period,the tagged fish were mixed and challenged by bath exposure to live Vibrioanguillarum in triplicate. After 7 days, mortality was significantly lower inthe group of fish fed with pellets containing 60% water. Adding water toDicentrarchus labrax feed did not affect fish growth parameters butincrease its resistance to a Vibrio anguillarum infection. The moisturizing processcould be used to add specific compounds (such as probiotics or vitamins) to pellets justbefore fish feeding and could have a positive effect on fish rearing.

The aim of this project was to evaluate the impact of probiotic (Phaeobacter gallaeciensis, X34 strain) treatment on the complete development (from veliger to metamorphosis) of Pecten maximus larvae in the context of a bacterial challenge and in conditions more representative of hatchery practices. To that effect, the present study was divided into two main steps. In the first, we used in vitro analyses (antibiograms and microplate assays) to validate the inhibition abilities of X34 on the growth of four Vibrio pathogen species. During the second step, we added pathogens (Vibrio pectenicida) into rearing tanks after two weeks of pre-treatment with the probiotic and then followed the larval development of Pecten maximus through the monitoring of survival rates, shell lengths and metamorphosis ability. Moreover, antioxidant (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and lipids peroxidation activities were also measured after bacterial challenge in order to evaluate the physiological response of larvae to pathogen exposition. Our results indicated an activation of the two selected antioxidant enzymes after bacterial challenge, but the increase was significantly lower in probiotic treated larvae. At the end of the experiment, the strain X34 treatment prevented a mass mortality event and showed a significant increase in the number of individuals reaching competence, when compared to untreated larvae.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is probably the most used method for gene expression quantification because of its high sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, this technology can undergo experimental errors and variations. Normalization of the results using a reference gene is therefore necessary to minimize these variations. As the study of immune genes in bivalve mollusks has increased in the last years, the establishment of adequate and stable reference genes for bivalves is strongly required. We analyzed the behavior of four putative reference genes: ribosomal RNA 18S, actin, elongation factor 1 − α and α-tubulin. The suitability of these four genes as internal control for qPCR was evaluated in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) hemocytes after bacterial challenge. Four independent approaches (BestKeeper, GeNorm, NormFinder and DeltaCt ) were used to assess the suitable genes for stable expression. For these particular circumstances, the most stable gene in hemocytes was elongation factor 1 − α for mussels and α-tubulin for clams.

The Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) (SRO) is an oyster species that only occurs in estuaries along Australia’s east coast. The SRO industry evolved from commercial gathering of oyster in the 1790s to a high production volume aquaculture industry in the 1970s. However, since the late 1970s the SRO industry has experienced a significant and continuous decline in production quantities and the industry’s future commercial viably appears to be uncertain. The aim of this study was to review the history and the status of the SRO industry and to discuss the potential future prospects of this industry. This study summarised findings of the existing literature about the industry and defined development stages of the industry. Particular focus was put on the more recent development within the industry (1980s-present) which has not been covered adequately in the existing literature. The finding from this study revealed that major issues of the industry are linked to the management of prevailing diseases, the handling of water quality impairments from increasing coastal development, increasing competition from Australia’s Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) industry and the current socio-economic profile of the industry. The study also found that policy makers are currently confronted by the dilemma of saving a “dying art”. Findings from this industry review may be vital for current and future fisheries managers and stakeholders as a basis for reviewing industry management and development strategies. This review may also be of interest for other aquaculture industries and fisheries who are dealing with similar challenges as the SRO industry.

To develop selection programs for the great scallop, artificial reproduction of the species needs to be improved by gamete cryobanking. Here, a set of four experiments was designed in order to define the basic elements of a cryopreservation protocol for scallop sperm, including extender composition (experiment 1), cryoprotectant selection (2), cooling rate (3), and assessment of the effects of sperm cryopreservation on sperm motility and fertilization capacity (4). Sperm was collected after serotonin injection (100 μl of a 10-mM solution) and frozen in 500-μl straws. For the first three experiments, the percentage of motile fresh sperm (80 ± 4%, mean ± SEM) was significantly higher than that observed for thawed sperm (11 ± 2%). During the first experiment, no significant difference of the percentage of motile thawed sperm was observed among the three saline extenders tested: seawater, calcium-free Hanks’ balanced salt solution (Ca-free HBSS) and DCSB4 solution. However, a complementary experiment (2) showed that a significantly higher percentage of motile thawed sperm was recorded using DCSB4 than with Ca-free HBSS as an extender. During the third experiment, sperm motility was higher when using polyethylene glycol (10% PEG) as a cryoprotectant, than when using dimethyl sulphoxide, DMSO (10 and 20%), methanol (10%) and ethylene glycol (10% EG). A higher D-larval rate was obtained during the fourth experiment, using fresh sperm than thawed sperm, and using a 500:1 sperm-to-egg ratio compared with a 50:1 ratio. There is some evidence of inter-individual variations in sperm tolerance to cryopreservation. In conclusion, the highest survival of great scallop sperm after thawing was recorded using the following conditions: DCSB4 extender (1:3 vol/vol sperm to extender dilution), PEG cryoprotectant (10%) and straws maintained at 5.5 cm above liquid nitrogen.

Vibrio harveyi is the main pathogen of the European abaloneHaliotis tuberculata, and recently caused important mortalities at theproduction sites of this marine gastropod in France. In the present work, the monthlyantibacterial activity of two red seaweed species from the French Atlantic coast, thenative Palmaria palmata and the introduced Grateloupiaturuturu, were investigated against the abalone pathogen Vibrio harveyistrain ORM4. Water-soluble extracts were screened using the microplate method.Grateloupia turuturu showed an antibacterial activity with a maximalgrowth inhibition in spring of around 16%. In contrast, Palmaria palmatawas inactive, as further growth of the bacteria was observed. Preliminaryone-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic-resonance (1H NMR) profiles identified thedifferences between the two water-soluble extracts.

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and soft-shell clams (Myaarenaria) are both aquaculture species in east coast of Canada and US shellfishfarmers take advantage of the byssal threads production of mussels for suspension cultureand the burrowing behaviour of soft-shell clams for enhancement practices. It is importantthat these animals attach and burrow efficiently to minimize losses during rearing. Theaim of this work was to study two potential vitality indices on mussels (23.6 ± 0.1 mm) and clams (22.6 ± 0.1 mm) seeds following variousperiods of emersion: attachment strength of Mytilus edulis and burrowingability of Mya arenaria. The effect of emersion on energy content(proteins, lipids, glycogen) was also examined. We observed no significant decrease in theattachment strength of mussels after air exposure for 78 h or in the burrowing efficiencyof soft-shell clams after 54 h. Air exposure had no effect on different lipid classes,proteins, or glycogen content in either mussel or clam tissues. The stressful emersionevent induced in our study may not have been high enough to induce detectable behaviouralresponses. This can be explained by the bivalves’ ability to adapt their metabolism tominimize activity during air exposure. In doing so, they do not consume their energyreserves, which are then still available when specimens are reimmersed. Thus mussels areable to efficiently produce byssal threads and clams to burrow into sediments as soon asthey are back in the water.

Though Crassostrea oysters have been distributed and cultured worldwide, their taxonomy is still difficult and often inaccurately determined because of the high level of phenotypic plasticity of the shell morphology. With the help of mitochondrial DNA, two novel species of Crassostrea oysters (C. hongkongensis and C. zhanjiangensis) were recently recognized, which suggests that the species diversity of Indo-Pacific oysters could be underestimated. Utilizing a combination of shell characteristics, a molecular marker (mitochondrial cox1 gene) and phylogenetic analysis, we identified a mangrove-distributed novel Crassostrea oyster species, C. dianbaiensis. The shell morphology of the new species is phenoplastic, as seen in other congeneric oysters. The left valve of this oyster is usually deeply cupped, and the right valve is usually slightly concave. The body size is classified as medium and is approximately 5–10 cm in height (estimated from 20 individuals). One distinctive feature of C. dianbaiensis is that the adductor muscle scars vary in color from dark purple to white in the right valve, but always appear white in the left valve. Based on the cox1 phylogenetic tree, C. dianbaiensis is inferred to be a new member of the Southeast Asia tropical oysters and is believed to be the northernmost distributed species among the tropical oysters. This study provided basal information for future studies, which are necessary to better understand the faunal characteristics, population and roles of this oyster in nearshore ecosystems.

Socio-economic characteristics such as age, gender, educational attainment, employment status, and income contain vital information about how an industry may respond to changing circumstances, and hence are of importance to decision makers. While some socio-economic studies exist, relatively little attention has been given to fishery and aquaculture industries in regards to their socio-economic profiles and their role in the development prospects of these industries. In this study, by way of example, we focus on Australia’s Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) (SRO) industry. The aim of this study was identify the socio-economic profile of the SRO industry and to illustrate the value of such information for an industry management assessment. The SRO industry has experienced a major decrease in production volume since the late 1970 and continues to be affected by prevailing diseases and increasing market competition from Australia’s Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) industry. It is likely that socio-economic aspects have influenced this development within the SRO industry. The socio-economic profile was developed using data from a SRO industry farm survey which was undertaken in 2012. Findings suggested that this industry is characterised by a mature aged oyster farmer population and a part-time oyster farming approach. These characteristics may affect the farmers’ ability to drive innovation and growth. The results also suggested that there may be potential industry entry barriers present in the SRO industry which may prevent younger people taking up oyster farming. Given the results, the study concluded that the current socio-economic profile of the industry has likely contributed to the present economic status quo of the industry.

Myxozoans are metazoan parasites which are highly pathogenic in commercially importantfish, particularly in aquaculture. Enteromyxosis is an economically significant diseasecaused by the myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei.Presently, early diagnosis of enteromyxosis in sharpsnout seabream was achieved bymonitoring fish on a time-scale scheduled basis in combination with a validated moleculardiagnostic technique. Two different successive fish batches of a commercial fish farm weremonitored starting from the first month of on-growing in sea cages until fish reachedcommercial size. Fish weight and water temperature differentially ranged between them.E. leei detection was performed both by classical microscopicobservation of fresh smears and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) whileprevalence, mean intensity and mortality rate were calculated. In total, 520 fish werescreened; 320 from the first batch and 200 from the second one. Parasitosis illustrated aseasonal occurrence pattern (spring and summer). When qPCR was used as a diagnosticmethod, enteromyxosis was diagnosed earlier with more increased prevalence compared to themicroscopic observation. In this case, the parasite was detected at the lowest watertemperature that has ever been recorded (14.7 °C), during the first month of on-growing in sea cages. The two-factorcombination of water temperature and fish weight proved to be the most significant factorthat could determine the emergence and development of parasitosis and smaller fish provedto be more susceptible. Mortality was influenced by both prevalence and intensity ofparasitosis. An earlier diagnosis and identification of all developmental stages of theparasite throughout its life cycle was verified with qPCR, significantly before anyoutbreak occurred. The latter could become a key diagnostic tool for the control ofenteromyxosis, allowing stakeholders and fish farmers to adopt all necessary precautionarymeasures minimizing economic loss in sharpsnout seabream intensive farming.