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Making Food Standard: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Food Standards of Identity, 1930s–1960s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2022

Xaq Frohlich
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Abstract

This article looks at the implementation of food standards of identity by the U.S Food and Drug Administration from the 1930s to the 1960s, a period in the FDA’s history wedged between the “era of adulteration” of the early twentieth century and the agency’s turn to “informational regulation” starting in the 1970s. The article describes the origin of food standards in the early twentieth century and outlines the political economy of government-mandated food standards in the 1930s. While consumer advocates believed government standards would be important to consumer empowerment because they would simplify choices at the grocery store, many in the food industry believed government standards would clash with private brands. The FDA faced challenges in defining what were “customary” standards for foods in an increasingly industrial food economy, and new diet-food marketing campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s ultimately led to the food standards system's undoing. The article concludes by looking at how FDA food standards came to be framed cynically, even though voluntary food standardization continued and the system of informative labeling that replaced FDA standards led to precisely the problem government standards were intended to solve.

Keywords

standardizationfood regulationFood and Drug Administrationconsumer protectionfood safety
Type
Research Article
Information
Business History Review , Volume 96 , Issue 1: Standards and the Global Economy , Spring 2022 , pp. 145 - 176
Copyright
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College 2022

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20 This 1906 act did adopt standards for drugs, requiring manufacturers to follow standards set in the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary.

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98 Jimmy Carter, “The President's News Conference,” (March 25, 1979), transcript of speech available online through the UC Santa Barbara The American Presidency Project: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/249337.

99 Humor about food standards is a good example of what sociologists Steve Woolgar and Daniel Neyland call “mundane governance,” subjects that invite considerable passion and populist pushback in the form of ironic complaints about excessive government policing. Woolgar and Neyland, Mundane Governance: Ontology and Accountability (Oxford, 2013).

100 In 1996 the FDA convened a task force to review its food standards regulations. The task force's report did not come out until 2005, and no final changes were ever approved despite continued debates over whether to update or strengthen enforcement for existing identity standards. “Proposed Rules: Food Standards: General Principles and Food Standards Modernization,” Federal Register 70, no. 97 (20 May 2005): 29214–35.

101 Nadia Berenstein, “Clean Label's Dirty Little Secret,” The Counter, 1 Feb. 2018), https://thecounter.org/clean-label-dirty-little-secret/.

102 Joanne S. Hawana, “Food Identity Disputes Continue to Impose High-Profile Pressure on FDA,” National Review, 21 Aug. 2017, https://www.natlawreview.com/article/food-identity-disputes-continue-to-impose-high-profile-pressure-fda; Candice Choi, “What's Yogurt? Industry Wants Greater Liberty to Use Term,” Associated Press News, 25 Sept. 2018, https://apnews.com/article/health-north-america-us-news-business-ap-top-news-ee704f59d0604394ae324d7cc0705a24.