This paper contains the description of seven new genera and 26 new species of Ethiopian Lygaeidae. Keys to species are given where possible and a key to the genera of the Clerada complex of Cleradini is provided. The genus Mahisa Distant is resurrected from synonymy and Migdilybs furcifer var. capensis Hesse is raised to specific status.

The extant types of chalcids described by Provancher are re-examined. A few are lost or so badly damaged that accurate placement is now impossible, but the majority of species are correctly identified in modern literature. Five new combinations and nine new synonymies are proposed.

Over 5,000 cargoes of grain, grain products, oilseeds, oilseed products and pulses from Canada were examined between 1953 and 1959. Only a few cargoes were found to be infested and there was a general decline in infestation over this period. Many of the insects recorded were acquired from the structure of the ships but mites were more frequently introduced with the grain. The miles which occurred most frequently were Acarus sira, Glycyphagus spp. and Cheyletus spp.; the commonest insects were Psoeopreri and Cryptolestes spp. Including those species derived from residues in ships, the total of species and species groups recorded was 77. Cases where insects have been derived from infested residues in the ships are described. A greater variety of species is to be found on Western Canadian, than on Eastern Canadian grain. This appears to foe due to the damp conditions brought about by overstowage of the grain with lumber and the consequent high proportion of mycetophagous species. The incidence of most grain-infesting insects and mites declined steadily during the examination period

A method of forecasting the size of first-generation or summer infestations of Ostrinia nubilalis in Kent County, Ontario, is described. A function is derived from partial regression analysis relating the estimated size of the expected summer infestation to (1) the number of females caught in a light-trap during the first or spring flight, and (2) average rainfall per day during the first flight. The function explains 94% of the observed variation in estimated size of first-generation infestations in this area between 1947 and 1961. A means of categorizing the estimated size of the predicted infestation based on the frequency distribution of previously estimated infestations is also described. Methods of sampling and estimating population size and the applicability of the predictive equation to other environments are discussed.

This paper deals with the Trinidad species included by C. H. T, Town send (Manual of Myiology, IV) in his tribe Masiphyiini. The evidence given supports the separation by Reinhard of the genus Siphosturmia Coc). and allies from Masiphya B. B. and allies. Four new species have been described in genera recognized by previous authors. Three new genera, each with a new species, have been described. Of these, one (Masiphyoidea) is certainly allied to Masiphya, but the affinities of the others (Pseudomasiphya and Mystacomyoidea) are open to doubt with the data available at present.

A true understanding of the evolution of the morphological characters of the tortricid larva, and hence of the phylogeny of the species, requires study of early as well as late instars. The characters of the first instars of about 20 species are compared with those of later instars. Postembryological changes and their significance are discussed for the head, the coronal suture, the ocelli, the spinneret, the body, the spiracle, the anal shield, the anal fork, the crochets, the integument and sclerotized areas, and the setae. Characters of the primitive larva are postulated, and it is concluded that this larva probably lived in a protected habitat, mining some part of its host plant, and had a convenient exit from which it could eject the frass. The evolution of some of the tortricid tribes as indicated by larval characters is also tentatively suggested: the Olethreutinae could have evolved from the Tortricinae as a result of the suppression «f the anal fork on the primordial tortricid ancestor; the reappearance of the fork not too long after its suppression resulted in the Olethreutini, and its continued suppression resulted in the Eucosmini and Laspcyresiini. The Archipini and Sparganothini appear to be the most specialized of the tribes examined of the Tortricinae, and the Laspeyresiim the most specialized of the Olethreutinae, with Laspeyresia Hbn. group 1 possibly being among the most recently evolved in the Tortricidae.

The inferences in this paper are drawn from: examination of the setal arrangements of a few first instars, the chaetotaxy of which is presumed to be an expression of the phylogenetic past of the larva; the fundamental setal arrangements on those larvae that, in late instars, show undoubted structural specialization; deductions as to the original arrangements of setae on the posterior abdominal segments by comparison with that on the primitive middle abdominal segments; the structural changes that occur between early and late instars and between generalized and specialized larvae; and lastly, a knowledge of the life histories of some of the species examined.

It is hoped that the discussion supporting these inferences will enable us to better understand (a) the changes occurring in larval characters not included here, (b) the phylogeny of other tribes of the Tortricidae, and (c) the larval structural changes and phylogeny of other families in the Microlepidoptera.