Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:50:48.706Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Geology and Conditions of Formation of the Zeolite-Bearing Deposits Southeast of Ankara (Central Turkey)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Muazzez Çelık Karakaya ,
Necatı Karakaya  and
Fuat Yavuz
Muazzez Çelık Karakaya*
Affiliation:
Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Böl. Konya, 42079, Türkiye
Necatı Karakaya
Affiliation:
Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Böl. Konya, 42079, Türkiye
Fuat Yavuz
Affiliation:
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Maden Fakültesi, Jeoloji Müh. Böl. Maslak, 34469 İstanbul, Türkiye
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: mcelikkarakaya@yahoo.com
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The pyroclastic sediments studied here contained varied amounts of zeolite and were formed in the saline alkaline Tuzgölü Basin following the alteration of dacitic volcanic materials during the Early to Late Miocene. The present study focused on the geological-geochemical properties of the zeolites and describes their formation. Mineralogical and chemical compositions were determined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results indicated that the zeolitic tuffs consisted mainly of heulandite/clinoptilolite (Hul/Cpt), chabazite, erionite, and analcime associated with smectite. Smectite, calcite, and dolomite are abundant in the clay and carbonate layers which alternate with the zeolitic tuffs. K-feldspar, gypsum, and hexahydrite (MgSO4·6H2O) were also found in some altered tuffs and clay-marl layers as accessory minerals. The zeolite and other authigenic minerals showed weak stratigraphic zonation. Some vitric tuff layers contained no zeolite minerals and others were found to consist of almost pure Hul/Cpt and chabazite layers with economic potential. The rare earth elements (REE), large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and high-field strength elements (HFSE) in the Hul/Cpt-rich tuffs and vitric tuffs were enriched or depleted relative to the precursor rock, while many major elements were slightly or significantly depleted in all zeolitic tuffs. The amounts of REE in the chabazite- and erionite-rich tuffs were generally smaller than those in the precursor rock. The middle and heavy REE (MREE and HREE, respectively) were abundant in the Hul/Cpt-rich tuffs, tuffs, and smectitic bentonites. Chondrite-normalized REE values of the sample groups are characterized by sub-parallel patterns with enrichment in LREE relative to HREE. The mineral assemblages and geological setting indicated that zeolite diagenesis occurred in a saline-alkaline basin. The δ18O and δD compositions of the Hul/Cpt, chabazite, and smectite indicated that the minerals formed at low to moderate temperatures and that some of the zeolitization occurred due to diagenetic alteration under closed-system conditions that varied according to the nature of the basin and with the composition and physical properties of the volcanic materials.

Keywords

AnalcimeAnkaraChabaziteClinoptiloliteErioniteHeulanditeSmectiteTurkeyZeolite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 63 , Issue 2 , April 2015 , pp. 85 - 109
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2015

References

Bayarı, C.S. Özyurt, N.N. and Kilani, S., 2009 Radiocarbon age distribution of groundwater in the Konya Closed Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey Hydrogeology Journal 17 347–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boynton, W.V., Henderson, P., 1984 Geochemistry of rare earth elements: meteorite studies Rare Earth Element Geochemistry Amsterdam Elsevier.Google Scholar
Broxton, D.E. Bish, D.L. and Warren, R.E., 1987 Distribution and chemistry of diagenetic minerals at Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada Clays and Clay Minerals 35 89–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caballero, E. Reyes, E. Huertas, F. Linares, J. and Puzzuoli, A., 1991 Early-stage smectites from pyroclastic rocks of Almena (Spain) Chemical Geology 89 353–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G., 1998 Comparative study of the mobility of major and trace elements during alteration of an andesitic and a rhyolitic rock to bentonite in the islands of Milos and Kimolos, Aegean, Greece Clays and Clay Minerals 46 379–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G. Scott, R.W. and Marcopoulos, T., 1995 Origin of the bentonite deposits of Eastern Milos, Aegean, Greece. Geological, mineralogical, and geochemical evidence Clays and Clay Minerals 43 63–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullers, R.L. Graf, J.L., Henderson, P., 1984 Rare earth elements in igneous rocks of the continental crust: Predominantly basic and ultrabasic rocks Rare Earth Element Geochemistry Amsterdam Elsevier.Google Scholar
Escande, M.A. Decarreau, A. and Labeyrie, L., 1984 Etude expérimentale de l’échangeabilitédes isotopes de l’oxygène des smectites Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 229 707–710.Google Scholar
Esenli, F. and Kumbasar, I., 1998 X-ray diffraction intensity ratios I(111)/I(3̅11) of natural heulandites and clinoptilolites Clays and Clay Minerals 46 679–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esenli, F. and Özpeker, I., 1993 Zeolitic diagenesis of Neogene basin and the mineralogy of heulandite-clinoptilolite around Gördes Geological Bulletin of Turkey 8 1–18.Google Scholar
Esenli, F. and Sirkecioğlu, A., 2005 The relationship between zeolite (heulandite-clinoptilolite) content and the ammonium-exchange capacity of pyroclastic rocks in Gördes, Turkey Clay Minerals 40 557–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eugster, H.P., 1970 Chemistry and origin of the brines from Lake Magadi, Kenya Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper 3 215–235.Google Scholar
Eugster, H.P., 1980 Geochemistry of evaporitic lacustrine deposits Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 35–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eugster, H.P. Hardie, L.A., Lerman, A., 1978 Saline lakes Lakes: Chemistry, Geology, Physics New York Springer.Google Scholar
Feng, X. and Savin, S.M., 1993 Oxygen isotope studies of zeolites — stilbite, analcime, heulandite, and clinoptilolite, III: Oxygen isotope fractionation between stilbite and water or water vapor Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 4239–4247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottardi, G., 1989 The genesis of zeolites European Journal of Mineralogy 1 479–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görür, M.N. Oktay, F.Y. Seymen, O. Şengör, A.M.C., Dixon, J.E. and Robertson, A.H.F., 1984 Paleotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü basin complex, Central Turkey: sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure The Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean London Geological Society.Google Scholar
Gromet, L.P. Dymek, R.F. Haskin, L.A. and Korotev, R.L., 1984 The North American shale composite: Its composition, major and trace element characteristics Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 2469–2482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gündoğdu, M.N. (1982) Neojen yaşlı Bigadiç sedimanter baseninin jeolojik, mineralojik ve jeokimyasal incelenmesi. PhD thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, 386 pp.Google Scholar
Gündoğdu, M.N. Yalçın, H. Temel, A. and Clauer, N., 1996 Geological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of zeolite deposits associated with borates in the Bigadiç Emet and Kırka Neogene lacustrine basins, western Turkey Mineralium Deposita 31 492–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gürer, O.F. and Aldanmaz, E., 2002 Origin of the Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary basins within the Tauride-Anatolide platform in Turkey Geological Magazine 139 191–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, R.L. (1966) Zeolites and zeolitic reactions in sedimentary rocks. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 85, 130 pp.Google Scholar
Hay, R.L., Sand, L.B. and Mumpton, F.A., 1978 Geologic occurrence of zeolites Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Use Elmsford, New York Pergamon.Google Scholar
Hay, R.L. and Guldman, S.G., 1987 Diagenetic alteration of silicic ash in Searles Lake, California Clays and Clay Minerals 35 449–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, R.L. Sheppard, R.A., Mumpton, F.A., 1977 Zeolites in open hydrologic systems Mineralogy and Geology of Natural Zeolites Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America.Google Scholar
Hay, R.L. Sheppard, R.A., Bish, D. and Ming, D., 2001 Occurrence of zeolites in sedimentary rocks: an overview Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Applications Washington Mineralogical Society of America.Google Scholar
Helvacı, C. Stamatakis, M.G. Zagouroğlou, C. and Kanaris, J., 1993 Borate minerals and related authigenic silicates in northeastern Mediterranean late Miocene continental basins Exploration and Mining Geology 2 171–178.Google Scholar
Hernandez, J.E.G. Notario del Pino, J.S. Gonzalez Martin, M.M. Hernan Reguera, F. and Rodriguez Losada, J.A., 1993 Zeolites in pyroclastic deposits in southeastern Tenerife (Canary Islands) Clays and Clay Minerals 41 521–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, T.M. and Pang, Z.H., 2012 The role of deuterium excess in determining the water salinisation mechanism: A case study of the arid Tarim River Basin, NW China Applied Geochemistry 27 2382–2388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iijima, A., Sand, L.B. and Mumpton, F.A., 1978 Geological occurrences of zeolites in marine environments Natural Zeol ites: Occurrence, Properties, Use New York Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Innocenti, F. Mazzuoli, R. Pasquare, G. Radicati Di Brozolo, F. and Villari, L., 1975 The Neogene calcalkaline volcanism of central Anatolia: Geochronological data on Kayseri-Niğde area Geological Magazine 112 349–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaçmaz, H. and Köktürk, U., 2004 Geochemistry and mineralogy of zeolitic tuffs from the Alaçatı (Ceşme) area, Turkey Clays and Clay Minerals 52 705–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karakaya, N., 2009 REE and HFS element behaviour in the alteration facies of the Erenler Dağıvolcanics (Konya, Turkey) and kaolinite occurrence Journal of Geochemical Exploration 101 185–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karakaya, M. Karakaya, N. Küpeli, , 2011 Mineralogical and geochemical properties of the Na- and Ca-bentonites of Ordu (N.E. Turkey) Clays and Clay Minerals 59 75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karakaya, N., Karakaya, M.Ç., and Yavuz, F. (2012) Investigation of mineralogic, geochemical and some technologic properties of zeolite occurrences in around of Kulu (Konya) and Haymana (Ankara). TÜBİTAK 109Y301, 200 pp.Google Scholar
Karakaya, N. Karakaya, M. and Temel, A., 2013 Mineralogical and chemical properties and the origin of two types of analcime in SW Ankara, Turkey Clays and Clay Minerals 61 231–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlsson, H.R., Bish, D.L. and Ming, D.W., 2001 Isotope geochemistry of zeolites Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Applications Washington Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society.Google Scholar
Karlsson, H.R. and Clayton, R.N., 1990 Oxygen and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of zeolites Geochimica et Cosmochimia Acta 54 1369–1386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitsopoulos, K.P., 1997 The genesis of a mordenite deposit by hydrothermal alteration of pyroclastics on Polyegos island, Greece Clays and Clay Minerals 45 632–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurt, H. Asan, A. and Ruffet, G., 2008 The relationship between collision-related calcalkaline, and within-plate alkaline volcanism in the Karacadağ Area (Konya-Türkiye, Central Anatolia) Chemie der Erde 68 155–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langella, A. Cappeletti, P. de’Gennaro, M., Bish, D.L. and Ming, D.W., 2001 Zeolites in closed hydrologic systems Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Applications Washington Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society.Google Scholar
Lazaro, B.B. Abad, C.A. Fernandez-Nieto, C. and Gonzalez Lopez, J.M., 1994 Mineralogy and geochemistry of Miocene deposits at Alcubierre Sierra, central sector of the Ebro Basin, Spain Clay Minerals 29 341–400.Google Scholar
Middlemost, E. A. K. (1985) Magmas and magmatic rocks. An Introduction to Igneous Petrology Longman, London.Google Scholar
Ming, D.W. and Dixon, J.B., 1987 Technique for the separation of clinoptilolite from soils Clays and Clay Minerals 35 469–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mumpton, F.A., 1999 La roca magica: Uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 3463–3470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nähr, T.H. Botz, R. Bohrmann, G. and Schmidt, M., 1998 Oxygen isotopic composition of low-temperature authigenic clinoptilolite Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160 369–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okay, A.I. Tansel, and Tüysüz, O., 2001 Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous—Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey Geological Magazine 138 117–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasquar, G. Poli, S. Vezzoli, L. and Zanchi, A., 1988 Continental arc volcanism and tectonic setting in Central Anatolia, Turkey Tectonophysics 146 217–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passaglia, E. Sheppard, R.A., Bish, D.L. and Ming, D.W., 2001 Crystal chemistry of zeolites Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Applications Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society.Google Scholar
Rollinson, H. (1993) Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, Essex, UK.Google Scholar
Şahin, M.B., 2007 Orta Anadolu’da belirlenen önemli bir şabazit oluşumu ve mineralojik özellikleri MTA Dergisi 135 31–44.Google Scholar
Saunders, A.D. Tarney, J. Marsh, N.G. Wood, D.A., Panayiotou, A., 1980 Ophiolites as ocean crust: a geochemical approach Ophiolites: Proceedings of the International Ophiolite Symposium Cyprus Geological Survey Department.Google Scholar
Savin, S., Tsirambides, A., Kassoli-Fournaranki, A., and Filippidis, A. (1993) Oxygen-isotope evidence for the alteration of the Eocene zeolite-bearing volcaniclastic sediments of Metaxades, Thrace, Greece. Zeolite’ 93, Idaho, pp. 180–181.Google Scholar
Sharp, Z.D., 1990 Laser-based microanalytical method for the in situ determination of oxygen isotope ratios of silicates and oxides Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 1353–1357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheppard, R.A. Hay, R.L., Bish, D.L. and Ming, D.W., 2001 Formation of zeolites in open hydrologic systems Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Application Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society.Google Scholar
Sheppard, S.M.F. Nielsen, R.L. Taylor, H.P. Jr., 1969 Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of clay minerals from porphyry copper deposits Economic Geology 64 755–777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, H. and Masuda, A., 1977 Cerium in chert as an indication of marine environment of its formation Nature 266 346–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snellings, R. Haten van, T. Machiels, L. Mertens, G. Vandenberghe, N. and Elsen, J., 2008 Mineralogy, geochemistry, and diagenesis of clinoptilolite tuffs (Miocene) in the central Simav graben, Western Turkey Clays and Clay Minerals 56 622–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surdam, R.C., Mumpton, F.A., 1977 Zeolites in closed hydrologic systems Mineralogy and Geology of Natural Zeolites Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America.Google Scholar
Surdam, R.C. and Parker, R.B., 1972 Authigenic aluminosilicate minerals in the tuffaceous rocks of the Green River Formation, Wyoming Geological Society of America Bulletin 83 689–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surdam, R.C. Sheppard, R.A., Sand, L.B. and Mumpton, F.A., 1978 Zeolites in saline, alkaline-lake deposits Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Use Elmsford, New York Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Steinman, B.A. and Abbott, M.B., 2013 Isotopic and hydrologic responses of small, closed lakes to climate variability: Hydroclimate reconstructions from lake sediment oxygen isotope records and mass balance models Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 105 342–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temel, A. and Gündoğdu, M.N., 1996 Zeolite occurrences and the erionite-mesothelioma relationship in Cappadocia, central Anatolia Mineralium Deposita 31 539–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temel, A. Gündoğdu, M.N. and Gourgaud, A., 1998 Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K calc-alkaline volcanism in Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85 327–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomita, K. Yamane, H. and Kawano, M., 1993 Synthesis of smectite from volcanic glass at low temperature Clays and Clay Minerals 41 655–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsolis-Katagas, P. and Katagas, C., 1990 Zeolitic diagenesis of Oligocene pyroclastic rocks of the Metaxades area, Thrace, Greece Mineralogical Magazine 54 95–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, M.E., 1988 Techniques in Sedimentology Oxford Blackwells..Google Scholar
Uğuz, F.M., Turhan, N., Bilgin, A.Z., Umut, M., Şen, A.M. ve Acarlar, M. (1999) Kulu (Konya)-Haymana (Ankara) ve Kırıkkale dolayının jeolojisi. MTA Rapor No: 10399, Ankara (unpublished report).Google Scholar
Wali, A.M., Dardir, A.A. and Elsheikh, R.M (2009) Mineralogy and mineral successions crystallization of the waste residual brines. 9th World Salt Symposium, Beijing.Google Scholar
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010 Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals American Mineralogist 95 185–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, J.A. and Floyd, P.A., 1977 Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiations products using immobile elements Chemical Geology 20 325–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanev, Y., Boev, B., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Pecskay, Z., Tonarini, S., and, D’Orazio, M. (2006) Ultrapotassic to potassic Late Neogene volcanic rocks in Macedonia: Mineralogy, geochemistry, and age. Proceedings of the XVIIIth Congress of the Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association, Belgrade, pp. 666–669.Google Scholar