Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:15:01.124Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The global burden of mental and substance use disorders: changes in estimating burden between GBD1990 and GBD2010

Part of: Special Articles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 April 2014

A. J. Baxter ,
A. J. Ferrari ,
H. E. Erskine ,
F. J. Charlson ,
L. Degenhardt  and
H. A. Whiteford
A. J. Baxter
Affiliation:
University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Herston, Australia Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia
A. J. Ferrari
Affiliation:
University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Herston, Australia Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia
H. E. Erskine
Affiliation:
University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Herston, Australia Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia
F. J. Charlson
Affiliation:
University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Herston, Australia Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia
L. Degenhardt
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney, Australia University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Policy, Programs and Economics, Melbourne, Australia
H. A. Whiteford*
Affiliation:
University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Herston, Australia Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia
*
*Address for correspondence: Professor H. Whiteford, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol Q 4076, Australia. (Email: h.whiteford@uq.edu.au)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background.

The main aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the methodological approaches of the new Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study (GBD 2010) with the original study conducted for 1990 (GBD 1990), in terms of calculating burden for mental and substance use disorders.

Methods.

We reviewed the conceptual and methodological changes to GBD burden calculations in the GBD 2010 study, compared with previous studies. We then discuss the possible implications of these changes with respect to burden estimates for mental and substance use disorders.

Results.

It is not possible to compare burden estimates arising from the GBD 1990 study with the most recent burden estimates. There have been important advances in the categorisation and definition of mental disorders, and the input and computation of epidemiological models for disease distribution. There have also been major changes to conceptual and social value choices aimed at addressing concerns that arose following publication of earlier GBD studies.

Conclusion.

Advancements to the GBD conceptual framework and method of calculating burden estimates has led to more accurate and equitable consideration of the burden for mental and substance use disorders. Proposed annual updates of GBD estimates by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation provide an opportunity to continue to advance the evidence base that underpins the quantification of disease burden.

Keywords

global burden of diseasehealth metricsmental disorderspublic health
Type
Special Article
Information
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , September 2014 , pp. 239 - 249
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anand, S, Hanson, K (1998). DALYs: efficiency versus equity. World Development 26, 307–310.Google Scholar
Andrews, G, Sanderson, K, Slade, T, Issakidis, C (2000). Why does the burden of disease persist? Relating the burden of anxiety and depression to effectiveness of treatment. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 78, 446–454.Google Scholar
Arnesen, T, Kapiriri, L (2004). Can the value choices in DALYs influence global priority-setting? Health Policy 70, 137–149.Google Scholar
Ayuso-Mateos, JL (2006). Global Burden of Unipolar Depressive Disorders in the Year 2000 (Draft 21–06–06). World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Barendregt, JJ, van Oortmarssen, GJ, Vos, T, Murray, CJL (2003). A generic model for the assessment of disease epidemiology: the computational basis of Dismod II. Population Health Metrics 1, 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baxter, AJ, Patton, G, Degenhardt, L, Scott, KM, Whiteford, HA (2013 a). Global epidemiology of mental disorders: what are we missing? PLoS ONE 8.Google Scholar
Baxter, AJ, Scott, KM, Vos, T, Whiteford, HA (2013 b). Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychological Medicine 43, 897–910.Google Scholar
Baxter, AJ, Vos, T, Scott, KM, Ferrari, AJ, Whiteford, HA (2014). The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychological Medicine 1–12 [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
Brhlikova, P, Pollock, A, Manners, R (2010). Global Burden of Disease estimates of depression: how reliable is the evidence. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 104, 25–35.Google Scholar
Charlson, FJ, Ferrari, AJ, Flaxman, AD, Whiteford, HA (2013). The epidemiological modelling of dysthymia: application for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Journal of Affective Disorders [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
Degenhardt, L, Bucello, C, Calabria, B, Nelson, P, Roberts, A, Hall, W, Lynskey, M, Wiessing, L, the GBD illicit drug use writing group (2011). What data are available on the extent of illicit drug use and dependence globally? Results of four systematic reviews. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 117, 85–101.Google Scholar
Degenhardt, L, Whiteford, HA, Ferrari, AJ, Baxter, AJ, Charlson, FJ, Hall, WD, Freedman, G, Burstein, R, Johns, N, Engell, RE, Flaxman, A, Murray, CJL, Vos, T (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 382, 1564–1574.Google Scholar
Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Nelson, P, Polanczyk, GV, Flaxman, AD, Vos, T, Whiteford, HA, Scott, JG (2013). Research review: epidemiological modelling of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, 1263–1274.Google Scholar
Ferrari, AJ, Baxter, AJ, Whiteford, HA (2010). A systematic review of the global distribution and availability of prevalence data for bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 134, 1–13.Google Scholar
Ferrari, AJ, Saha, S, McGrath, JJ, Norman, R, Baxter, AJ, Vos, T, Whiteford, HA (2012). Health states for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder within the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Population Health Metrics 10, 16.Google Scholar
Ferrari, AJ, Somerville, AJ, Baxter, AJ, Norman, R, Patten, SB, Vos, T, Whiteford, HA (2013). Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Psychological Medicine 43, 471–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Fulgueiras, A, Garcia-Pina, R, Morant, C, de Larrea-Baz, NF, Alvarez, E (2011). Burden of disease related to hepatitis C and hepatitis B in Spain: a methodological challenge of an unfolding health problem. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 18, e453–460.Google Scholar
Global Burden of Disease (2009). The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study Operations Manual. Harvard Initiative for Global Health, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington, Johns Hopkins University, University of Queensland, and the World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Hoek, HW, van Hoeken, D (2003). Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 34, 383–396.Google Scholar
Jamison, DT, Modley, WH, Measham, AR, Bobadilla, JL (1993). Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Greenberg, PE (2002). The economic burden of anxiety and stress disorders. In Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress (ed. Davis, KL, Charney, D, Coyle, JT and Nemeroff, C). Lippencott, Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Ustun, TB(ed.) ( 2008). The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders. Cambridge University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Lim, SS, Vos, T, Flaxman, AD, Danaei, G, Shibuya, K, Adair-Rohani, H, Amann, M, Anderson, HR, Andrews, KG, Aryee, M, Atkinson, C, Bacchus, LJ, Bahalim, AN, Balakrishnan, K, Balmes, J, Barker-Collo, S, Baxter, A, Bell, ML, Blore, JD, Blyth, F, Bonner, C, Borges, G, Bourne, R, Boussinesq, M, Brauer, M, Brooks, P, Bruce, NG, Brunekreef, B, Bryan-Hancock, C, Bucello, C, Buchbinder, R, Bull, F, Burnett, RT, Byers, TE, Calabria, B, Carapetis, J, Carnahan, E, Chafe, Z, Charlson, F, Chen, H, Chen, JS, Cheng, AT-A, Child, JC, Cohen, A, Colson, KE, Cowie, BC, Darby, S, Darling, S, Davis, A, Degenhardt, L, Dentener, F, Des Jarlais, DC, Devries, K, Dherani, M, Ding, EL, Dorsey, ER, Driscoll, T, Edmond, K, Ali, SE, Engell, RE, Erwin, PJ, Fahimi, S, Falder, G, Farzadfar, F, Ferrari, A, Finucane, MM, Flaxman, S, Fowkes, FGR, Freedman, G, Freeman, MK, Gakidou, E, Ghosh, S, Giovannucci, E, Gmel, G, Graham, K, Grainger, R, Grant, B, Gunnell, D, Gutierrez, HR, Hall, W, Hoek, HW, Hogan, A, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, D, Hu, H, Hubbell, BJ, Hutchings, SJ, Ibeanusi, SE, Jacklyn, GL, Jasrasaria, R, Jonas, JB, Kan, H, Kanis, JA, Kassebaum, N, Kawakami, N, Khang, Y-H, Khatibzadeh, S, Khoo, J-P, Kok, C, Laden, F, Lalloo, R, Lan, Q, Lathlean, T, Leasher, JL, Leigh, J, Li, Y, Lin, JK, Lipshultz, SE, London, S, Lozano, R, Lu, Y, Mak, J, Malekzadeh, R, Mallinger, L, Marcenes, W, March, L, Marks, R, Martin, R, McGale, P, McGrath, J, Mehta, S, Mensah, GA, Merriman, TR, Micha, R, Michaud, C, Mishra, V, Mohd Hanafiah, K, Mokdad, AA, Morawska, L, Mozaffarian, D, Murphy, T, Naghavi, M, Neal, B, Nelson, PK, Nolla, JM, Norman, R, Olives, C, Omer, SB, Orchard, J, Osborne, R, Ostro, B, Page, A, Pandey, KD, Parry, CD, Passmore, E, Patra, J, Pearce, N, Pelizzari, PM, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pope, D, Pope III, CA, Powles, J, Rao, M, Razavi, H, Rehfuess, EA, Rehm, JT, Ritz, B, Rivara, FP, Roberts, T, Robinson, C, Rodriguez-Portales, JA, Romieu, I, Room, R, Rosenfeld, LC, Roy, A, Rushton, L, Salomon, JA, Sampson, U, Sanchez-Riera, L, Sanman, E, Sapkota, A, Seedat, S, Shi, P, Shield, K, Shivakoti, R, Singh, GM, Sleet, DA, Smith, E, Smith, KR, Stapelberg, NJ, Steenland, K, Stöckl, H, Stovner, LJ, Straif, K, Straney, L, Thurston, GD, Tran, JH, Van Dingenen, R, van Donkelaar, A, Veerman, JL, Vijayakumar, L, Weintraub, R, Weissman, MM, White, RA, Whiteford, H, Wiersma, ST, Wilkinson, JD, Williams, HC, Williams, W, Wilson, N, Woolf, AD, Yip, P, Zielinski, JM, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJ, Ezzati, M, AlMazroa, MA, Memish, ZA (2012). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2224–2260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathers, CD, Stein, C, Ma Fat, D, Rao, C, Inoue, M, Tomijima, N, Bernard, C, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL (2002). Global Burden of Disease 2000: Version 2 Methods and Results. Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper No. 50. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Mont, D (2007). Measuring health and disability. Lancet 369, 1658–1663.Google Scholar
Munoz, N, Kjaer, SK, Sigurdsson, K, Iversen, OE, Hernandez-Avila, M, Wheeler, CM, Perez, G, Brown, DR, Koutsky, LA, Tay, EH, Garcia, PJ, Ault, KA, Garland, SM, Leodolter, S, Olsson, SE, Tang, GW, Ferris, DG, Paavonen, J, Steben, M, Bosch, FX, Dillner, J, Huh, WK, Joura, EA, Kurman, RJ, Majewski, S, Myers, ER, Villa, LL, Taddeo, FJ, Roberts, C, Tadesse, A, Bryan, JT, Lupinacci, LC, Giacoletti, KE, Sings, HL, James, MK, Hesley, TM, Barr, E, Haupt, RM (2010). Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV)-6/11/16/18 vaccine on all HPV-associated genital diseases in young women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 102, 325–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, CJL, Acharya, AK (1997). Understanding DALYs. Journal of Health Economics 16, 703–730.Google Scholar
Murray, CJL, Lopez, AD(ed.) ( 1996). The Global Burden of Disease: a Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization & the World Bank: Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Murray, CJL, Vos, T, Lozano, R, Naghavi, M, Flaxman, AD, Michaud, C, Ezzati, M, Shibuya, K, Salomon, JA, Abdalla, S, Aboyans, V, Abraham, J, Ackerman, I, Aggarwal, R, Ahn, SY, Ali, MK, Alvarado, M, Anderson, HR, Anderson, LM, Andrews, KG, Atkinson, C, Baddour, LM, Bahalim, AN, Barker-Collo, S, Barrero, LH, Bartels, DH, Basáñez, M-G, Baxter, A, Bell, ML, Benjamin, EJ, Bennett, D, Bernabé, E, Bhalla, K, Bhandari, B, Bikbov, B, Abdulhak, AB, Birbeck, G, Black, JA, Blencowe, H, Blore, JD, Blyth, F, Bolliger, I, Bonaventure, A, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Boussinesq, M, Braithwaite, T, Brayne, C, Bridgett, L, Brooker, S, Brooks, P, Brugha, TS, Bryan-Hancock, C, Bucello, C, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, G, Budke, CM, Burch, M, Burney, P, Burstein, R, Calabria, B, Campbell, B, Canter, CE, Carabin, H, Carapetis, J, Carmona, L, Cella, C, Charlson, F, Chen, H, Cheng, AT-A, Chou, D, Chugh, SS, Coffeng, LE, Colan, SD, Colquhoun, S, Colson, KE, Condon, J, Connor, MD, Cooper, LT, Corriere, M, Cortinovis, M, de Vaccaro, KC, Couser, W, Cowie, BC, Criqui, MH, Cross, M, Dabhadkar, KC, Dahiya, M, Dahodwala, N, Damsere-Derry, J, Danaei, G, Davis, A, Leo, DD, Degenhardt, L, Dellavalle, R, Delossantos, A, Denenberg, J, Derrett, S, Des Jarlais, DC, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, M, Diaz-Torne, C, Dolk, H, Dorsey, ER, Driscoll, T, Duber, H, Ebel, B, Edmond, K, Elbaz, A, Ali, SE, Erskine, H, Erwin, PJ, Espindola, P, Ewoigbokhan, SE, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, V, Felson, DT, Ferrari, A, Ferri, CP, Fèvre, EM, Finucane, MM, Flaxman, S, Flood, L, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, MH, Fowkes, FG, Fransen, M, Freeman, MK, Gabbe, BJ, Gabriel, SE, Gakidou, E, Ganatra, HA, Garcia, B, Gaspari, F, Gillum, RF, Gmel, G, Gonzalez-Medina, D, Gosselin, R, Grainger, R, Grant, B, Groeger, J, Guillemin, F, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hagan, H, Halasa, YA, Hall, W, Haring, D, Haro, JM, Harrison, JE, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Higashi, H, Hill, C, Hoen, B, Hoffman, H, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, D, Huang, JJ, Ibeanusi, SE, Jacobsen, KH, James, SL, Jarvis, D, Jasrasaria, R, Jayaraman, S, Johns, N, Jonas, JB, Karthikeyan, G, Kassebaum, N, Kawakami, N, Keren, A, Khoo, JP, King, CH, Knowlton, LM, Kobusingye, O, Koranteng, A, Krishnamurthi, R, Laden, F, Lalloo, R, Laslett, LL, Lathlean, T, Leasher, JL, Lee, YY, Leigh, J, Levinson, D, Lim, SS, Limb, E, Lin, JK, Lipnick, M, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, W, Loane, M, Ohno, SL, Lyons, R, Mabweijano, J, MacIntyre, MF, Malekzadeh, R, Mallinger, L, Manivannan, S, Marcenes, W, March, L, Margolis, DJ, Marks, GB, Marks, R, Matsumori, A, Matzopoulos, R, Mayosi, BM, McAnulty, JH, McDermott, MM, McGill, N, McGrath, J, Medina-Mora, ME, Meltzer, M, Mensah, GA, Merriman, TR, Meyer, AC, Miglioli, V, Miller, M, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mock, C, Mocumbi, AO, Moffitt, TE, Mokdad, AA, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moran, A, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Murdoch, ME, Mwaniki, MK, Naidoo, K, Nair, MN, Naldi, L, Narayan, KM, Nelson, PK, Nelson, RG, Nevitt, MC, Newton, CR, Nolte, S, Norman, P, Norman, R, O'Donnell, M, O'Hanlon, S, Olives, C, Omer, SB, Ortblad, K, Osborne, R, Ozgediz, D, Page, A, Pahari, B, Pandian, JD, Rivero, AP, Patten, SB, Pearce, N, Padilla, RP, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Phillips, D, Phillips, MR, Pierce, K, Pion, S, Polanczyk, GV, Polinder, S, Pope III, CA, Popova, S, Porrini, E, Pourmalek, F, Prince, M, Pullan, RL, Ramaiah, KD, Ranganathan, D, Razavi, H, Regan, M, Rehm, JT, Rein, DB, Remuzzi, G, Richardson, K, Rivara, FP, Roberts, T, Robinson, C, De Leòn, FR, Ronfani, L, Room, R, Rosenfeld, LC, Rushton, L, Sacco, RL, Saha, S, Sampson, U, Sanchez-Riera, L, Sanman, E, Schwebel, DC, Scott, JG, Segui-Gomez, M, Shahraz, S, Shepard, DS, Shin, H, Shivakoti, R, Singh, D, Singh, GM, Singh, JA, Singleton, J, Sleet, DA, Sliwa, K, Smith, E, Smith, JL, Stapelberg, NJ, Steer, A, Steiner, T, Stolk, WA, Stovner, LJ, Sudfeld, C, Syed, S, Tamburlini, G, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, HR, Taylor, JA, Taylor, WJ, Thomas, B, Thomson, WM, Thurston, GD, Tleyjeh, IM, Tonelli, M, Towbin, JA, Truelsen, T, Tsilimbaris, MK, Ubeda, C, Undurraga, EA, van der Werf, MJ, van Os, J, Vavilala, MS, Venketasubramanian, N, Wang, M, Wang, W, Watt, K, Weatherall, DJ, Weinstock, MA, Weintraub, R, Weisskopf, MG, Weissman, MM, White, RA, Whiteford, H, Wiebe, N, Wiersma, ST, Wilkinson, JD, Williams, HC, Williams, SR, Witt, E, Wolfe, F, Woolf, AD, Wulf, S, Yeh, PH, Zaidi, AK, Zheng, ZJ, Zonies, D, Lopez, AD, AlMazroa, MA, Memish, ZA (2012). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2197–2223.Google Scholar
Salomon, JA (2010). New disability weights for the global burden of disease. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 88, 879.Google Scholar
Salomon, JA, Murray, CJ, Ustun, B, Chatterji, S (2003). Health state valuations in summary measures of population health. In Health Systems Performance Assessment: Debates, Methods and Empiricism (ed. Murray, CJ and Evans, DB). World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Salomon, JA, Vos, T, Hogan, DR, Gagnon, M, Naghavi, M, Mokdad, A, Begum, N, Shah, R, Karyana, M, Kosen, S, Farje, MR, Moncada, G, Dutta, A, Sazawal, S, Dyer, A, Seiler, J, Aboyans, V, Baker, L, Baxter, A, Benjamin, EJ, Bhalla, K, Abdulhak, AB, Blyth, F, Bourne, R, Braithwaite, T, Brooks, P, Brugha, TS, Bryan-Hancock, C, Buchbinder, R, Burney, P, Calabria, B, Chen, H, Chugh, SS, Cooley, R, Criqui, MH, Cross, M, Dabhadkar, KC, Dahodwala, N, Davis, A, Degenhardt, L, Díaz-Torné, C, Dorsey, ER, Driscoll, T, Edmond, K, Elbaz, A, Ezzati, M, Feigin, V, Ferri, CP, Flaxman, AD, Flood, L, Fransen, M, Fuse, K, Gabbe, BJ, Gillum, RF, Haagsma, J, Harrison, JE, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hel-Baqui, A, Hoek, HW, Hoffman, H, Hogeland, E, Hoy, D, Jarvis, D, Karthikeyan, G, Knowlton, LM, Lathlean, T, Leasher, JL, Lim, SS, Lipshultz, SE, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Lyons, R, Malekzadeh, R, Marcenes, W, March, L, Margolis, DJ, McGill, N, McGrath, J, Mensah, GA, Meyer, A-C, Michaud, C, Moran, A, Mori, R, Murdoch, ME, Naldi, L, Newton, CR, Norman, R, Omer, SB, Osborne, R, Pearce, N, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Phillips, D, Pourmalek, F, Prince, M, Rehm, JT, Remuzzi, G, Richardson, K, Room, R, Saha, S, Sampson, U, Sanchez-Riera, L, Segui-Gomez, M, Shahraz, S, Shibuya, K, Singh, D, Sliwa, K, Smith, E, Soerjomataram, I, Steiner, T, Stolk, WA, Stovner, LJ, Sudfeld, C, Taylor, HR, Tleyjeh, IM, van der Werf, MJ, Watson, WL, Weatherall, DJ, Weintraub, R, Weisskopf, MG, Whiteford, H, Wilkinson, JD, Woolf, AD, Zheng, ZJ, Murray, CJ, Jonas, JB (2012). Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2129–2143.Google Scholar
Sanderson, K, Andrews, G (2001). Mental disorders and burden of disease – how was disability estimated and is it valid? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Pyschiatry 35, 668–676.Google Scholar
Stouthard, M, Essink-Bot, M, Bonsel, G (1997). Disability Weights for Diseases in the Netherlands. Department of Public Health: Erasmus University: Rotterdam.Google Scholar
United Nations (2011). World Population Prospects – The 2010 Revision. United Nations: New York.Google Scholar
Üstün, TB, Rehm, J, Chatterji, S, Saxena, S, Trotter, R, Room, R, Bickenbach, J, and the WHO/NIH Joint Project CAR Study Group (1999). Multiple-informant ranking of the disabling effects of different health conditions in 14 countries. Lancet 354, 111–115.Google Scholar
Vos, T (2006). Mental Disorders: Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness. Doctor, Erasmus University: Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Vos, T, Mathers, CD (2000). The burden of mental disorders: a comparison of methods between the Australian burden of disease studies and the Global Burden of Disease study. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 78, 427–438.Google Scholar
Vos, T, Flaxman, AD, Naghavi, M, Lozano, R, Michaud, C, Ezzati, M, Shibuya, K, Salomon, JA, Abdalla, S, Aboyans, V, Abraham, J, Ackerman, I, Aggarwal, R, Ahn, SY, Ali, MK, Alvarado, M, Anderson, HR, Anderson, LM, Andrews, KG, Atkinson, C, Baddour, LM, Bahalim, AN, Barker-Collo, S, Barrero, LH, Bartels, DH, Basáñez, M-G, Baxter, A, Bell, ML, Benjamin, EJ, Bennett, D, Bernabé, E, Bhalla, K, Bhandari, B, Bikbov, B, Abdulhak, AB, Birbeck, G, Black, JA, Blencowe, H, Blore, JD, Blyth, F, Bolliger, I, Bonaventure, A, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Boussinesq, M, Braithwaite, T, Brayne, C, Bridgett, L, Brooker, S, Brooks, P, Brugha, TS, Bryan-Hancock, C, Bucello, C, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, G, Budke, CM, Burch, M, Burney, P, Burstein, R, Calabria, B, Campbell, B, Canter, CE, Carabin, H, Carapetis, J, Carmona, L, Cella, C, Charlson, F, Chen, H, Cheng, AT-A, Chou, D, Chugh, SS, Coffeng, LE, Colan, SD, Colquhoun, S, Colson, KE, Condon, J, Connor, MD, Cooper, LT, Corriere, M, Cortinovis, M, de Vaccaro, KC, Couser, W, Cowie, BC, Criqui, MH, Cross, M, Dabhadkar, KC, Dahiya, M, Dahodwala, N, Damsere-Derry, J, Danaei, G, Davis, A, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Dellavalle, R, Delossantos, A, Denenberg, J, Derrett, S, Des Jarlais, DC, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, M, Diaz-Torne, C, Dolk, H, Dorsey, ER, Driscoll, T, Duber, H, Ebel, B, Edmond, K, Elbaz, A, Ali, SE, Erskine, H, Erwin, PJ, Espindola, P, Ewoigbokhan, SE, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, V, Felson, DT, Ferrari, A, Ferri, CP, Fèvre, EM, Finucane, MM, Flaxman, S, Flood, L, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, MH, Fowkes, FG, Franklin, R, Fransen, M, Freeman, MK, Gabbe, BJ, Gabriel, SE, Gakidou, E, Ganatra, HA, Garcia, B, Gaspari, F, Gillum, RF, Gmel, G, Gosselin, R, Grainger, R, Groeger, J, Guillemin, F, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hagan, H, Halasa, YA, Hall, W, Haring, D, Haro, JM, Harrison, JE, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Higashi, H, Hill, C, Hoen, B, Hoffman, H, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, D, Huang, JJ, Ibeanusi, SE, Jacobsen, KH, James, SL, Jarvis, D, Jasrasaria, R, Jayaraman, S, Johns, N, Jonas, JB, Karthikeyan, G, Kassebaum, N, Kawakami, N, Keren, A, Khoo, JP, King, CH, Knowlton, LM, Kobusingye, O, Koranteng, A, Krishnamurthi, R, Lalloo, R, Laslett, LL, Lathlean, T, Leasher, JL, Lee, YY, Leigh, J, Lim, SS, Limb, E, Lin, JK, Lipnick, M, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, W, Loane, M, Ohno, SL, Lyons, R, Ma, J, Mabweijano, J, MacIntyre, MF, Malekzadeh, R, Mallinger, L, Manivannan, S, Marcenes, W, March, L, Margolis, DJ, Marks, GB, Marks, R, Matsumori, A, Matzopoulos, R, Mayosi, BM, McAnulty, JH, McDermott, MM, McGill, N, McGrath, J, Medina-Mora, ME, Meltzer, M, Mensah, GA, Merriman, TR, Meyer, AC, Miglioli, V, Miller, M, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mocumbi, AO, Moffitt, TE, Mokdad, AA, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moran, A, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Murdoch, ME, Mwaniki, MK, Naidoo, K, Nair, MN, Naldi, L, Narayan, KM, Nelson, PK, Nelson, RG, Nevitt, MC, Newton, CR, Nolte, S, Norman, P, Norman, R, O'Donnell, M, O'Hanlon, S, Olives, C, Omer, SB, Ortblad, K, Osborne, R, Ozgediz, D, Page, A, Pahari, B, Pandian, JD, Rivero, AP, Patten, SB, Pearce, N, Padilla, RP, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Phillips, D, Phillips, MR, Pierce, K, Pion, S, Polanczyk, GV, Polinder, S, Pope III, CA, Popova, S, Porrini, E, Pourmalek, F, Prince, M, Pullan, RL, Ramaiah, KD, Ranganathan, D, Razavi, H, Regan, M, Rehm, JT, Rein, DB, Remuzzi, G, Richardson, K, Rivara, FP, Roberts, T, Robinson, C, De Leòn, FR, Ronfani, L, Room, R, Rosenfeld, LC, Rushton, L, Sacco, RL, Saha, S, Sampson, U, Sanchez-Riera, L, Sanman, E, Schwebel, DC, Scott, JG, Segui-Gomez, M, Shahraz, S, Shepard, DS, Shin, H, Shivakoti, R, Singh, D, Singh, GM, Singh, JA, Singleton, J, Sleet, DA, Sliwa, K, Smith, E, Smith, JL, Stapelberg, NJ, Steer, A, Steiner, T, Stolk, WA, Stovner, LJ, Sudfeld, C, Syed, S, Tamburlini, G, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, HR, Taylor, JA, Taylor, WJ, Thomas, B, Thomson, WM, Thurston, GD, Tleyjeh, IM, Tonelli, M, Towbin, JA, Truelsen, T, Tsilimbaris, MK, Ubeda, C, Undurraga, EA, van der Werf, MJ, van Os, J, Vavilala, MS, Venketasubramanian, N, Wang, M, Wang, W, Watt, K, Weatherall, DJ, Weinstock, MA, Weintraub, R, Weisskopf, MG, Weissman, MM, White, RA, Whiteford, H, Wiersma, ST, Wilkinson, JD, Williams, HC, Williams, SR, Witt, E, Wolfe, F, Woolf, AD, Wulf, S, Yeh, PH, Zaidi, AK, Zheng, ZJ, Zonies, D, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJ, AlMazroa, MA, Memish, ZA (2012). Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2163–2196.Google Scholar
Weinstein, MC, Siegel, JE, Gold, MR, Kamlet, MS, Russell, LB, for the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine (1996). Recommendations of the panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association 276, 1253–1258.Google Scholar
Whiteford, H (1999). Why would a psychiatrist work in a bank? Australasian Psychiatry 7, 78–80.Google Scholar
Whiteford, HA, Degenhardt, L, Rehm, J, Baxter, AJ, Ferrari, AJ, Erskine, HE, Charlson, FJ, Norman, RE, Flaxman, AD, Johns, N, Burstein, R, Murray, CJL, Vos, T (2013 a). Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 382, 1575–1586.Google Scholar
Whiteford, HA, Ferrari, AJ, Baxter, AJ, Charlson, FJ, Degenhardt, L (2013 b). How did we arrive at burden of disease estimates for mental and illicit drug use disorders in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010? Current Opinion in Psychiatry 26, 376–83.Google Scholar
Williams, A (1999). Calculating the global burden of disease: time for a strategic reappraisal? Health Economics 8, 1–8.Google Scholar
World Bank (1993). World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. Oxford University Press: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2001). The World Health Report, 2001. Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2008). The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar