Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T02:48:45.078Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The parental bonding as predictive factor for the development of adult psychiatric disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2011

Ettore Favaretto  and
Stefano Torresani
Ettore Favaretto*
Affiliation:
Servizio di Psicologia Medica, Istituto di Psichiatria, Università di Verona, Verona
Stefano Torresani
Affiliation:
Servizio di Psicologia Medica, Istituto di Psichiatria, Università di Verona, Verona
*
Indirizzo per la corrispondenza: Dr. E. Favaretto, Servizio di Psicologia Medica, Istituto di Psichiatria, Università di Verona, Ospedale Policlinico, 37134 Verona. Fax +39-(0)45-585-871.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Objective — To asses the capacity of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) to discriminate between normal subjects and clinical samples and between with different psychiatric diagnosis. Design — The present paper analyzes the studies published between 1979 and 1995, which have used the PBI in normal subjects and clinical samples and have reported the respective means and standard deviations obtained on the two PBI dimensions: affection and control. Multiple comparisons were carried out between the mean scores of affection and control of: 1) samples with the same psychiatric diagnosis (intragroup comparison); 2) samples with different psychiatric diagnoses (intergroup comparison); 3) normal subjects and clinical samples. Results — Of the 46 studies with normal and clinical subjects, 23 studies were selected for the analysis, reporting means and standard deviations and specifying the diagnostic criteria. Samples with the same psychiatric diagnosis had similar affection and control scores. With the exception of bipolar affective disorders and avoidant personality disorders, the prevalent parental style was for all diagnostic groups the affectionless control style. Within the affectionless control style, the PBI discriminated between panic attacks, borderline personality and drug addiction but not between schizophrenia, unipolar depression and anxiety disorder. The PBI discriminated also between normal subjects samples and samples with anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, personality disorder and drug addiction respectively. Conclusion — The results confirm previous suggestions from single studies that the perceived parental style as measured by the PBI can be considered a good predictor for the presence of psychiatric disorders excluding panic attacks, avoidant personality disorders and unipolar affective disorders. Although the different diagnostic groups do not differ in their perceived parental style (affectionless control), significant differences between some diagnostic groups within this category suggest that the PBI might have some specificity as well.

Riassunto

Scopo — Il presente lavoro analizza gli studi internazionali che hanno utilizzato il Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) per indagare il legame genitoriale in soggetti sani e affetti da disturbi psichici. Lo studio si propone tre obiettivi. Come prima cosa, il confronto dei punteggi al test, in ogni categoria diagnostica, alla ricerca di un punteggio medio al PBI caratteristico di ogni sindrome clinica. Il secondo obiettivo è rappresentato dalla valutazione delle capacità del PBI nel discriminare tra loro le diverse entità nosografiche sia in termini di punteggio al questionario sia di stile genitoriale. Il confronto degli stili patologici e di quelli normativi indicherà, infine, se l'esposizione alle caratteristiche parentali tipiche di ogni disturbo costituisce un fattore di rischio per lo sviluppo dello stesso. Metodo — Dopo aver selezionato gli articoli confrontabili, si è proceduto al confronto delle medie in ogni gruppo e alla comparazione statistica delle categorie diagnostiche. Per i gruppi clinici, al cui interno non sono emerse differenze di punteggio, è stato calcolato un unico punteggio medio distintivo del gruppo. Ogni entità nosografica è stata quindi paragonata statisticamente ai valori normativi e rappresentata in grafico. Risultati — Il confronto intracategoriale indica una sostanziale somiglianza dei punteggi nei gruppi, con la sola eccezione dei campioni normativi. È stata rilevata la prevalenza dello stile genitoriale affectionless control per tutti i raggruppamenti diagnostici, tranne che per i disturbi affettivo bipolare e di personalità evitante. Il raffronto statistico intercategoriale conferma la non differenziabilità dei punteggi solo per la triade schizofrenia, depressione unipolare e disturbo d'ansia. Conclusioni — La conferma del rischio di manifestare patologie psichiatriche, derivante dall'esposizione all'affectionless control genitoriale, attesta la ben nota capacità predittiva del PBI, pur evidenziandone la limitazione derivante dall'aspecificità del riscontro. Questa non consentirebbe di differenziare il rischio di sviluppare una patologia anziché un'altra, sulla base dello stile genitoriale. Tali risultati meritano una verifica, alla luce di un maggior approfondimento delle differenze genitoriali e intercategoriali.

Keywords

parental bondingpsychiatric disorders.legame genitorialedisturbi psichiatrici.
Type
Articles
Information
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , August 1997 , pp. 124 - 138
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBILIOGRAFIA

Ainsworth, M.D.S., Bell, S.M. & Stayton, D.J.. (1975). Infant-mother attachment and social developement: Socialisation as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In The Integration of the Child into a Social World (ed. Richards, M.), pp 98–107. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Alnaes, R. & Torgersen, S (1990). Parental representation in patients with major depression, anxiety disorder and mixed conditions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 81, 518–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrindel, W.A., Paul, M.G., Emmelkamp, A.M. & Brilman, E. (1983). The role of perceived parental practices in the etiology of phobic disoders: a controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry 143, 183–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, B., Helmes, E. & Kazarian, S.S. (1984). Past and present perceived attitudes of schizophrenics in relation to rehospitalization. British Journal of Psychiatry 144, 263–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, F.C. (1932). Remembering: a Study of Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bernardi, E., Jones, M. & Tennant, C. (1989). Quality of parenting in alcoholics and narcotics additcts. British Journal of Psychiatry 154, 677–682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birtchnell, J. (1988). Depression and family relationships. A study of young married woman on a London housing estate. British Journal of Psychiatry 153, 758–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, J.(1969). Attaccamento e Perdita. L'Attaccamento alla Madre, vol I. Boringhieri: Torino.Google Scholar
Boyce, P., Hickie, I. & Parker, G. (1990). Parents, partners or personality? Risk factors for post-natal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 21, 245–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, C.P., Velamoor, V.R., Cernovsky, Z.Z., Cortese, L. & Losztyn, S. (1990). A comparison of borderline and schizophrenic patients for childhood life events and parent-child relationships. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 35, 590–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faravelli, C., Panichi, C., Pallanti, S., Paterniti, S., Grecu, L.M. & Rivelli, S. (1991). Perception of early parenting in panic and agoraphobia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 84, 6–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldney, R.D. (1985). Parental representation in young women who attempt suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 72, 230–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomez-Beneyto, M., Pedros, A., Tomas, A., Aguilar, K. & Leal, C. (1993). Psychometric properties of the PBI in a Spanish sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 28, 252–255.Google Scholar
Gotlib, I.H., Mount, J.H., Cordy, N.I. & Whiffen, V.E. (1988). Depression and perceptions of early parenting: a longitudinal investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry 152, 24–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Häfner, R.J. & Miller, R. M. (1991). Predicting schizophrenia outcome with self-report measures of family interaction. Journal of Clinical Psychology 47, 33–41.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, A.S. (1991). Psichiatria Sociale ed Epidemiologia Psichiatrica. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore: Roma.Google Scholar
Joyce, P.R. (1984). Parental Bonding in bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 7, 319–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazarian, S.S., Baker, B. & Helmes, E. (1987). The Parental Bonding Instrument: factorial structure. British Journal of Medical Psychology 26, 231–232.Google ScholarPubMed
Kerver, M.J., van Son, M.J.M. & de Groot, P.A. (1992). Predicting symptoms of depression from reports of early parenting: a one-year prospective study in a community sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 86, 267–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackinnon, A.J., Henderson, A.S., Scott, R. & Duncan-Jones, P. (1989). The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI): an epidemiological study in a general population sample. Psychological Medicine 19, 1023–1034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackinnon, A.J., Henderson, A.S. & Andrews, G. (1991). The Parental Bonding Instrument: a measure of perceived or actual parental behavior? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 83, 153–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackinnon, A.J., Henderson, A.S. & Andrews, G. (1993). Parental ‘affectionless control’ as an antecedent to adult depression: a risk factor refined. Psychological Medicine 23, 135–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, G. & Waite, S. (1994). Parental bonding and vulnerability to adolescent suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 89, 246–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulder, R.T., Joyce, P.R. & Cloninger, C.R. (1994). Temperament and early environment influence comorbidity and personality disorders in major depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry 35 (3), 225–233.Google Scholar
Oakley-Browne, M.A., Joyce, P.R., Wells, J.E., Bushneil, J.A. & Hornblow, A.R. (1995). Adverse parenting and other childhood experience as risk factors for depression in women aged 18–44 years. Journal of Affective Disorders 34, 13–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onstad, S., Skre, I., Torgersen, S. & Kringlen, E. (1993). Parental representation in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 23, 335–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onstad, S., Skre, I., Torgersen, S. & Kringlen, E. (1994). Parental representation in schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 90, 67–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G. (1979a). Parental characteristics in relation to depressive disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 134, 138–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. (1979b) Reported parental characteristics in relation to trait depression and anxiety levels in a non-clinical group. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 13, 260–264.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1979c). Reported parental characteristics of agoraphobics and social phobies. British Journal of Psychiatry 135, 555–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G. (1981a). Parental representation of patients with anxiety neurosis. Acta Psychiatica Scandinavia 63, 33–36.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1981b). Parental reports of depressives. An investigation of several explanations. Journal of Affective Disorders 3, 131–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. (1982). Parental representation and affective symptoms, examination for an hereditary link. British Journal of Medical Psychology 55, 57–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. (1983a). Parental Overprotection: a Risk Factor in Psychosocial Development. Grune & Stratton: New York.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1983b). Parental affectionless control as an antecedent to adult depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 40, 956–960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. (1984). The measurement of pathogenetic parental style and its relevance to psychiatric disorder. Social Psychiatry 19, 75–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G. (1986). Validating an experiential measure of parental style: the use of a twin sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 73, 22–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. (1993). Parental rearing style: examining for links with personality vulnerability factors for depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 28, 97–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. & Blignault, I. (1985). Psychosocial predictors of outcome in subjects with untreated depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 8, 73–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (1992). Parental rapresentations of melancholic and non melancholic depressives: examing for specificity to depressive type and for evidence of additive effects. Psychological Medicine 22, 657–665.Google Scholar
Parker, G. & Mater, R. (1986). Predicting schizophrenic relapse: a comparison of two measures. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 20, 82–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G., Tulping, H. & Brown, L.B. (1979). A Parental Bonding Instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology 52, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G., Fairley, M., Greenwood, S. & Silove, D. (1982). Parental representations of schizophrenics and their association with onset and course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 141, 573–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G., Kiloh, L. & Hayward, L. (1987). Parental representation of neurotic and endogenous depressives. Journal of Affective Disorders 13, 75–82.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Johnston, P. & Hayward, L. (1988). Prediction of schizophrenic relapse using the PBI. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 22, 283–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Greenwald, S. & Weissmann, M. (1995). Low parental care as a risk factor to lifetime depression in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders 33, 173–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perris, C., Jacobson, L., Lindstrom, H., Van Knorring, L. & Perris, H. (1980). Developement of a new inventory assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 61, 265–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perris, C., Arrindel, W.A., Perris, H., Eiseman, M., Van der Ende, J. & Van Knorring, L. (1986). Perceived depriving parental rearing and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 148, 170–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plantes, M.M., Prusoff, B.A., Brennan, J. & Parker, G. (1988). Parental representation of depressed outpatients from a USA sample. Journal of Affective Disorders 15, 149–155.Google Scholar
Raskin, A., Boothe, H. H., Reatig, N. A., Schulterbrandt, J. G. & Odie, D. (1971). Factor analysis of normal and depressed patient's memories of parental behavior. Psychological Reports 29, 871–879.Google Scholar
Rey, J.M. (1995). Perception of poor maternal care associated with adolescent depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 34 (2), 95–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Richman, J.A. & Flaherty, J.A. (1987). Adult psychosocial assets and depressive mood over time. Effect of internalized childhood attachments. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175 (12), 703–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez-Vega, B., Byon, C., Franco, B., Canas, F., Graell, M. & Salvador, M. (1993). Parental rearing and intimate relations in women's depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 88, 193–197.Google Scholar
Roe, A. & Siegelman, M. (1963). A parent-child questionnaire. Child Developement 34, 355–369.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1972). Maternal Deprivation Reassessed. Penguin: Har-mondsworth.Google Scholar
Schaefer, E.S. (1965). A configurational analysis of children's reports of parental behavior. Journal of Consulting Psychology 29, 552–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silove, D. (1986). Perceived parental characteristics and reports of early parental deprivation in agoraphobic patients. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 20, 365–369.Google Scholar
Silove, D., Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Manicavasagar, V. & Blaszczynski, A. (1991). Parental representation of patients with panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 159, 835–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stravinski, A., Elie, R. & Franche, R.L. (1989). Perception of early parenting by patients diagnosed avoidant personality disorder: a test of the iperprotection hypothesis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 80, 415–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torresani, S. (1996). Valutazione del legame genitoriale in un gruppo di pazienti tossicodipendenti mediante la versione italiana del Parental Bonding Instrument. Tesi di Specializzazione della Scuola di Specializzazione in Psichiatria dell'Università di Verona, Verona.Google Scholar
Warner, R. & Atkinson, M. (1988). The relationship between schizophrenic patients' perceptions of their parents and the course of their illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 153, 344–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zweig-Frank, H. & Paris, J. (1991). Parents emotional neglect and overprotection according to the recollections of patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 148, 648–651.Google Scholar