Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T17:08:20.184Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The population cost-effectiveness of delivering universal and indicated school-based interventions to prevent the onset of major depression among youth in Australia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2016

Y. Y. Lee Open the ORCID record for Y. Y. Lee [Opens in a new window] ,
J. J. Barendregt ,
E. A. Stockings Open the ORCID record for E. A. Stockings [Opens in a new window] ,
A. J. Ferrari ,
H. A. Whiteford ,
G. A. Patton  and
C. Mihalopoulos
Y. Y. Lee*
Affiliation:
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
J. J. Barendregt
Affiliation:
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia Epigear International Pty Ltd, Sunrise Beach, Queensland, Australia
E. A. Stockings
Affiliation:
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
A. J. Ferrari
Affiliation:
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
H. A. Whiteford
Affiliation:
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
G. A. Patton
Affiliation:
Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
C. Mihalopoulos
Affiliation:
Deakin Health Economics, Population Health Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
*
*Address for correspondence: Y. Y. Lee, MHEcon(Adv). Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park – Centre for Mental Health, Locked Bag 500, Sumner Park BC, QLD 4074, Australia. (Email: y.lee5@uq.edu.au)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Aims.

School-based psychological interventions encompass: universal interventions targeting youth in the general population; and indicated interventions targeting youth with subthreshold depression. This study aimed to: (1) examine the population cost-effectiveness of delivering universal and indicated prevention interventions to youth in the population aged 11–17 years via primary and secondary schools in Australia; and (2) compare the comparative cost-effectiveness of delivering these interventions using face-to-face and internet-based delivery mechanisms.

Methods.

We reviewed literature on the prevention of depression to identify all interventions targeting youth that would be suitable for implementation in Australia and had evidence of efficacy to support analysis. From this, we found evidence of effectiveness for the following intervention types: universal prevention involving group-based psychological interventions delivered to all participating school students; and indicated prevention involving group-based psychological interventions delivered to students with subthreshold depression. We constructed a Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of delivering universal and indicated interventions in the population relative to a ‘no intervention’ comparator over a 10-year time horizon. A disease model was used to simulate epidemiological transitions between three health states (i.e., healthy, diseased and dead). Intervention effect sizes were based on meta-analyses of randomised control trial data identified in the aforementioned review; while health benefits were measured as Disability-adjusted Life Years (DALYs) averted attributable to reductions in depression incidence. Net costs of delivering interventions were calculated using relevant Australian data. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were conducted to test model assumptions. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were measured in 2013 Australian dollars per DALY averted; with costs and benefits discounted at 3%.

Results.

Universal and indicated psychological interventions delivered through face-to-face modalities had ICERs below a threshold of $50 000 per DALY averted. That is, $7350 per DALY averted (95% uncertainty interval (UI): dominates – 23 070) for universal prevention, and $19 550 per DALY averted (95% UI: 3081–56 713) for indicated prevention. Baseline ICERs were generally robust to changes in model assumptions. We conducted a sensitivity analysis which found that internet-delivered prevention interventions were highly cost-effective when assuming intervention effect sizes of 100 and 50% relative to effect sizes observed for face-to-face delivered interventions. These results should, however, be interpreted with caution due to the paucity of data.

Conclusions.

School-based psychological interventions appear to be cost-effective. However, realising efficiency gains in the population is ultimately dependent on ensuring successful system-level implementation.

Keywords

Adolescentchildcost-effectiveness analysisdepressive disordereconomic evaluationmajor depressionprimary prevention
Type
Original Articles
Information
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences , Volume 26 , Issue 5 , October 2017 , pp. 545 - 564
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABS (2014 a). 3302.0 – Deaths, Australia, 2013 [Online]. Australian Bureau of Statistics: Canberra. Retrieved 16 September 2015 from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3302.0/ Google Scholar
ABS (2014 b). 4221.0 – Schools, Australia, 2014 [Online]. Australian Bureau of Statistics: Canberra. Retrieved 16 September 2015 from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4221.0 Google Scholar
ABS (2015). 6306.0 – Employee Earnings and Hours, Australia, May 2014 [Online]. Australian Bureau of Statistics: Canberra. Retrieved 16 September 2015 from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6306.0/ Google Scholar
AIHW (2010). Health System Expenditure on Disease and Injury in Australia, 2004–05. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Canberra.Google Scholar
AIHW (2014). Health Expenditure Australia 2012–13. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Canberra.Google Scholar
Anderson, R, Ukoumunne, OC, Sayal, K, Phillips, R, Taylor, JA, Spears, M, Araya, R, Lewis, G, Millings, A, Montgomery, AA, Stallard, P (2014). Cost-effectiveness of classroom-based cognitive behaviour therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in adolescents: a trial-based analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 55, 1390–1397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersson, G, Cuijpers, P, Carlbring, P, Riper, H, Hedman, E (2014). Guided Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 13, 288–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, G, Titov, N (2010). Treating people you never see: internet-based treatment of the internalising mental disorders. Australian Health Review 34, 144–147.Google Scholar
Andrews, G, Issakidis, C, Sanderson, K, Corry, J, Lapsley, H (2004). Utilising survey data to inform public policy: comparison of the cost-effectiveness of treatment of ten mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 526–533.Google Scholar
Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing (2012). Medicare Benefits Schedule Book: Operating from 01 July 2013. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.Google Scholar
Barendregt, JJ, Van Oortmarssen, GJ, Vos, T, Murray, CJ (2003). A generic model for the assessment of disease epidemiology: the computational basis of DisMod II. Population Health Metrics 1, 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baxter, A, Page, A, Whiteford, H (2011). Factors influencing risk of premature mortality in community cases of depression: a meta-analyitc review. Epidemiology Research International, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burstein, R, Fleming, T, Haagsma, J, Salomon, JA, Vos, T, Murray, CJ (2015). Estimating distributions of health state severity for the global burden of disease study. Population Health Metrics 13, 31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calear, AL, Christensen, H (2010). Review of internet-based prevention and treatment programs for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Medical Journal of Australia 192, S12–S14.Google Scholar
Calear, AL, Christensen, H, Mackinnon, A, Griffiths, KM, O'Kearney, R (2009). The YouthMood Project: a cluster randomized controlled trial of an online cognitive behavioral program with adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77, 1021–1032.Google Scholar
Carter, R, Vos, T, Moodie, M, Haby, M, Magnus, A, Mihalopoulos, C (2008). Priority setting in health: origins, description and application of the Australian Assessing Cost-Effectiveness initiative. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 8, 593–617.Google Scholar
Carter, R, Moodie, M, Markwick, A, Magnus, A, Vos, T, Swinburn, B, Haby, MM (2009). Assessing cost-effectiveness in obesity (ACE-obesity): an overview of the ACE approach, economic methods and cost results. BMC Public Health 9, 419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, H, Griffiths, KM, Farrer, L (2009). Adherence in internet interventions for anxiety and depression. Journal of Medical Internet Research 11, e13.Google Scholar
Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety and Depression (2015). THIS WAY UP: Online Treatment, Education and Research in Anxiety and Depression [Online]. St Vincent's Hospital Sydney: Sydney. Retrieved 10 September 2015 from https://thiswayup.org.au/.Google Scholar
Cuijpers, P, Donker, T, van Straten, A, Li, J, Andersson, G (2010). Is guided self-help as effective as face-to-face psychotherapy for depression and anxiety disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Psychological Medicine 40, 1943–1957.Google Scholar
Dix, KL, Slee, PT, Lawson, MJ, Keeves, JP (2012). Implementation quality of whole-school mental health promotion and students’ academic performance. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 17, 45–51.Google Scholar
Doi, SA, Barendregt, JJ, Khan, S, Thalib, L, Williams, GM (2015). Advances in the meta-analysis of heterogeneous clinical trials II: the quality effects model. Contemporary Clinical Trials 45, 23–29.Google Scholar
e-Mental Health Alliance (2014). e-Mental Health Services in Australia 2014: Current and Future [Online]. e-Mental Health Alliance: Australia. Retrieved 20 October 2015 from https://emhalliance.fedehealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2014/10/e-Mental-Health-in-Australia-2014.pdf Google Scholar
EpiGear (2015). MetaXL (Version 3.0) [Online]. EpiGear International: Sunrise Beach, QLD. Retrieved 15 September 2015 from http://www.epigear.com/index_files/metaxl.html Google Scholar
Fazel, M, Hoagwood, K, Stephan, S, Ford, T (2014 a). Mental health interventions in schools 1: mental health interventions in schools in high-income countries. Lancet Psychiatry 1, 377–387.Google Scholar
Fazel, M, Patel, V, Thomas, S, Tol, W (2014 b). Mental health interventions in schools in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Psychiatry 1, 388–398.Google Scholar
Ferrari, AJ, Charlson, FJ, Norman, RE, Patten, SB, Freedman, G, Murray, CJ, Vos, T, Whiteford, HA (2013). Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Medicine 10, e1001547.Google Scholar
Habbema, J, Boer, R, Barendregt, JJ (2010). Chronic disease modeling. In Epidemiology and Demography in Public Health (ed. Killewo, J, Heggenhougen, K and Quah, SR), pp. 173–178. Academic Press/Elsevier: San Diego.Google Scholar
Han, SS, Weiss, B (2005). Sustainability of teacher implementation of school-based mental health programs. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 33, 665–679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, AH, Hill, SR, Chin, G, Li, JJ, Walkom, E (2008). The role of value for money in public insurance coverage decisions for drugs in Australia: a retrospective analysis 1994–2004. Medical Decision Making 28, 713–722.Google Scholar
Husereau, D, Drummond, M, Petrou, S, Carswell, C, Moher, D, Greenberg, D, Augustovski, F, Briggs, AH, Mauskopf, J, Loder, E, Force, CT (2013). Consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards (CHEERS) statement. Value Health 16, e1–e5.Google Scholar
Jorm, AF (2014). Why hasn't the mental health of Australians improved? The need for a national prevention strategy. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48, 795–801.Google Scholar
Kamphaus, R, Mays, K (2011). Chapter 14: assessment of internalizing behavioral deficits. In The Oxford Handbook of School Psychology (ed. Bray, M and Kehle, T), pp. 312–333. Oxford University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Lawrence, D, Johnson, S, Hafekost, J, Boterhoven de Haan, K, Sawyer, M, Ainley, J, Zubrick, S (2015). The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents: Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Department of Health: Canberra.Google Scholar
Lee, YY, Veerman, JL, Barendregt, JJ (2013). The cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in the morbidly obese adult population of Australia. PLoS ONE 8, e64965.Google ScholarPubMed
Lynch, FL, Hornbrook, M, Clarke, GN, Perrin, N, Polen, MR, O'Connor, E, Dickerson, J (2005). Cost-effectiveness of an intervention to prevent depression in at-risk teens. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 1241–1248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merry, SN, Hetrick, SE, Cox, GR, Brudevold-Iversen, T, Bir, JJ, McDowell, H (2011). Psychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD003380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mihalopoulos, C, Chatterton, ML (2015). Economic evaluations of interventions designed to prevent mental disorders: a systematic review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 9, 85–92.Google Scholar
Mihalopoulos, C, Vos, T, Pirkis, J, Carter, R (2012). The population cost-effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent childhood depression. Pediatrics 129, e723–e730.Google Scholar
Mihalopoulos, C, Carter, R, Pirkis, J, Vos, T (2013). Priority-setting for mental health services. Journal of Mental Health 22, 122–134.Google Scholar
Mihalopoulos, C, Chen, G, Iezzi, A, Khan, MA, Richardson, J (2014). Assessing outcomes for cost-utility analysis in depression: comparison of five multi-attribute utility instruments with two depression-specific outcome measures. British Journal of Psychiatry 205, 390–397.Google Scholar
MindSpot Clinic (2015). MindSpot: Online Assessment and Treatment for Anxiety and Depression [Online]. Access Macquarie Ltd: Macquarie Park, NSW. Retrieved 10 September 2015 from https://mindspot.org.au/.Google Scholar
Mohiuddin, S, Payne, K (2014). Utility values for adults with unipolar depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Medical Decision Making 34, 666–685.Google Scholar
Mrazek, P, Haggerty, R (1994). Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Murray, CJ, Vos, T, Lozano, R, Naghavi, M, Flaxman, AD, Michaud, C, Ezzati, M, Shibuya, K, Salomon, JA, Abdalla, S, Aboyans, V, Abraham, J, Ackerman, I, Aggarwal, R, Ahn, SY, Ali, MK, Alvarado, M, Anderson, HR, Anderson, LM, Andrews, KG, Atkinson, C, Baddour, LM, Bahalim, AN, Barker-Collo, S, Barrero, LH, Bartels, DH, Basanez, MG, Baxter, A, Bell, ML, Benjamin, EJ, Bennett, D, Bernabe, E, Bhalla, K, Bhandari, B, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, A, Birbeck, G, Black, JA, Blencowe, H, Blore, JD, Blyth, F, Bolliger, I, Bonaventure, A, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Boussinesq, M, Braithwaite, T, Brayne, C, Bridgett, L, Brooker, S, Brooks, P, Brugha, TS, Bryan-Hancock, C, Bucello, C, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, G, Budke, CM, Burch, M, Burney, P, Burstein, R, Calabria, B, Campbell, B, Canter, CE, Carabin, H, Carapetis, J, Carmona, L, Cella, C, Charlson, F, Chen, H, Cheng, AT, Chou, D, Chugh, SS, Coffeng, LE, Colan, SD, Colquhoun, S, Colson, KE, Condon, J, Connor, MD, Cooper, LT, Corriere, M, Cortinovis, M, de Vaccaro, KC, Couser, W, Cowie, BC, Criqui, MH, Cross, M, Dabhadkar, KC, Dahiya, M, Dahodwala, N, Damsere-Derry, J, Danaei, G, Davis, A, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Dellavalle, R, Delossantos, A, Denenberg, J, Derrett, S, Des Jarlais, DC, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, M, Diaz-Torne, C, Dolk, H, Dorsey, ER, Driscoll, T, Duber, H, Ebel, B, Edmond, K, Elbaz, A, Ali, SE, Erskine, H, Erwin, PJ, Espindola, P, Ewoigbokhan, SE, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, V, Felson, DT, Ferrari, A, Ferri, CP, Fevre, EM, Finucane, MM, Flaxman, S, Flood, L, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, MH, Fowkes, FG, Fransen, M, Freeman, MK, Gabbe, BJ, Gabriel, SE, Gakidou, E, Ganatra, HA, Garcia, B, Gaspari, F, Gillum, RF, Gmel, G, Gonzalez-Medina, D, Gosselin, R, Grainger, R, Grant, B, Groeger, J, Guillemin, F, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hagan, H, Halasa, YA, Hall, W, Haring, D, Haro, JM, Harrison, JE, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Higashi, H, Hill, C, Hoen, B, Hoffman, H, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, D, Huang, JJ, Ibeanusi, SE, Jacobsen, KH, James, SL, Jarvis, D, Jasrasaria, R, Jayaraman, S, Johns, N, Jonas, JB, Karthikeyan, G, Kassebaum, N, Kawakami, N, Keren, A, Khoo, JP, King, CH, Knowlton, LM, Kobusingye, O, Koranteng, A, Krishnamurthi, R, Laden, F, Lalloo, R, Laslett, LL, Lathlean, T, Leasher, JL, Lee, YY, Leigh, J, Levinson, D, Lim, SS, Limb, E, Lin, JK, Lipnick, M, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, W, Loane, M, Ohno, SL, Lyons, R, Mabweijano, J, MacIntyre, MF, Malekzadeh, R, Mallinger, L, Manivannan, S, Marcenes, W, March, L, Margolis, DJ, Marks, GB, Marks, R, Matsumori, A, Matzopoulos, R, Mayosi, BM, McAnulty, JH, McDermott, MM, McGill, N, McGrath, J, Medina-Mora, ME, Meltzer, M, Mensah, GA, Merriman, TR, Meyer, AC, Miglioli, V, Miller, M, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mock, C, Mocumbi, AO, Moffitt, TE, Mokdad, AA, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moran, A, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Murdoch, ME, Mwaniki, MK, Naidoo, K, Nair, MN, Naldi, L, Narayan, KM, Nelson, PK, Nelson, RG, Nevitt, MC, Newton, CR, Nolte, S, Norman, P, Norman, R, O'Donnell, M, O'Hanlon, S, Olives, C, Omer, SB, Ortblad, K, Osborne, R, Ozgediz, D, Page, A, Pahari, B, Pandian, JD, Rivero, AP, Patten, SB, Pearce, N, Padilla, RP, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Phillips, D, Phillips, MR, Pierce, K, Pion, S, Polanczyk, GV, Polinder, S, Pope, CA III, Popova, S, Porrini, E, Pourmalek, F, Prince, M, Pullan, RL, Ramaiah, KD, Ranganathan, D, Razavi, H, Regan, M, Rehm, JT, Rein, DB, Remuzzi, G, Richardson, K, Rivara, FP, Roberts, T, Robinson, C, De Leon, FR, Ronfani, L, Room, R, Rosenfeld, LC, Rushton, L, Sacco, RL, Saha, S, Sampson, U, Sanchez-Riera, L, Sanman, E, Schwebel, DC, Scott, JG, Segui-Gomez, M, Shahraz, S, Shepard, DS, Shin, H, Shivakoti, R, Singh, D, Singh, GM, Singh, JA, Singleton, J, Sleet, DA, Sliwa, K, Smith, E, Smith, JL, Stapelberg, NJ, Steer, A, Steiner, T, Stolk, WA, Stovner, LJ, Sudfeld, C, Syed, S, Tamburlini, G, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, HR, Taylor, JA, Taylor, WJ, Thomas, B, Thomson, WM, Thurston, GD, Tleyjeh, IM, Tonelli, M, Towbin, JA, Truelsen, T, Tsilimbaris, MK, Ubeda, C, Undurraga, EA, van der Werf, MJ, van Os, J, Vavilala, MS, Venketasubramanian, N, Wang, M, Wang, W, Watt, K, Weatherall, DJ, Weinstock, MA, Weintraub, R, Weisskopf, MG, Weissman, MM, White, RA, Whiteford, H, Wiebe, N, Wiersma, ST, Wilkinson, JD, Williams, HC, Williams, SR, Witt, E, Wolfe, F, Woolf, AD, Wulf, S, Yeh, PH, Zaidi, AK, Zheng, ZJ, Zonies, D, Lopez, AD, AlMazroa, MA, Memish, ZA (2012). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2197–2223.Google Scholar
O'Dea, B, Calear, AL, Perry, Y (2015). Is e-health the answer to gaps in adolescent mental health service provision? Current Opinion in Psychiatry 28, 336–342.Google Scholar
OECD (2014). Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing: Paris.Google Scholar
Patton, GC, Coffey, C, Romaniuk, H, Mackinnon, A, Carlin, JB, Degenhardt, L, Olsson, CA, Moran, P (2014). The prognosis of common mental disorders in adolescents: a 14-year prospective cohort study. Lancet 383, 1404–1411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pirkis, J, Hickie, I, Young, L, Burns, J, Highet, N, Davenport, T (2005). An evaluation of beyondblue, Australia's national depression initiative. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 7, 35–53.Google Scholar
Rapee, RM, Wignall, A, Sheffield, J, Kowalenko, N, Davis, A, McLoone, J, Spence, SH (2006). Adolescents’ reactions to universal and indicated prevention programs for depression: perceived stigma and consumer satisfaction. Prevention Science 7, 167–177.Google Scholar
Reyes-Portillo, JA, Mufson, L, Greenhill, LL, Gould, MS, Fisher, PW, Tarlow, N, Rynn, MA (2014). Web-based interventions for youth internalizing problems: a systematic review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 53, 1254–1270 e5.Google Scholar
Salomon, JA, Haagsma, JA, Davis, A, de Noordhout, CM, Polinder, S, Havelaar, AH, Cassini, A, Devleesschauwer, B, Kretzschmar, M, Speybroeck, N, Murray, CJ, Vos, T (2015). Disability weights for the global burden of disease 2013 study. Lancet Global Health 3, e712–e723.Google Scholar
Sawyer, M, Arney, F, Baghurst, P, Clark, J, Graetz, B, Kosky, R, Nurcombe, B, Patton, G, Prior, M, Raphael, B, Rej, J, Whaites, L, Zubrick, S (2000). Child and Adolescent Component of the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Mental Health and Special Programs Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care: Canberra.Google Scholar
Slade, T, Johnston, A, Oakley Browne, MA, Andrews, G, Whiteford, H (2009). 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: methods and key findings. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, 594–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stockings, E, Degenhardt, L, Lee, YY, Mihalopoulos, C, Liu, A, Hobbs, M, Patton, G (2015). Symptom screening scales for detecting major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of reliability, validity and diagnostic utility. Journal of Affective Disorders 174, 447–463.Google Scholar
Stockings, EA, Degenhardt, L, Dobbins, T, Lee, YY, Erskine, HE, Whiteford, HA, Patton, G (2016). Preventing depression and anxiety in young people: a review of the joint efficacy of universal, selective and indicated prevention. Psychological Medicine 46, 11–26.Google Scholar
Tan-Torres Edejer, T, Baltussen, R, Adam, T, Hutubessy, R, Acharya, A, Evans, DB, Murray, CJL (2003). Making Choices in Health: WHO Guide to Cost-effectiveness Analysis. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Thapar, A, Collishaw, S, Pine, DS, Thapar, AK (2012). Depression in adolescence. Lancet 379, 1056–1067.Google Scholar
Tyson, O, Roberts, CM, Kane, R (2009). Can implementation of a resilience program for primary school children enhance the mental health of teachers? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 19, 116–130.Google Scholar
van Zoonen, K, Buntrock, C, Ebert, DD, Smit, F, Reynolds, CF III, Beekman, AT, Cuijpers, P (2014). Preventing the onset of major depressive disorder: a meta-analytic review of psychological interventions. International Journal of Epidemiology 43, 318–329.Google Scholar
Vos, T, Haby, MM, Barendregt, JJ, Kruijshaar, M, Corry, J, Andrews, G (2004). The burden of major depression avoidable by longer-term treatment strategies. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 1097–1103.Google Scholar
Vos, T, Carter, R, Barendregt, JJ, Mihalopoulos, C, Veerman, JL, Magnus, A, Cobiac, L, Bertram, MY, ACE-Prevention Team (2010). Assessing Cost-Effectiveness in Prevention (ACE–Prevention): Final Report. University of Queensland: Brisbane.Google Scholar
Vos, T, Barber, RM, Bell, B, Bertozzi-Villa, A, Biryukov, S, Bolliger, I, Charlson, F, Davis, A, Degenhardt, L, Dicker, D, Duan, L, Erskine, H, Feigin, VL, Ferrari, AJ, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Graetz, N, Guinovart, C, Haagsma, J, Hansen, GM, Hanson, SW, Heuton, KR, Higashi, H, Kassebaum, N, Kyu, H, Laurie, E, Liang, X, Lofgren, K, Lozano, R, MacIntyre, MF, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Odell, S, Ortblad, K, Roberts, DA, Roth, GA, Sandar, L, Serina, PT, Stanaway, JD, Steiner, C, Thomas, B, Vollset, SE, Whiteford, H, Wolock, TM, Ye, P, Zhou, M, Ãvila, MA, Aasvang, GM, Abbafati, C, Ozgoren, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Aziz, MIA, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abraham, JP, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Aburto, TC, Achoki, T, Ackerman, IN, Adelekan, A, Ademi, Z, Adou, AK, Adsuar, JC, Arnlov, J, Agardh, EE, Al Khabouri, MJ, Alam, SS, Alasfoor, D, Albittar, MI, Alegretti, MA, Aleman, AV, Alemu, ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho, R, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, PJ, AlMazroa, MA, Alsharif, U, Alvarez, E, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ameli, O, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Anderson, BO, Anderson, HR, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Apfel, H, Arsenijevic, VSA, Artaman, A, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atkins, LS, Atkinson, C, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Bakfalouni, T, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Banerjee, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Basu, A, Baxter, A, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Benjet, C, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Bernabe, E, Beyene, TJ, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhutta, Z, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Abdulhak, AB, Blore, JD, Blyth, FM, Bohensky, MA, Basara, BB, Borges, G, Bornstein, NM, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, RR, Boyers, LN, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brayne, CEG, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Briggs, ADM, Brooks, PM, Brown, J, Brugha, TS, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, GC, Bukhman, G, Bulloch, AG, Burch, M, Burnett, R, Cardenas, R, Cabral, NL, Nonato, IRC, Campuzano, JC, Carapetis, JR, Carpenter, DO, Caso, V, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Chadha, VK, Chang, J-C, Chen, H, Chen, W, Chiang, PP, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christophi, CA, Chugh, SS, Cirillo, M, Coggeshall, M, Cohen, A, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, SM, Contreras, AG, Cooper, LT, Cooper, C, Cooperrider, K, Coresh, J, Cortinovis, M, Criqui, MH, Crump, JA, Cuevas-Nasu, L, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Dansereau, E, Dantes, HG, Dargan, PI, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Dayama, A, De la Cruz-Gongora, V, de la Vega, SF, De Leo, D, del Pozo-Cruz, B, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Derrett, S, Des Jarlais, DC, Dessalegn, M, deVeber, GA, Dharmaratne, SD, Diaz-Torne, C, Ding, EL, Dokova, K, Dorsey, ER, Driscoll, TR, Duber, H, Durrani, AM, Edmond, KM, Ellenbogen, RG, Endres, M, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fahimi, S, Farzadfar, F, Fay, DFJ, Felson, DT, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Ferri, CP, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Fowkes, FGR, Franklin, RC, Furst, T, Futran, ND, Gabbe, BJ, Gankpe, FG, Garcia-Guerra, FA, Geleijnse, JM, Gessner, BD, Gibney, KB, Gillum, RF, Ginawi, IA, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goginashvili, K, Gona, P, de Cosio, TG, Gosselin, RA, Gotay, CC, Goto, A, Gouda, HN, Guerrant, Rl, Gugnani, HC, Gunnell, D, Gupta, R, Gupta, R, Gutierrez, RA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagan, H, Halasa, Y, Hamadeh, RR, Hamavid, H, Hammami, M, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Haro, JM, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, S, Hedayati, MT, Pi, IBH, Heydarpour, P, Hijar, M, Hoek, HW, Hoffman, HJ, Hornberger, JC, Hosgood, HD, Hossain, M, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, DG, Hsairi, M, Hu, H, Hu, G, Huang, JJ, Huang, C, Huiart, L, Husseini, A, Iannarone, M, Iburg, KM, Innos, K, Inoue, M, Jacobsen, KH, Jassal, SK, Jeemon, P, Jensen, PN, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jonas, JB, Joseph, J, Juel, K, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karimkhani, C, Karthikeyan, G, Katz, R, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazi, DS, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Khader, YS, Khalifa, SEAH, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khonelidze, I, Kieling, C, Kim, D, Kim, S, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kinge, JM, Kissela, BM, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, AK, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Kramer, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnamurthi, RV, Krishnaswami, S, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, K, Kumar, GA, Kwan, GF, Lai, T, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lan, Q, Lansingh, VC, Larson, H, Larsson, A, Lawrynowicz, AEB, Leasher, JL, Lee, J-T, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, B, Li, Y, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, S, Lin, H-H, Lind, M, Lindsay, MP, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, S, Lloyd, BK, Ohno, SL, Logroscino, G, Looker, KJ, Lopez, AD, Lopez-Olmedo, N, Lortet-Tieulent, J, Lotufo, PA, Low, N, Lucas, RM, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Ma, J, Ma, S, Mackay, MT, Majdan, M, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, March, LM, Margono, C, Marks, GB, Marzan, MB, Masci, JR, Mason-Jones, AJ, Matzopoulos, RG, Mayosi, BM, Mazorodze, TT, McGill, NW, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McLain, A, McMahon, BJ, Meaney, PA, Mehndiratta, MM, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, W, Melaku, YA, Meltzer, M, Memish, ZA, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Mhimbira, FA, Micha, R, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mitchell, PB, Mock, CN, Moffitt, TE, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammad, KA, Mokdad, AH, Mola, GL, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Montine, TJ, Moore, AR, Moran, AE, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Moschandreas, J, Moturi, WN, Moyer, M, Mozaffarian, D, Mueller, UO, Mukaigawara, M, Murdoch, ME, Murray, J, Murthy, KS, Naghavi, P, Nahas, Z, Naheed, A, Naidoo, KS, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Narayan, KMV, Nash, D, Nejjari, C, Neupane, SP, Newman, LM, Newton, CR, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Nhung, NT, Nisar, MI, Nolte, S, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Norrving, B, Nyakarahuka, L, Oh, IH, Ohkubo, T, Omer, SB, Opio, JN, Ortiz, A, Pandian, JD, Panelo, CIA, Papachristou, C, Park, E-K, Parry, CD, Caicedo, AJP, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pavlin, BI, Pearce, N, Pedraza, LS, Pellegrini, CA, Pereira, DM, Perez-Ruiz, FP, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, CB, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Phillips, D, Phillips, B, Piel, FB, Plass, D, Poenaru, D, Polanczyk, GV, Polinder, S, Pope, CA, Popova, S, Poulton, RG, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, NM, Qato, D, Quistberg, DA, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, SU, Raju, M, Rakovac, I, Rana, SM, Razavi, H, Refaat, A, Rehm, J, Remuzzi, G, Resnikoff, S, Ribeiro, AL, Riccio, PM, Richardson, L, Richardus, JH, Riederer, AM, Robinson, M, Roca, A, Rodriguez, A, Rojas-Rueda, D, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, N, Ruhago, GM, Sabin, N, Sacco, RL, Ksoreide, K, Saha, S, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, MA, Sampson, U, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Riera, L, Santos, IS, Satpathy, M, Saunders, JE, Sawhney, M, Saylan, MI, Scarborough, P, Schoettker, B, Schneider, IJC, Schwebel, DC, Scott, JG, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, EE, Shackelford, K, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Levy, TS, Shangguan, S, She, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shepard, DS, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shinohara, Y, Shiri, R, Shishani, K, Shiue, I, Shrime, MG, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silberberg, DH, Simard, EP, Sindi, S, Singh, JA, Singh, L, Skirbekk, V, Sliwa, K, Soljak, M, Soneji, S, Soshnikov, SS, Speyer, P, Sposato, LA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stoeckl, H, Stathopoulou, VK, Steckling, N, Stein, MB, Stein, DJ, Steiner, TJ, Stewart, A, Stork, E, Stovner, LJ, Stroumpoulis, K, Sturua, L, Sunguya, BF, Swaroop, M, Sykes, BL, Tabb, KM, Takahashi, K, Tan, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tanner, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taylor, HR, Te Ao, BJ, Temesgen, AM, Have, MT, Tenkorang, EY, Terkawi, AS, Theadom, AM, Thomas, E, Thorne-Lyman, AL, Thrift, AG, Tleyjeh, IM, Tonelli, M, Topouzis, F, Towbin, JA, Toyoshima, H, Traebert, J, Tran, BX, Trasande, L, Trillini, M, Truelsen, T, Trujillo, U, Tsilimbaris, M, Tuzcu, EM, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uzun, SB, van Brakel, WH, van de Vijver, S, Dingenen, RV, van Gool, CH, Varakin, YY, Vasankari, TJ, Vavilala, MS, Veerman, LJ, Velasquez-Melendez, G, Venketasubramanian, N, Vijayakumar, L, Villalpando, S, Violante, FS, Vlassov, VV, Waller, S, Wallin, MT, Wan, X, Wang, L, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Warouw, TS, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Wessells, KRR, Westerman, R, Wilkinson, JD, Williams, HC, Williams, TN, Woldeyohannes, SM, Wolfe, CDA, Wong, JQ, Wong, H, Woolf, AD, Wright, JL, Wurtz, B, Xu, G, Yang, G, Yano, Y, Yenesew, MA, Yentur, GK, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, M, Yu, C, Kim, KY, Zaki, MES, Zhang, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Y, Zhu, J, Zonies, D, Zunt, JR, Salomon, JA, Murray, CJL (2015). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 386, 743–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiteford, H, Harris, M, Diminic, S (2013). Mental health service system improvement: translating evidence into policy. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 47, 703–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO (2012). Depression: a Global Crisis [Online]. World Health Organization: Geneva. Retrieved 14 September 2015 from http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/wfmh_paper_depression_wmhd_2012.pdf.Google Scholar
Wong, N, Kady, L, Mewton, L, Sunderland, M, Andrews, G (2014). Preventing anxiety and depression in adolescents: a randomised controlled trial of two school based Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy programmes. Internet Interventions 1, 90–94.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Lee supplementary material

Appendix

Download Lee supplementary material(File)
File 432.8 KB