Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T13:12:21.522Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Evolution of Pragmatism

On the Scientific Background of the Pragmatist Conception of History, Action, and Sociality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2017

Frithjof Nungesser
Frithjof Nungesser*
Affiliation:
Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz [frithjof.nungesser@uni-graz.at].
Get access

Abstract

The pragmatist theory of history, action, and sociality can be understood as the result of a specific interpretation of Darwin’s theory of evolution, which has nothing in common with teleological, reductionist, or social Darwinist evolutionary models. This historical claim will be developed in three steps. First, I will show why Darwin’s theory was so attractive to the classical pragmatists and how their conception of history was affected by their reading of Darwin. Second, I will illustrate how the pragmatist understanding of individual action was influenced by contemporary discussions in evolutionary theory, physiology, and psychology. Third, I will discuss pragmatism’s “cultural naturalism” (John Dewey), according to which a new, autonomous level of sociocultural change emerges as a result of the process of biological evolution. The reconstruction of pragmatist evolutionary thought not only aims to achieve a better historical understanding of pragmatism but also implies a systematic and theoretical claim. As will be argued in the last section of this paper, the timeliness and continuing relevance of pragmatism is largely due to the fact that it took shape in a transdisciplinary context and remained an “empirically responsible” theory (Erkki Kilpinen). Currently, various innovative developments within psychology, the cognitive sciences, neurophysiology, and ethology are connected with the core insights of pragmatism, thereby supporting the argument that pragmatism is still evolving.

Résumé

La théorie pragmatiste de l’histoire, de l’action et de la socialité est le produit d’une interprétation spécifique de la théorie darwinienne de l’évolution, indépendante des modèles évolutionnistes de type téléologique, réductionniste ou darwiniste social. Cette affirmation historique sera développée en trois temps. Cet article montre tout d’abord pourquoi la théorie de Darwin a retenu l’attention des pragmatistes et comment leur conception de l’histoire a été marquée par leur lecture de Darwin. Il montre ensuite de quelle manière la compréhension pragmatiste de l’action individuelle a été influencée par les discussions autour de la théorie de l’évolution, de la physiologie et de la psychologie. L’article discute enfin le « naturalisme culturel » pragmatiste (John Dewey), selon lequel le processus d’évolution biologique coïncide avec l’émergence d’une dimension, nouvelle et autonome, de changement socioculturel. Cette reconstruction des rapports entre évolutionnisme et pragmatisme permet certes de mieux comprendre historiquement le pragmatisme, mais elle a également des implications théoriques fortes. Comme cela sera développé dans la dernière section de l’article, la pertinence du pragmatisme s’explique autant par sa naissance dans un contexte transdisciplinaire que par sa capacité à demeurer une théorie « empiriquement responsable » (Erkki Kilpinen). A l’heure actuelle, les recherches innovantes dans les domaines de la psychologie, des sciences cognitives, de la neurophysiologie et de l’éthologie apparaissent comme étroitement liées aux idées centrales du pragmatisme, ce qui démontre bien sa capacité à se renouveler.

Zusammenfassung

Die pragmatistische Geschichts-, Handlungs- und Sozialtheorie kann als Ergebnis einer spezifischen Interpretation der Darwin’schen Evolutionstheorie betrachten werden. Diese Interpretation hat nichts mit teleologischen, reduktionistischen oder sozialdarwinistischen Evolutionsmodellen gemein. Diese theoriegeschichtliche These wird in drei Schritten entwickelt. Erstens wird untersucht, worin die Attraktivität der Darwin’schen Theorie für die Pragmatisten bestand und welche Konsequenzen ihr Bekenntnis zu Darwin für ihr Geschichtsverständnis hatte. Zweitens wird gefragt, welches Verständnis des individuellen Handlungsprozesses für die Pragmatisten aus den zeitgenössischen Erkenntnissen der Evolutionstheorie, Physiologie und Psychologie folgte. Drittens rückt der „kulturelle Naturalismus” (John Dewey) der Pragmatisten in den Blick, demzufolge aus biologischen Evolutionsprozessen eine neue, eigenlogische Ebene des soziokulturellen Wandels entsteht. Mit der theoriegeschichtlichen Argumentation ist darüber hinaus eine theoriesystematische These verbunden. Wie im letzten Abschnitt des Aufsatzes gezeigt wird, ergibt sich die Aktualität und ungebrochene Innovativität des Pragmatismus in wesentlichem Maße aus der Tatsache, dass er nicht nur aus einem transdisziplinären Kontext entstand, sondern auch eine „empirisch verantwortungsvolle” Theorie blieb (Erkki Kilpinen). Aktuell zeigt sich dies daran, dass verschiedene innovative Entwicklungen aus den Bereichen der Psychologie, der Kognitionswissenschaften, der Neurophysiologie und Ethologie auf fruchtbare Weise mit Kerneinsichten des Pragmatismus verbunden werden, womit die Evolution des Pragmatismus ihre Fortsetzung findet.

Keywords

PragmatismEvolutionWilliam JamesCharles S. PeirceJohn DeweyGeorge H. MeadCharles DarwinHistory of sociologyHistory of philosophyHistory of psychologyTheory of actionSocial theorySocial DarwinismContingencyCognitive scienceEthologyPrimatologyPragmatismeÉvolutionWilliam JamesCharles S. PeirceJohn DeweyGeorge H. MeadCharles DarwinHistoire de la sociologieHistoire de la philosophieHistoire de la psychologieThéorie de l’actionThéorie socialeDarwinisme socialContingenceSciences cognitivesEthologiePrimatologiePragmatismusWilliam JamesCharles S. PeirceJohn DeweyGeorge H. MeadEvolutionCharles DarwinSoziologiegeschichtePhilosophiegeschichtePsychologiegeschichteHandlungstheorieSozialtheorieSozialdarwinismusKontingenzKognitionswissenschaftEthologiePrimatologie
Type
Research Article
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , August 2017 , pp. 327 - 367
Copyright
Copyright © A.E.S. 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alger, Janet M. and Alger, Steven F., 1997. “Beyond Mead: Symbolic Interaction between Humans and Felines”, Society & Animals, 5 (1): 65-81.Google Scholar
Angell, James R., 1903. “The Relation of Structural and Functional Psychology to Philosophy”, Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago, 3: 55-73.Google Scholar
Apel, Karl-Otto, 1975. Der Denkweg von Charles Sanders Peirce: Eine Einführung in den amerikanischen Pragmatismus (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp).Google Scholar
Apel, Karl-Otto, 1995. Charles S. Peirce: From Pragmatism to Pragmaticism (Atlantic Highlands, Humanities Press International).Google Scholar
Armstrong, A. C., 1908. “The Evolution of Pragmatism”, The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 5 (24): 645-650.Google Scholar
Baldwin, John D., 1986. George Herbert Mead. A Unifying Theory for Sociology (Beverly Hills et al., Sage).Google Scholar
Ben-David, Joseph and Collins, Randall, 1966. “Social Factors in the Origins of a New Science: The Case of Psychology”, American Sociological Review, 31 (4): 451-465.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Richard J., 1986. “What is the Difference that Makes the Difference? Gadamer, Habermas, and Rorty” in Wachterhauser, B. R, ed., Hermeneutics and Modern Philosophy (Albany, State University of New York Press: 343-376).Google Scholar
Bernstein, Richard J., 1992. “The Resurgence of Pragmatism”, Social Research, 59 (4): 813-840.Google Scholar
Boesch, Christophe, 2012. Wild Cultures: A Comparison Between Chimpanzee and Human Cultures (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Boesch, Christophe and Tomasello, Michael, 1998. “Chimpanzee and Human Culture”, Current Anthropology, 39 (5): 591-604.Google Scholar
Brent, Joseph, 1998. Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life (Bloomington, Indiana University Press).Google Scholar
Camic, Charles, 2011. “Wandlungen des Intelligenzbegriffs bei Dewey: Der Philosoph unter seinen Zeitgenossen” in Hollstein, B., Jung, M. and Knöbl, W., eds., Handlung und Erfahrung. Das Erbe von Historismus und Pragmatismus und die Zukunft der Sozialtheorie (Frankfurt am Main, Campus: 69-88).Google Scholar
Campbell, James, 1995. Understanding John Dewey: Nature and Cooperative Intelligence (Chicago, Open Court).Google Scholar
Cook, Gary A., 1993. George Herbert Mead: The Making of a Social Pragmatist (Urbana, Chicago, University of Illinois Press).Google Scholar
Corballis, Michael C., 2003. From Hand to Mouth. The Origins of Language (Princeton, Oxford, Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Coughlan, Neil, 1975. Young John Dewey: An Essay in American Intellectual History (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Darwin, Charles, 1998 [1859]. The Origin of Species (Ware, Wordsworth).Google Scholar
Degler, Carl N., 1991. In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought (New York, Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 1896. “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology”, The Psychological Review, III (4): 357-370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, John, 1929. The Quest for Certainty. A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action (New York, Minton, Balch & Company).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 1958 [1925/29]. Experience and Nature (New York, Dover Publications).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 1986 [1938]. The Later Works, 1925-1953. Logic: The Theory of Inquiry, ed. Boydston, J. A. (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 1998 [1903]. “Emerson––The Philosopher of Democracy” in Hickman, L. A. and Alexander, Th. M., eds., The Essential Dewey, Volume 2, Ethics, Logic, Psychology (Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 366-370).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 1998 [1909]. “The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy” in Hickman, L. A. and Alexander, Th. M., eds., The Essential Dewey, Volume 1, Pragmatism, Education, Democracy (Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 39-45).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 1998 [1922]. “Pragmatic America” in Hickman, L. A. and Alexander, Th. M., eds., The Essential Dewey, Volume 1, Pragmatism, Education, Democracy (Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 29-32).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 1998 [1925]. “The Development of American Pragmatism” in Hickman, L. A. and Alexander, Th. M., eds., The Essential Dewey, Volume 1, Pragmatism, Education, Democracy (Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 3-13).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 1998a [1930]. “From Absolutism to Experimentalism” in Hickman, L. A. and Alexander, Th. M., eds., The Essential Dewey, Volume 1, Pragmatism, Education, Democracy (Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 14-21).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 1998b [1930]. “Qualitative Thought” in Hickman, L. A. and Alexander, Th. M., eds., The Essential Dewey, Volume 1, Pragmatism, Education, Democracy (Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 195-205).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 2004 [1920]. Reconstruction in Philosophy (Mineola, Dover Publications).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 2008 [1884]. “The New Psychology” in Boydston, J. A., ed., The Early Works, 1882-1898, Volume 1: 1882-1888 (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press: 48-60).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 2008 [1894]. “Review of The Psychic Factors of Civilization by Lester F. Ward; Social Evolution by Benjamin Kidd; Civilization during the Middle Ages by George B. Adams and History of the Philosophy of History by Robert Flint” in Boydston, J. A., The Early Works, 1882-1898, Volume 4: 1893-1894 (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press: 200-213).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 2008 [1904]. “The Philosophical Work of Herbert Spencer” in Boydston, J. A., ed., The Middle Works, 1899-1924, Volume 3: 1903-1906 (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press : 193-209).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 2008 [1908]. “Syllabus: The Pragmatic Movement of Contemporary Thought” in Boydston, J. A., ed., The Middle Works, 1899-1924, Volume 4: 1907-1909 (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press: 251-263).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 2008 [1929]. “Philosophy” in Boydston, J. A., ed., The Later Works, 1925-1953, Volume 5: 1929-1930 (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press: 161-177).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 2008 [1930]. “Construction and Criticism” in Boydston, J. A., ed., The Later Works, 1925-1953, Volume 5: 1929-1930 (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press: 125-143).Google Scholar
Dewey, John, 2008 [1939]. “Creative Democracy––The Task Before Us” in Boydston, J. A., ed., The Later Works. 1925-1953, Volume 14: 1939-1941 (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press: 224-230).Google Scholar
Dickstein, Morris, ed., 1998. The Revival of Pragmatism. New Essays on Social Thought, Law, and Culture (Durham et al., Duke University Press).Google Scholar
Farr, Robert M., 1996. The Roots of Modern Social Psychology. 1872-1954 (Oxford, Blackwell).Google Scholar
Fingerhut, Jörg, Hufendiek, Rebekka and Wild, Markus, 2013. “Einleitung” in Fingerhut Jörg, J., Hufendiek, R. and Wild, M., eds., Philosophie der Verkörperung. Grundlagentexte zu einer aktuellen Debatte (Berlin, Suhrkamp: 9-102).Google Scholar
Fisch, Max H., 1947. “Evolution in American Philosophy”, Philosophical Review, 56 (4): 357-373.Google Scholar
Fisch, Max H., 1982. “Introduction” in Fisch, M. H. et al., eds., Writings of Charles S. Peirce. A Chronological Edition, Vol. 1: 1857–1866 (Bloomington et al., Indiana University Press: xv-xxxv).Google Scholar
Francis, Mark, 2007. Herbert Spencer and the Invention of Modern Life (Stocksfield, Acumen).Google Scholar
Franks, David D., 2010. Neurosociology: The Nexus Between Neuroscience and Social Psychology (New York, London, Springer).Google Scholar
Franks, David D., 2013. “Relationships Between Neurosociology, Foundational Social Behaviorism, and Currents in Symbolic Interaction” in Franks, Franks D. D. and Turner, J. H., eds., Handbook of Neurosociology (Dordrecht et al., Springer: 139-148).Google Scholar
Gallagher, Shaun, 2009. “Philosophical Antecedents of Situated Cognition” in Robbins, Ph. and Aydede, M., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition (Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press: 35-51).Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, 2000. “The Inner Sense of Action”, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 7 (10): 23-40.Google Scholar
Geiss, Imanuel, 1988. Geschichte des Rassismus (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp).Google Scholar
Gibson, James J., 2011 [1979]. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception (New York, London, Psychology Press).Google Scholar
Goldman, Loren, 2012. “Dewey’s Pragmatism from an Anthropological Point of View”, Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 48 (1): 1-30.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen J., 1996 [1981]. The Mismeasure of Man (New York, Norton).Google Scholar
Hahn, Lewis E., 2008 [1968]. “Introduction” in J. Dewey, , The Early Works, 1882-1898, Volume 1: 1882–1888, ed. Boydston, J. A. (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press: xxiii-xxxvii).Google Scholar
Hare, Brian, Call, Josep and Tomasello, Michael, 2006. “Chimpanzees deceive a human competitor by hiding”, Cognition, 101 (3): 495-514.Google Scholar
Hare, Brian and Woods, Vanessa, 2013. The Genius of Dogs: Discovering the Unique Intelligence of Man’s Best Friend (London, Oneworld).Google Scholar
Hofstadter, Richard, 1955. Social Darwinism in American Thought (Boston, Beacon Press).Google Scholar
Huebner, Daniel R., 2014. Becoming Mead: The Social Process of Academic Knowledge (Chicago, London, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Hurley, Susan L., 1998. Consciousness in Action (Cambridge/London, Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Huxley, Thomas H., 1898 [1874]. “On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and its History” in Method and Results. Essays (New York, D. Appleton and Company: 199-250).Google Scholar
Irvine, Leslie, 2003. “George’s Bulldog: What Mead’s Canine Companion Could Have Told Him About the Self”, Sociological Origins, 3 (1): 46-49.Google Scholar
James, William, 1879. “Are We Automata?”, Mind, 4: 1-22.Google Scholar
James, William, 1909. A Pluralistic Universe (New York et al., Longman, Green and Co.).Google Scholar
James, William, 1911 [1904]. “Herbert Spencer’s Autobiography” in Memories and Studies (New York, Longman, Green, and Co: 105–42).Google Scholar
James, William, 1950a [1890]. The Principles of Psychology, Volume I (New York, Dover).Google Scholar
James, William, 1950b [1890]. The Principles of Psychology, Volume II (New York, Dover).Google Scholar
James, William, 1987a [1865]. “Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy, by Thomas Huxley [Review]” in Burkhardt, F. H., Bowers, F. and Skrupskelis, I. K., eds., Essays, Comments, and Reviews. The Works of William James (Cambridge/London, Harvard University Press: 197-205).Google Scholar
James, William, 1987b [1865]. “The Origin of Human Races, by Alfred R. Wallace [Review]” in Burkhardt, F. H., Bowers, F. and Skrupskelis, I. K., eds., Essays, Comments, and Reviews. The Works of William James (Cambridge/London, Harvard University Press: 206-208).Google Scholar
James, William, 1987 [1868]. “Two Reviews of The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, by Charles Darwin” in Burkhardt, F. H., Bowers, F. and Skrupskelis, I. K., eds., Essays, Comments, and Reviews. The Works of William James (Cambridge/London, Harvard University Press: 229-239).Google Scholar
James, William, 1988 [1878]. “The Senses and the Brain and Their Relation to Thought” in Burkhardt, F. H., ed., The Works of William James: Manuscript lectures (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 3-15).Google Scholar
James, William, 2013 [1903]. “Address at the Emerson Centenary in Concord” in LaRocca, D., ed., Estimating Emerson. An Anthology of Criticism from Carlyle to Cavell (New York, London, Bloomsbury: 285-290).Google Scholar
James, William, 2014 [1880]. “Great Men and their Environment” in The Will to Believe. And Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (New York, Cambridge University Press: 216-254).Google Scholar
James, William, 2014 [1895]. “Is Life Worth Living?” in The Will to Believe. And Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (New York, Cambridge University Press: 32-62).Google Scholar
Joas, Hans, 1985 [1980]. G.H. Mead, A Contemporary Re-Examination of His Thought. (Cambridge, MIT Press).Google Scholar
Joas, Hans, 1993 [1992]. Pragmatism and Social Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Johnson, Mark, 2007. The Meaning of the Body. Aesthetics of Human Understanding (Chicago, London, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Johnson, Mark, 2010. “Cognitive science and Dewey’s theory of mind, thought, and language” in Cochran, M., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Dewey (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 123-144).Google Scholar
Jung, Matthias, 2009. Der bewusste Ausdruck. Anthropologie der Artikulation (Berlin, de Gruyter).Google Scholar
Jung, Matthias, 2011. “Verkörperte Intentionalität. Zur Anthropologie des Handelns” in Hollstein Bettina, B., Jung, M. and Knöbl, W., eds., Handlung und Erfahrung. Das Erbe von Historismus und Pragmatismus und die Zukunft der Sozialtheorie (Frankfurt am Main, Campus: 25-50).Google Scholar
Jung, Matthias, 2014. Gewöhnliche Erfahrung (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck).Google Scholar
Kaminski, Juliane, Call, Josep and Tomasello, Michael, 2008. “Chimpanzees Know What Others Know, but Not What They Believe”, Cognition, 109: 224-234.Google Scholar
Kaminski, Juliane, 2013. “Dogs Steal in the Dark”, Animal Cognition, 16 (3): 385-394.Google Scholar
Kilpinen, Erkki, 2013. “George H. Mead as an Empirically Responsible Philosopher: The ‘Philosophy of the Act’ Reconsidered” in F. T. Burke and K. P. Skowronski, eds., George Herbert Mead in the Twenty-First Century (Lanham et al., Lexington Books: 3-20).Google Scholar
Kloppenberg, James T., 1986. Uncertain Victory. Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870-1920 (New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Leeds, Anthony, 1988. “Darwinian and ‘Darwinian’ Evolutionism in the Study of Society and Culture” in Glick, T. F., ed., The Comparative Reception of Darwinism (Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 437-485).Google Scholar
Loenhoff, Jens, 2001. Die kommunikative Funktion der Sinne: Theoretische Studien zum Verhältnis von Kommunikation, Wahrnehmung und Bewegung (Konstanz, UVK).Google Scholar
Lovejoy Arthur, O., 1936. The Great Chain of Being (Cambridge, London, Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Mack, Arien, 2003. “Inattentional Blindness: Looking Without Seeing”, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12 (5): 180-184.Google Scholar
Madzia, Roman, 2013. “Chicago Pragmatism and the Extended Mind Theory. Mead and Dewey on the Nature of Cognition”, European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, V (1): 193-211.Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith John and Szathmáry, Eörs, 1999. The Origins of Life. From the Birth of Life to the Origin of Language (Oxford, Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Mayr, Ernst, 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1908. “McDougall’s Social Psychology”, Psychological Bulletin, 5: 385-391.Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1909. On the Influence of Darwin’s Origin of Species, Unpublished Manuscript. [https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/Unpublished/Meadu06.html] Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1910a. “[Entry for] Mead, Prof. G. H.” in Cattell, J. M., ed., American Men of Science. Second Edition (New York, Science Press: 315).Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1910b. “What Social Objects Must Psychology Presuppose?”, Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 7: 174-180.Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1922. “A Behavioristic Account of the Significant Symbol”, Journal of Philosophy, 19: 157-163.Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1925. “The Genesis of the Self and Social Control”, International Journal of Ethics, 35: 251-277.Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1926. “The Nature of Aesthetic Experience”, International Journal of Ethics, 36: 382-392.Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1930. “The Philosophies of Royce, James, and Dewey in their American Setting”, International Journal of Ethics, 40: 211-231.Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1936a. Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1936b. “The Philosophy of John Dewey”, International Journal of Ethics, 46: 64-81.Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1964 [1938]. The Philosophy of the Act, ed. Morris, Ch. W. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 1967 [1934]. Mind, Self, and Society. From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist, ed. Morris, Ch. W. (Chicago, London, The University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert, 2010 [1906]. “On Perception and Imitation”, in George Herbert, Mead, Essays in Social Psychology, ed. M. J. Deegan (New Brunswick/London, Transaction Publishers: 67-72).Google Scholar
Menand, Louis, 2001. The Metaphysical Club. A Story of Ideas in America (New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux).Google Scholar
Miller, David L., 1973. George Herbert Mead. Self, Language, and the World (Chicago/London, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Mills, C. Wright, 1966. Sociology and Pragmatism, ed. Horowitz, I. L. (New York, Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Moebius, Stephan, 2015. René König und die „Kölner Schule”: Eine soziologiegeschichtliche Annäherung (Wiesbaden, Springer VS).Google Scholar
Myers, Gerald E., 1986. William James. His Life and Thought (New Haven/London, Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Myers, Olin E., 2003. “No Longer the Lonely Species: a Post-Mead Perspective on Animals and Sociology”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23 (3): 46-68.Google Scholar
Noë, Alva, 2006. Action in Perception (Cambridge, MIT Press).Google Scholar
Numbers, Ronald L., 1998. Darwinism Comes to America (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Nungesser, Frithjof, 2016. “Mead Meets Tomasello. Pragmatism, the Cognitive Sciences, and the Origins of Human Communication and Sociality” in Huebner, D. R. and Joas, H., eds., The Timeliness of George Herbert Mead (Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 252-275).Google Scholar
Nungesser, Frithjof and Wöhrle, Patrick, 2013. “Die sozialtheoretische Relevanz des Pragmatismus—Dewey, Cooley, Mead” in Nungesser, F. and Ofner, F., eds., Potentiale einer pragmatischen Sozialtheorie. Beiträge anlässlich des 150. Geburtstags von George Herbert Mead: Sonderheft 12 der Österreichischen Zeitschrift für Soziologie (Wiesbaden, Springer VS: 43-71).Google Scholar
Pacyga, Dominic A., 2011. Chicago. A Biography (Chicago, London, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Pearce, Trevor, 2010. “From ‘circumstances’ to ‘environment’: Herbert Spencer and the origins of the idea of organism–environment interaction”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 41 (3): 241-252.Google Scholar
Pearce, Trevor, 2016. “Naturalism and Despair: George Herbert Mead and Evolution in the 1880s” in Huebner, D. R. and Joas, H., eds., The Timeliness of George Herbert Mead (Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 117-143).Google Scholar
Peirce, Charles S., 1992 [1877]. “The Fixation of Belief” in Houser, N. and Kloesel, Ch., eds., The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 1 (1867-1893) (Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 109-123).Google Scholar
Peirce, Charles S., 1992 [1878]. “The Order of Nature”, in Houser, N. and Kloesel, Ch., eds., The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 1 (1867-1893) (Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 170-185).Google Scholar
Peirce, Charles S., 1992 [1893]. “Evolutionary Love” in Houser, N. and Kloesel, Ch., eds., The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 1 (1867-1893) (Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 352-371).Google Scholar
Perry, Ralph B., 1996 [1948]. The Thought and Character of William James (Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press).Google Scholar
Pfeifer, Edward J., 1988. “United States” in Glick, T. F., ed., The Comparative Reception of Darwinism (Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 168-206).Google Scholar
Reinhard, Wolfgang, 2005. “Die Bejahung des gewöhnlichen Lebens” in Joas, H. and Wiegandt, K., eds., Die kulturellen Werte Europas (Frankfurt am Main, Fischer: 265-303).Google Scholar
Richards, Robert J., 1987. Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Chicago, London, University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo and Sinigaglia, Corrado, 2008. Mirrors in the Brain: How our Minds Share Actions and Emotions (Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Sanz, Crickette Marie, Call, Josep and Boesch, Christophe, eds., 2013. Tool use in animals. Cognition and ecology (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Schubert, Hans-Joachim, 1995. Demokratische Identität. Der soziologische Pragmatismus von Charles Horton Cooley (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp).Google Scholar
Schulkin, Jay, 2009. Cognitive adaptation: A pragmatist perspective (Cambridge/New York, Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Shalin, Dmitri N., 1988. “G.H. Mead, Socialism, and the Progressive Agenda”, The American Journal of Sociology, 93 (4): 913-951.Google Scholar
Shalin, Dmitri N., 2011. “George Herbert Mead” in Ritzer, G. and Stepnisky, J., eds., The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists, Volume I, Classical Social Theorists (Malden, Wiley-Blackwell: 373-425).Google Scholar
Shapiro, Lawrence, 2011. Embodied Cognition (London/New York, Routledge).Google Scholar
Simons, Daniel J., 2000. “Current Approaches to Change Blindness”, Visual Cognition, 7: 1-15.Google Scholar
Simons, Daniel J. and Levin, Daniel T., 1998. “Failure to Detect Changes to People During a Real-World Interaction”, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5 (4): 644-649.Google Scholar
Skrupskelis, Ignas K., 1987. “Introduction” in Burkhardt, F. H., Bowers, F. and Skrupskelis, I. K., eds., Essays, Comments, and Reviews. The Works of William James (Cambridge, London, Harvard University Press: xxi-xxxix).Google Scholar
Solymosi, Tibor, 2013. “Can the Two Cultures Reconcile? Reconstruction and Neuropragmatism” in Franks, D. D. and Turner, J. H., eds., Handbook of Neurosociology (Dordrecht et al., Springer: 83-97).Google Scholar
Solymosi, Tibor and Shook, John R., 2013. “Neuropragmatism: A Neurophilosophical Manifesto”, European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, V (1): 212-234.Google Scholar
Stern, Sheldon M., 1965. “William James and the New Psychology” in Buck, P., ed., Social Sciences at Harvard. 1860-1920 (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 175-222).Google Scholar
Sullivan, Shannon, 2011. “Race” in Pihlström, S. ed., The Continuum Companion to Pragmatism (New York, Continuum: 183-191).Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles, 1989. Sources of the Self. The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles, 2007. A Secular Age (Cambridge/London, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Tennie, Claudio, Call, Josep and Tomasello, Michael, 2009. “Ratcheting up the Ratchet: on the Evolution of Cumulative Culture”, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 364 (1528): 2405-2415.Google Scholar
Thayer, Horace S., 1981. Meaning and Action. A Critical History of Pragmatism (Indianapolis, Hackett).Google Scholar
Titchener, E. B., 1899. “Structural and Functional Psychology”, The Philosophical Review, 8 (3): 290-299.Google Scholar
Tomasello, Michael, 2004. “Learning Through Others”, Daedalus, 133 (1): 51-58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, Michael, 2006. “Why Don’t Apes Point?” in Enfield, N. J. and Levinson, S. C., eds., Roots of Human Sociality: Culture, Cognition and Interaction (Oxford, Berg: 506-524).Google Scholar
Tomasello, Michael, 2008. Origins of Human Communication (Cambridge, MIT Press).Google Scholar
Tomasello, Michael, 2009. “Postscript: Chimpanzee Culture, 2009” in Laland, K. N. and Galef, B. G., eds. The Question of Animal Culture (Cambridge, London, Harvard University Press: 213-221).Google Scholar
Turner, Frederick J., 1921 [1896]. “The Problem of the West” in The Frontier in American History (New York, Henry Holt: 205-221).Google Scholar
Vogt, Peter, 2002. Pragmatismus und Faschismus: Kreativität und Kontingenz in der Moderne (Weilerswist, Velbrück).Google Scholar
Weber, Max, 2014 [1915]. “The Social Psychology of the World Religions” in Gerth, H. H. and Wright Mills, C., eds., From Max Weber. Essays in Sociology (London/New York, Routledge: 267-301).Google Scholar
Westbrook, Robert B., 1991. John Dewey and American Democracy (Ithaca, Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Wiener, Philip P., 1972 [1949]. Evolution and the Founders of Pragmatism (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Chauncey, 1877 [1871]. “The Genesis of Species” in Philosophical Discussions (New York, Henry Holt: 128-167).Google Scholar