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Limits to Financialization

Sociological Analyses of the Financial Crisis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2012

Christoph Deutschmann*
Affiliation:
Universität von Tuebingen and Max-Planck Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln [christoph.deutschmann@uni-tuebingen.de].
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Abstract

In the discussion on the causes of the financial crisis three main lines of argument can be distinguished: The „regulatory failure“ argument, the theory of the cyclical instability of financial markets, and analyses of „financialization“. From a sociological point of view, the latter analyses deserve particular interest, as they consider the crisis in the context of the larger structural changes of mature capitalist societies that have developed since the last decades of the 20th century. The paper first provides an overview of the financialization literature, focussing of the interplay between the changes on the macro-, meso- and micro levels of society that led to the present dominance of the financial services sector over the economy. Moreover, the historical analyses of Arrighi and Silver are considered. The second part of the paper offers a theoretical reconceptualization of the empirical findings in the framework of a multilevel model of capitalist dynamics. The model shows how a prosperous capitalist economy like the Western one in the second half of the 20th century can be transformed into a financialized economy due to its own internal dynamics. From a sociological perspective, financialization can thus be understood as a hegemonial regime of financial investors over entrepreneurs.

Résumé

Dans le débat sur les causes de la crise financière, on peut isoler trois argumentaires : le déficit de régulation, la théorie de l’instabilité cyclique des marchés financiers, et l’analyse de la « financialisation » elle-même. Pour le sociologue, cette dernière ligne mérite un intérêt particulier parce qu’elle place la crise dans le contexte plus large de changements structurels intervenus dans les sociétés capitalistes avancées à la fin du XXe siècle. Notre étude s’ouvre avec une vue d’ensemble de la littérature sur la financialisation en fustigeant les changements aux trois niveaux : micro, meso et macro dont les interrelations ont conduit à la domination des services financiers sur toute l’économie. Référence est faite aux travaux historiques de Arrighi et Silver. La seconde partie présente à partir des données empiriques une recomposition théorique. Le modèle, à plusieurs niveaux, montre comment une économie capitaliste prospère comme celle de l’Occident dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle peut se transformer en une économie financialisée du fait de ses dynamiques internes. Du point de vue sociologique, on parlera d’hégémonie des investisseurs vis-à-vis des entrepreneurs.

Zusammenfassung

In der Diskussion über die Ursachen der Finanzkrise lassen sich drei Argumentationslinien unterscheiden: Die These des „Regulationsversagens“, die Theorie zyklischer Instabilität der Finanzmärkte und Analysen der „Finanzialisierung“. Aus soziologischer Sicht erscheinen die zuletzt genannten Ansätze besonders interessant, da sie die Krise im Kontext umfassender gesellschaftlicher Strukturveränderungen der entwickelten kapitalistischen Länder seit den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts untersuchen. Der Beitrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die Literatur zum „Finanzialisierungs“ansatz; dabei stehen die Veränderungen auf den gesellschaftlichen Makro- Meso- und Mikroebenen und deren Wechselwirkungen im Mittelpunkt, die die gegenwärtige Hegemonie des Finanzsektors herbeigeführt haben. Ergänzend werden die historischen Untersuchungen von Arrighi und Silver herangezogen. Gestützt auf neuere Ansätze in der Wirtschaftssoziologie wird anschließend eine theoretische Konzeptualisierung der Befunde der „Finanzialisierungs“literatur in Form eines Mehrebenen-Modells kapitalistischer Dynamik vorgeschlagen. Das Modell zeigt, wie eine prosperierende kapitalistische Wirtschaft, wie sie in den entwickelten westlichen Ländern in der 2. Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts vorherrschte, sich aufgrund ihrer eigenen Dynamik in eine „finanzialisierte“ Wirtschaft transformieren kann. „Finanzialisierung“ kann aus dieser Sicht als ein hegemoniales Regime von Rentierinteressen über die unternehmerischen Kräfte der Gesellschaft verstanden werden.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © A.E.S. 2011

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