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Alteraciones psicopatológicas de los alcohólicos durante la supresión y la abstinencia temprana

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2020

T. Wetterling
Affiliation:
Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Lübeck, Lübeck, Alemania
K. Junghanns
Affiliation:
Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Lübeck, Lübeck, Alemania
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Resumen

Los estudios epidemiológicos muestran en los alcohólicos una comorbilidad vital elevada con trastornos psiquiátricos (p. ej., depresión y ansiedad). Sin embargo, los alcohólicos se quejan con frecuencia de síntomas psicopatológicos, particularmente durante la supresión del alcohol. Hay algunos datos de que los síntomas disminuyen espontáneamente con la abstinencia prolongada. Así, surge la cuestión de si los elevados niveles de alteraciones psicopatológicas se podn'an explicar por los efectos de la supresión. Este estudio tenía el propósito de examinar el efecto de la gravedad de la supresión del alcohol (evaluada por la escala AWS) sobre los síntomas psicopatológicos. Se comparó elperfil psicopatológico de 110 alcohólicos medido por la Lista de 90 Síntomas revisada (SCL-90-R) con el de 253 pacientes con trastornos de adaptación, de ansiedad o depresivos (según los criterios de la CIE-10). No se pudo encontrar relación entre la gravedad de la supresión del alcohol y las alteraciones psicopatológicas, lo que podría apuntar dos procesos neurológicos diferentes subyacentes a estos fenómenos. La comparación con pacientes que sufrían depresión o trastornos de ansiedad reveló que la gravedad global de los síntomas de los alcohólicos que sufrían supresión era similar, pero la recuperación se lograba más rápidamente que en los otros grupos. Por otra parte, el perfil de síntomas psicopatológicos de los alcohólicos obtenido por autoevaluación era bastante similar al de los pacientes con trastornos de adaptación. Aunque alrededor de una cuarta parte de los alcohólicos comunicó alteraciones psicopatológicas graves en la admisión, sólo en torno al 10% mostró síntomas en el alta unas tres semanas después, predominantemente depresión o ansiedad. Estos resultados subrayan la noción de que gran parte de las alteraciones psicopatológicas descritas por los alcohólicos disminuyen sin tratamiento específico en las 2-3 semanas posteriores a la supresión.

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Artículo original

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