Integrated clinical and biological approaches in the study of disorders caused by alcohol consumption in people of different ethnic groups, are important for determining effective treatment strategies.

To study the clinical and dynamic features and the role of neuroendocrine factors of the formation and course of alcohol dependence in individuals of Tuvan ethnicity.

68 Russian alcoholics and 67 Tuvans alcoholics only men and 20 healthy male were monitored. Clinical assessment of the condition of patients was carried out with the traditional clinical description. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to determine serum hormone levels in patients and volunteers.

The systematic consumption of alcoholic beverages develops among Tuvans in adulthood, in contrast to Russian men who begin to drink systematically young. Alcohol dependence in people of Tuvan nationality are formed several years later than in Russians: a symptom of loss of quantitative control over use was detected in Tuvans at 36.9±9.9 years, in Russian patients at 29,8±7.5 years; the formation of withdrawal syndrome in Tuvans occurs at the age of 37.7±8.4 years, unlike Russians, in whom the withdrawal syndrome develops on average at the age of 29.6±6.0 years. The index of the ratio cortisol/progesterone in the blood of examined Russian alcoholics is almost twice as high as the index of examined healthy donors; in patients of Tuvan ethnicity, index is almost five times higher.

Alcohol dependence among representatives of the Tuvan ethnic group indicates a greater vulnerability to the effects of alcohol.

No significant relationships.

Despite being essential for the service quality improvement, empirical research on the characteristics of people hospitalized in forensic psychiatry units and the psychopharmacological treatment instituted in this care context is scarce in Portugal.

To describe the sociodemographic, clinical and criminological characteristics of the patients admitted to a forensic psychiatric unit in Portugal, as well as, the psychiatric drugs prescription pattern in this care context.

A retrospective observational study was carried out, through the data analysis of patients admitted to the Sobral Cid Forensic Psychiatry unit of the Coimbra Hospital and University over the past 12 years.

The sample had 194 inpatients, 153(78.9%) male and 41(21.1%) females. The mean age was 43.3 years and 74.7% had no professional, school or occupational activity. The most frequent psychiatric diagnoses were psychotic disorders (56.7%) and neurodevelopmental disorders(33.5%). 24.2% had at least two psychiatric diagnoses and 38.7% had concomitant medical conditions. 77.8% had history of psychiatric hospitalizations and 21.6% had history of self-injurious behaviors. 37.1% of the sample had a criminal record. Crimes against people were the most frequent. The use of injectable antipsychotic formulations was frequent and 18.6% of the patients were medicated with Clozapine. The prescribed daily doses were above the defined daily dose. Psychotic disorders and addictive disorders were less frequent in women. Statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of homicide between females(41.5%) and males(22.2%).

Tailored solutions are crucial to accomplish the purpose of security measures, mostly by addressing the identified needs and rethinking the approach on this specific context.

No significant relationships.

Forensic Psychiatry Units

Assessment of neuropsychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) brings about challenges in the forensic setting, comprising analysis of neurobiological variables, preinjury variables (personality/psychiatric disturbances), postinjury psychosocial, allowing the expert witness to provide clear and appropriate explanations, so the court can decide with justice, particularly in civil law cases.

Discuss the main clinical and neuroimagiologic aspects to consider in civil litigation of TBI cases.

Comprehensive literature review.

Although accurate predictions are difficult, some generalizations can be made. Recovery from hypoxic and diffuse axonal injury (DAI) takes longer and is less complete than focal contusions. Posttraumatic amnesia is the main predictor of long-term cognitive outcome. In moderate/severe TBI (m/sTBI) occurs chronic lesion expansion (axonal degeneration) and brain atrophy. DAI topography determinates the cognitive disfunction pattern yet underestimated in conventional neuroimaging. Diffusion-Tension-Imaging (DTI) may be valuable to outcome predictions in m/sTBI: structural disconnection within the Default Mode and the Salience Networks are linked to attention and executive impairments; hippocampus and fornix damage correlates with memory/learning impairments. Conversely, DTI findings can be misleading in mild TBI (mTBI), and case-by-case analysis seldomly prove its scientific validity.

To elaborate formulations within reasonable medical certainty, outcome predictions should not be made until at least six months following the TBI, considering that most mTBI symptoms resolve in few months, and up to 1-½ years, when m/sTBI neuropathologic changes stabilize. The neurobiological underpinnings are fundamental for causality formulations, however atypical outcomes in mTBI are frequently predicated upon non–brain-injury psychiatric conditions and psychosocial factors.

No significant relationships.

Huntington Disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant, neurodegenerative disorder, with a progressive course, that typically involves a triad of cognitive, motor and psychiatric disorders. Its pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood, although a faultily encoded version of the protein huntingtin—resulting from a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide expansion in the HTT gene—has been shown to cause intracellular toxicity in neural tissue. Patients usually presents with prodromic psychiatric perturbances, such as depression, delusions or personality changes. Occasionally HD gives rise to criminal behavior.

To understand HD clinical presentation and underlines the differencial diagnosis. We present a case of a 31-year-old male offender, whose mother was diagnosed with HD, and during his forensic-psychiatric evaluation, HD was considered, but not confirmed.

Case report.

A 31-year-old male offender was under a forensic-psychiatric evaluation due to a crime of domestic violence, after he discovers that his wife had an affair. He reports previous personality changes and depression, and compares himself with his mother, stating she was diagnosed with HD due to psychiatric prodromic disturbances. He shows concern about having a disease, and was waiting for genetic test result. After a clinical evaluation, and despite a family history of HD and genetic suspicion, it was important to consider differential diagnosis. The case refers to a passionate crime, which attempted to simulate a HD, considering his genetic background.

Psychometrically identifiable features in HD appear to be important in the context of analyzing circumstances occasioning criminal acts, but the medical history is the most important part of the examination.

No significant relationships.

One of the tasks of the forensic assessment of family disputes is to establish the fact that a child is set up by one parent against another.

Identification of diagnostic markers of psychological induced state in a child due to purposeful actions of a parent living together with him.

A continuous one-step analysis of the results of forensic assessments on family disputes was carried out in respect of 48 girls and 67 boys aged 3 to 15 years (mean age 7.9 ± 4.5 years). The objective materials presented by the court were analyzed in comparison with the results of a structured interview. The statistical significance of any differences were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney (U).

Persistent negative attitude to one of the parents was found in 14% of children. Markers of the induced state at the cognitive level were identified: negative semantic attitudes (U=477.1; p=0.014), distorted image of the rejected parent (U=509.5; p=0.023), transformation of memories (U=389.5; p=0.001). At the emotional level: persistent negative attitude to one of the parents when idealizing the second (U=371.1; p=0.001), emotional involvement of the child in the family conflict (U=556.6; p=0.048). At the behavioral level: declaring a stable set of stereotypical “adult” phrases (U=387.3; p=0.001), regressive behaviors and manifestations of stress in the presence of a rejected parent (U=601.5; p=0.04). Markers on all three levels must co-exist.

There are diagnostic markers of the induced state in a child, which verify the forensic conclusion about the negative impact on his mental state of the parent-inducer.

No significant relationships.

The problem of coexistence of heteroaggression and autoaggression most clearly manifests itself in the field of forensic psychiatry. For example, in Russia, about 25% of criminals who committed aggressive actions had a history of suicide attempts.

Identification of specific personality traits in individuals with multidirectional aggression.

In a continuous one-step study, relatively sane adults of both sexes were examined: 38 persons undergoing forensic examination with multidirectional aggression and 34 violent criminals. A wide range of forensic psychological techniques is used to identify aggression, suicidogenic and inhibitors of aggression. Nonparametric statistical methods were used: Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r) and Mann-Whitney (U).

The leading role in the genesis of multidirectional aggression, in contrast to other types of aggression, playing the combination (p<0.01) to the presence of motivational aggressiveness (according to the Hand Test, U=556.6; p=0,046) and the willingness to show negative feelings at the slightest arousal (annoyance, irascibility according to BDHI, U=468.2; p=0,012), along with suicidal personal qualities, which is combined with the deficiency of auto- and heteroaggression inhibitors (value orientations; socio-normative, dispositional, communicative, emotional inhibitors, coping strategies, etc.). However, the psychological mechanisms of multidirectional aggression are relatively non-nosospecific and are similar in mentally healthy individuals and individuals with personality and organic mental disorders.

Multidirectional aggression in view of the increased risk of recidivism and personal and public danger should be taken into account by forensic experts when recommending psychocorrective measures in places of deprivation of liberty.

No significant relationships.

Although much of society believes that the sexual aggressor is unknown to the victim, this is not supported by the literature. In most cases, the rapist is a known, former or current intimate partner of the victim or even a family member.

189 persons accused of perpetrators of sexual crimes and who were subject to forensic psychiatric evaluation for the period from January 2010 to December 2019 in the territory of Central Northern Bulgaria were examined.

The current research uses sociological methods to gather information - interviews, observations, research of forensic and medical documents,

In the study group, 62% of the victims were known to the perpetrator of the sexual crime, 11% were part of the nuclear family and 8% were members of the extended family of the perpetrator.

Our data supports data from previous studies

No significant relationships.

Forensic psychiatry is facing major challenges related to criminal responsibility with an increasing number of offenses and the entanglement of several factors affecting offenders differently.

The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of offenders referred for forensic psychiatric examination.

We studied the medical files of all the offenders referred to the forensic psychiatry unit in Razi hospital for an examination between January 2010 and October 2020.

The number of people who have undergone a forensic psychiatric examination was 256. Three files were not usable due to lacking data. The offenders were men in 95.7% (242) of the cases. Their average age was 35 years with a range of 17-53 years. They were mostly single (64%) with primary education (58.1%). Forty percent of the studied population were unemployed and 70% of them lived with their parents. Drug abuse was found in half of the cases and the average number of taken drugs is two illicit substances per person. A criminal record was found in 43% of the cases with an average number of two offenses per person. Offenders were found to suffer from schizophrenia in 29% of the cases, personality disorder in 17% of the cases and from intellectual disability in 16.6% of the cases. No psychiatric disorder was found in 24% of the cases

Despite having in common many vulnerability factors, such as low educational level, unemployment and drug abuse, an important number of offenders referred for forensic psychiatric examination weren’t affected by a psychiatric disorder.

No significant relationships.

Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the P-type copper ATPase, ATP7B (ATPase copper-transporting beta), which transports copper out of cells. It is characterized by toxic accumulation of copper primarily in the liver and brain, leading to liver disorders and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Here, we report a Tunisian pedigree associated to familial ATP7B gene mutation.

Medical genetic investigations, and molecular screening of ATP7B gene mutations were performed to a Tunisian three-generation pedigree with eight members having neuropsychiatric symptoms. Molecular genetic testing of the ATP7B 21 exons was carried out by direct sequencing.

A compound heterozygote mutational status of ATP7B with 2 substitutions: p.H1069Q and p.D642H was found. The family originated from the city of Sfax (Tunisia) showed a pronounced amount of consanguinity and eight members affected by WD. All cases derived from consanguineous couples and harbored psychiatric disorders associated or not to neurologic symptoms. Diagnosis of WD was piloted first through the cases harbouring intention tremor in the upper limbs and ataxia associated with psychiatric symptoms.

The first missense mutation p.H1069Q - c.3207C>A (CAC-CAA) (exon 14) is the most commonest mutation in WD associated with late onset neurological conditions in Europe (Natural variantiVAR_000758 dbSNP:rs76151636). The second missense mutation in exon 6 : p.D642H - c.1924G>C (GAC-CAC) (Natural variantiVAR_000713 dbSNP:rs72552285) affects the domain affinity to copper or the folding structure in the cytoplasmic region and decreases the stability, leading to abnormal localization of the protein within cytoplasm and an impairment of protein function.

No significant relationships.

The genetic component of Alzheimer’s disease was previously studied and more than sixty amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene mutations were identified. However, the populational aspects of this component were scarcely discussed despite that many of the reports mentioned the demographic ancestry of the carriers or probands.

In this short study, we aimed to review the APP gene mutations relevant to Alzheimer’s disease from a Populational Genetics point of view by evaluating the current literature for the demographic description of the carriers or families in which the mutations were identified.

In this regard, multiple genetic studies on the APP gene mutations relevant to Alzheimer’s disease were reviewed and the incidence of the mutations was analyzed considering the ancestry of the patients.

We found many possible scenarios regarding the incidence of the APP gene mutations in Alzheimer’s disease patients and general population. On the one hand, we could identify several mutations which were present in more than one population (eg. V615M, V717I, V717L) and on the other hand, some mutations could be observed in certain populations (eg. E693delta, the Osaka mutation, which was until now observed in Japanese patients, while E693G was found in a Swedish family). One particular case is that of the isolated populations (eg. the Icelandic population in which an APP mutation protecting against Alzheimer’s disease is more frequent in the general population as compared to the patients).

We were able to identify several mutations which were characteristic to many populations, but also some population-specific features regarding the APP genotypes.

No significant relationships.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease and the most common cause of dementia. Evidence suggests that various cytokines, including interleukins (IL) IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 are actively involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The role of IL-17 and IL-23 is less clear.

To investigate the correlations between IL-17, IL-23, and neurocognitive scales in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

The study included 45 patients: 15 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 30 patients without cognitive deficit (control group). Clinical and psychometrical methods were used: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale; Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive (ADAS ̶ cog). Serum levels of cytokines of IL-17 and IL-23 were analyzed by sandwich ELISA on “Chem Well 2900” immunoanalyzer (Awareness Technology, USA).

A significantly positive correlation was observed between IL-17 and IL-23 for all AD patients (r =0.723, p=0.002). A significant inverse correlation was observed between serum concentration of IL-17 and MoCA score (r=˗1.0, р≤.0001) and IL-23 and MMSE score (r=˗0.553, р=0.032) in all AD patients. However, no other significant correlations were found between IL-17 and the scores MMSE, FAB, ADAS ̶ cog and between IL-23 and the scores MoCA, FAB and ADAS ̶ cog.

Proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-17 and IL-23) have been associated with cognitive impairment. However, the complicated relationships of the two cytokines with the pathogenesis of AD need to be further investigated in the future.

No significant relationships.

Its basic object of study is the understanding of the individual and the group, Scientific direction in the study of behavior is an important feature of psychiatry.

Adolescence is a stage of physical and mental development of human, usually listed between the stage of childhood and legal maturity. in the middle aged 13 and 18 years the sexual way begins.

Education is the primary category of pedagogical theory, which includes the concepts of education and teaching. Physical education is a subject taught in school to train students physically, to enable them to work and to defend themselves. The totality of spiritual, mental and physical qualities or qualities of family and society and learning and working.

By taking preventive measures to close educational institutions against the spread of the covid virus 19, it has affected the education system of students, teachers and parents because it has been physically disconnected from learning and has gone virtually ONLINE, where it has been a form of home isolation.

Parenting is a constant concern for our entire society today, for child and adolescent psychiatry specialists and education experts, especially for all young parents.

No significant relationships.

Acute and chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd), due to its increased use and application in the industry, can result in the development of atherosclerosis, the occurrence of cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular stroke, as well as carcinogenesis in some organs. The target for cadmium action is thought to be the vascular endothelium.

The aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence of oxidative stress on blood vessel endothelium induced by subacute administration of cadmium, as well as the protective power of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) supplementation on the Wistar strain albino rat model system.

After anesthesia of rats in the vivarium of the Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine in Niš, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and sent to the Clinic of Nephrology, Clinical Center in Niš, Serbia for determination of hematological parameters.

According to the results of this study, it can be seen that the number of granulocytes is reduced due to cadmium intoxication, which is probably induced by the migration of neutrophils into tissues. The number of lymphocytes was increased due to subacute cadmium intoxication compared to the control group of animals. The positive efficacy of α-LA supplements in combating the adverse effects of cadmium on blood vessels is also confirmed.

Cadmium administration is thought to cause a systemic inflammatory reaction due to the formation of free radicals in the blood vessel endothelium. Administration of α-LA supplement confirms that it can be used as an antioxidant in the clinical management of many diseases and also in cadmium intoxication.

No significant relationships.

Due to increased human activity, the amount of copper in air, soil and water has increased. Copper, at minimum concentrations, is essential for the normal functioning of the organism (cellular respiration, hemoglobin formation, growth and reproduction). At higher concentrations, copper is deposited in the liver, brain tissue, and bone marrow.

To investigate the protective role of the supplement, glutathione (GSH), the S-donor ligand, in conditions of chronic copper intoxication via the parameters of oxidative stress, ie. Alkaline and acidic DNase values in brain tissue in albino rats of Wistar strain.

The model system for testing the effects of copper exposure and the protective effect of GSH was a study on female albino rats of Wistar strain, stored in the vivarium of the Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Niš, Serbia. Endonucleases, alkaline and acidic DNase activities were determined spectrophotometrically from homogenates of brain tissue.

Copper is believed to be a likely cause of oxidative damage to the DNA molecule, as manifested by increased alkaline and acidic DNase activity. The results of this study show that GSH is a potent chelator that binds copper and enables its elimination from the body.

In this experiment, the beneficial role of GSH supplements, which has an antioxidant character, in the prevention and reduction of the adverse effects of chronic copper intoxication was demonstrated. In this way, GSH acts as a powerful protector and antioxidant.

No significant relationships.

Stress has been associated with the onset and progression of neuropsychiatric conditions. The neuroendocrine response to psychosocial stressors is mediated via the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, resulting in systemic glucocorticoid secretion. FKBP5 is a co-chaperone of the cortisol-bound glucocorticoid receptor. FKBP5 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) may indicate stress-response alterations, thus affecting vulnerability or resilience to neuropsychiatric phenotypes.

To investigate the FKBP5 polymorphism rs1360780 and FKBP5 mRNA levels in a well-characterized, drug-naïve sample of First-Episode Psychosis (FEP) individuals and matched controls.

For genotyping rs1360780, whole blood DNA was extracted from FEP individuals and matched controls. The presence of the C (protective)→T (risk) alleles was assessed using TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were isolated and whole RNA was extracted. FKBP5 mRNA levels were detected with RT-qPCR, using SYBRgreen. Results were normalized against the 18s rRNA reference gene. Statistical analysis was performed in GraphPad Prism 8.

The distribution of C→T alleles of rs1360780 genotyped in FEP (N=44) and controls (N=39) indicate a statistically significant prevalence of the C/C alleles in FEP individuals (*p=0.0432). mRNA FKBP5 data revealed increased levels of FKBP5 in FEP individuals (N=25) compared to controls (N=18), (***p=0.0007).

Our data show increased FKBP5 mRNA levels in FEP individuals compared to matched controls, as well as the presence of the rs1360780 protective (C) allele. Follow up studies include investigation of the translational profile of stress-mediators, in order to pave an individualized approach towards deciphering psychosis onset pathobiology.

No significant relationships.

15q11.2-q13.3 region is prone to genomic rearrangements leading to both deletions and duplications. A wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, epilepsy was reported in association with genomic imbalances of this region.

In this paper we report on 9 children carrying 15q11.2-q13.3 duplications.

Seven boys and two girls, aged 15 months to 15 years, were included in the study. Genomic investigations were carried out by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (Agilent Technologies). In all patients the psychomotor development, dysmorphic features, neuroimaging and EEG anomalies were assessed. Psychologic and psychiatric evaluation was performed with specific tests.

The size of the duplications ranged from 9.65 Mb to 0.38 Mb. All patients presented speech delay. Autistic behavior and muscular hypotonia were detected in 8 out of 9 patients, DD/ID in 6. Two children presented epileptic seizures, in addition 4 other children had EEG anomalies. Facial dysmorphic features were observed in 5 patients. Neuroimaging studies showed anomalies in 4 children. The smallest region of overlap in our patient group harbors CHRNA7 gene, a candidate for the behavioral abnormalities.

15q duplications encompassing CHRNA7 gene were associated with different neuropsychiatric features in our patients. Our results further support the association of 15q duplications with neuropsychiatric phenotypes, with clinical heterogeneity and variable severity, which is yet to be explained. Acknowledgment: The research leading to these results has received funding from the EEA RO NO Grant 2014-2021, the project contract No 6/2019.

No significant relationships.

Intramuscular injections (IMI) remain a frequent practice in mental health. The available guidelines for IMI in mental health only focus on the technical side of the practices. Moreover, no recent update has been performed to improve practice of IMI in mental health

To assess a formalized consensus agreement regarding the best practice concerning IMI in mental health and to develop practice guidelines.

A two-round Delphi method was used. The scientific committee consisted in one psychiatrist, one orthopaedic surgeon, one infection control practitioner, one hospital pharmacist, one mental health nurse, one nurse exploring care relationship and one nurse educator. From literature review, each expert proposed specific recommendations. The panel experts were asked to rate the appropriateness and the applicability in current practice of each recommendation on a 9-point Likert scale. Panel members were recruited in five mental health institutions. The first round questionnaire was emailed to each respondent on February 2020 and the second one on June. Propositions were considered appropriate and applicable in current practice if the median was >=7. Agreement among experts were judged by the statistical measure of the Interpercentile Range

From the first round, 46 recommendations were retained by 49 nurses. 27 propositions were retained after this second round by 32 nurses. The scientific committee added 12 other recommendations because of their importance in the literature and clinical practice.

This study provides consensus-based recommendations on IMI in mental health. Nursing staff need to be educated about the new guidelines from both the theoretical and clinical perspectives

No significant relationships.

Challenging behavior is a common reason for referral to psychiatric service. Psychotropic medications widely used to modify behaviors, even when no evidence of diagnosable mental illness. However, literature show little evidence that benefits outweigh the risks in their prescription. Monitoring using International guidelines may help improving the outcomes. We audit current practice against known standards.

- To assess adherence within the Qatar Mental Health Services to National guidelines on using medication to manage behavior problems in adults with a learning disability. - To identify strengths and weaknesses in current practice. - To Make recommendations to improve LD patient care

Patients with LD attending psychiatric clinic screened using selection and exclusion criteria and data collected and analyzed using format from the International standards.

102 patients screened, 85 selected and 17 cases excluded Age range 18 to 50 years. 27% mild, 29% moderate and 44% severe LD, Autism 40% Psychiatric Diagnosis 55% Challenging behavior 45% Antipsychotic prescribing: 79% Rationale documented in 74%, Capacity assessment in 81%, Review of side effects in 53% Safety of medication in 61%, Medication discontinuation in 66%, Reasons for discontinuation in 36%

Antipsychotics use (79%) is high with several combinations of IM and oral or more than 2 drugs. There is need for improvement across all standards. Rationalising the prescribing for LD patients to improve the outcomes for the safety of these patients. The audit indicate need for specialist service to monitor prescribing and apply standards of care in clinical service.

No significant relationships.

Alzheimer’s disease is common among the modern population. Emotional support for caregivers and a stable social role contribute to the maintenance of cognitive resources in Alzheimer’s.

To investigate the protective mechanisms that protect the brain from premature aging

Clinical, sociological

Violations of the higher cerebral functions of speech, gnosis, praxis are the neuropsychological basis for the development of psychological symptoms of dementia. Speech disorders, gnosis disorders contribute to the formation of painful ideas, perception disorders, eating disorders and affective symptoms. The level of functional activity is low and does not depend on the state of severe microsocial dementia, total aphasia and apraxia. The social, work, family and marital status of caregivers for patients with moderate to severe dementia is declining. An increase in the degree of dementia can reduce the functional activity of the caregiver. Caregivers often suffer from neurotic, affective and other mental disorders. A person with dementia plays a subordinate role in the family. Changing roles in the family occurs when the patient has delusion, agitation / aggression, anxiety, unstable mood / irritability. In these cases, the interpersonal distance in the “care-patient” pair increases. Caregivers have a high level of emotional involvement in the care process. A change in the role of the family, a change in place of residence, and a high level of “expressive” emotions of the guardian negatively affect the formation of psychosis, anxiety and aberrant behavior in patients with dementia. Microsocial factors influence cognitive retention in dementia

Protective psychosocial factors strengthen the cognitive reserve

No significant relationships.

Currently, the number of cases of pathological aging of the CNS, represented by a violation of cognitive functions, is increasing. But there is a social request to prolong the physical and mental activity of older people

The study of the dynamics of cognitive aging is timely and relevant. The article contains a report on a cohore non-repeating study of higher brain functions at various age periods

The average age was 45.1 + 5.7 years. Inclusion criteria: 1. Dextral. Non-inclusion criteria: 1. Clinically significant somatic diseases in their medical history. 2. Mental disorders in their medical history. •Applied neuropsychological, statistical research methods. The research tool was the neuropsychological rapid method including the subtests: •“Memorizing 9 words in three presentations (1st, 2nd, 3rd attempts)”, •“Sequential subtraction”, •“Test of Benton’s visual memory”, •“Solving an arithmetic problem”, •“Overlaid images”, •“Specified flow of associations in 1 minute”, • “Figure of 3 geometric figures”, • “Blind hours”, • “Graph-motor test”, “Delay word reproduction”

The first cohort 27–40 years old. The second cohort 41–50 years old.Third cohort 51 years old and older. A significant difference in the performance of the graphomotor test between the subjects of the age subgroup of 27-40 years and the subgroup of 41-50 years was statistically confirmed. In older people revealed a much greater number of errors, interruptions of the test than the representatives of the more “young” subgroup

The deterioration in the performance of the graphomotor test was the most age-specific

No significant relationships.