Introduction. In Malaysia, Limau Madu (Citrusreticulata Blanco; Citrus suhuiensis Hort.ex Tanaka) is commercially cultivated for local consumption. Itis a loose-peel mandarin with fruits that are spherical in shapewith shiny green or greenish yellow peel. In Malaysia, Limau Maduis vegetatively propagated, thus it is presumed to exhibit minimalvariability. In our study, the genetic variability and genetic relatednessamong cultivated samples collected from different states in Malaysiawere assessed using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primers. Materialsand methods. Thirty pairs of SSR primers derived from Citrusunshiu were screened and 22 SSR primer pairs were utilizedto assess genetic variability and relatedness among 118 cultivatedsamples. Results and discussion. The percentage of SSR transferabilityfrom C. unshiu to C. reticulata (LimauMadu) was 73.33%, which indicated that the primer sequences flankingsimple sequence repeats were conserved among these Citrus species.Most SSR loci revealed a large excess of heterozygotes. In our study,low allelic diversity was shown, with an average of 5.227 allelesper locus. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.048to 0.674. Based on UPGMA clustering analysis, four groups were identifiedfrom these citrus genotypes with a mean genetic distance of 0.170. Lowgenetic variability within species was probably due to vegetativepropagation or inability to detect differences among samples usingthese primers.

Introduction. Concerns about the potentially harmful effects of fungicides on human health and the environment encourage the search for alternative treatments for perishable fruit postharvest disease control. To this end, the potential use of oligochitosan as a natural antifungal compound to control postharvest anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum musae was investigated in banana fruits from the Cavendish group (genome AAA). Materials and methods. The influence of oligochitosan on the growth of C. musae was determined in vitro by micrographic analysis, while its in situ antifungal activity was monitored in banana fruits that were artificially injury-inoculated with C. musae; the activities of several defense-related enzymes were measured. Results and discussion. Oligochitosan at (4 and 8) g·L–1 markedly inhibited radial mycelial growth of C. musae in vitro. The scanning electron micrograph of C. musae treated with oligochitosan at inhibitory concentrations showed distortion and thinning of the hyphal wall and reduction in fungus colony diameter. Dipping banana fruits in oligochitosan solution at (5 to 20) g·L–1 significantly reduced the diameter of the anthracnose lesion, and 20 g oligochitosan·L–1 almost reached the same inhibitory effect as 0.5 g·L–1 of Sportak®, a synthetic fungicide. Activities of defense-related enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), β-1, 3-glucanase (GLU) and chitinase (CHT), but not polyphenol oxidase (PPO), increased in banana fruits treated with 0.5 g oligochitosan·L–1. Conclusion. The inhibitory effect of oligochitosan on anthracnose development is due to the combination of a direct antifungal effect on the pathogen and an indirect effect, whereby the activities of defense-related enzymes in the banana fruit were enhanced. To control anthracnose in harvested bananas, treatment with oligochitosan above 20 g·L–1 may substitute the use of synthetic fungicide.

Introduction. Senegal producesup to 150,000 t of fruit, of which 60,000 t are mangoes. Fruit productionis important for the Niayes region, where 60% of total productionis of mangoes, with citrus production coming next at 24%. Mango losseshave become more substantial since the arrival of Bactrocerainvadens in Senegal. The pest population increases in the mangoripening period, but little is known about its secondary hosts. Materialsand methods. Fruits of cultivated and wild plants were collectedregularly from April to December 2008 inside and around 19 orchards ineleven localities in the Niayes and Thiès areas in Senegal. Thesamples were monitored to identify any fruit flies present so thata list of host plants could be compiled. For mango, the study focusedon establishing the influence of certain parameters such as thevariety, the fruit size, the color, the flowering pattern and thephysiological levels of infestation due to B. invadens andCeratitis cosyra. Orchards were classified either as traditional (manymango varieties and many fruit species grown together in a stand) orintensive (fields of monovarietal mango trees), according to theircomposition and how they were managed. Results and discussion.A total of 663.2 kg of fruit, including those of 24 mango varieties,13 citrus species with five lime varieties, two orange varietiesand four pomelo varieties along with other cultivated and wild plants,were sampled both as fallen fruit and from the trees. Traditional orchardswere more infested than the modern ones. B. invadens was significantlydominant over the other flies emerging such as C. cosyra, C. capitata, C. punctata, C. bremii,Bactrocera cucurbitae, Capparimyia bipustulata, Carpomyia sp. and Dacus sp.B. invadens wasfound on the 24 varieties of Mangifera indica,the 13 citrus species, and the other cultivatedplants and wild plants sampled. Some host plants supported a relativelyhigh level of fruit flies before the mango ripening period. Mangifera indica wasinfested principally by B. invadens and C. cosyra. C. cosyra was significantly present on the firstfruit trees to flower, mostly in early varieties, while B.invadens infested all the varieties whatever the fruitdevelopment stage, the color, or the flowering pattern. Conclusion.Because of the host plants' diversity and varieties the traditionalorchards were more infested than the modern ones. The managementof this pest needs an Integrated Pest Management system based ona back-to-basics study of the infesting fruit flies, existing parasitoidsand their hosts.

Introduction. Black plum (Vitexdoniana) is an indigenous fruit tree species importantfor the livelihoods of rural populations. Currently, there is renewednational and international interest in black plum, and it has emergedas a priority species for domestication in Africa. The present workaddressed farmers’ indigenous knowledge of the use and managementof the species among different socio-cultural groups in Benin, takinginto account gender differences. The specific objective of thiswork was to study the knowledge, uses, local gathering practices andmanagement systems of V. doniana that are partof the traditions of the communities in Southern Benin. Materialsand methods. A total of 150 participants randomly selected fromthree socio-cultural groups provided survey responses. Information collectedmainly referred to the motivation of respondents to conserve blackplum trees on their land, the local uses and the management practicesto improve the regeneration and production of the black plum. Resultsand discussion. The study showed that knowledge of black plumis well distributed in the community. However, people have differentinterests in using black plum and there is variable knowledge ofuse and management practices. The food and medicinal categorieswere the most important uses. There were no significant differencesin knowledge of the management and utility of black plum betweenmen and women, or across socio-cultural groups. Conclusion. Givenits value to the communities in southern Benin, black plum should beprioritized for domestication.

Introduction. Because of the long transportation times and storage durationsthat are often experienced, it is important to understand how pomelo properties changeover time; that will be indicative of how long samples can be stored before they dropbelow acceptable quality limits. As no information is available regarding storage ofpomelo fruit in the literature, the goal of our work was to study the change in pomelophysicochemical and textural properties following storage over a period of approximately4 months. Materials and methods. The changes in physical, chemical andtextural properties of commercial pomelo fruit were extensively evaluated over the courseof a 4-month storage period. The correlation among physical, color, chemical and texturalproperties were also assessed. Results. Color properties(L*, a*, b*) changed significantly withstorage; however, they did not change much during the initial 45 days of storage. Thechange in soluble solids content (SSC), acidity (A) and the [(SSC) / (A)] ratio suggestedthat pomelo fruit should not be stored for more than 75 days. Crucially, our studydemonstrates that the a* parameter (greenness, R = –0.556) correlatesbest with the chemical property the [(SSC) / (A)] ratio, which is a recognized measurementof the consumer acceptability of citrus fruit. This means that measuringa* is a non-destructive way of monitoring the taste characteristics ofpomelos in storage. This property also correlated well with the average firmness of thefruit and with the flesh texture. Conclusion. This fundamental information onthe pomelo fruit could prove useful in the physical handling and processing of the fruitby breeders and postharvest technologists as well as distributors, market agents,importers and exporters.

Introduction. Au Bénin, le régime alimentaire des populations est déficient en vitamines et minéraux; la consommation de fruits et légumes pourrait constituer un moyen efficace pour éviter les carences nutritionnelles et prévenir les maladies chroniques. Dans un tel contexte, il importait d’étudier le volume de consommation des fruits et légumes au Bénin et d’évaluer les liens existant entre leur disponibilité, leur prix et leur acquisition par les ménages. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’autoconsommation des fruits produits dans une région du Bénin, le plateau d’Allada. Matériel et méthodes. Les différentes espèces fruitières cultivées sur le plateau d’Allada ont été identifiées. Leur disponibilité a été évaluée et mise en relation avec leur consommation en s’appuyant sur une enquête régionale portant sur un échantillon de 120 chefs d’exploitation agricole répartis sur quatre communes de la région. Résultats. L’autoconsommation nette des fruits cultivés localement par chacun des ménages producteurs a été évaluée à 31,6 kg par an. Parmi les 15 espèces fruitières recensées, les plus consommées se sont révélées être la mangue (13,3 kg par personne et par an, 42 %), la banane (7,6 kg par personne et par an, 18 %), l’orange (8 %) et l’avocat (7 %). Aucune corrélation significative n’a été établie entre la consommation et la production des fruits. En revanche, une très forte corrélation a été mise en évidence entre la production et la quantité de fruits commercialisée, et une corrélation négative significative a été trouvée entre la quantité de fruits produits et leur prix de vente. Le bilan entre production et consommation a fait apparaître une marge positive pour l’orange, l’ananas, le tangelo et la papaye, ce qui signifie que ces productions sont avant tout marchandes; seule une part résiduelle de ces récoltes est réservée à l’autoconsommation. La plus grande partie des autres productions fruitières consommées par les ménages du plateau d’Allada doivent être importée. Discussion. Sur le plateau d’Allada, malgré une forte production de certains fruits, leur consommation par les ménages agricoles est faible et peu diversifiée par rapport à leur disponibilité et se situe bien en deçà des normes recommandées par l’OMS. Il sera nécessaire de mieux étudier les déterminants d’une telle distorsion pour mieux guider les politiques publiques, ainsi que les choix des producteurs et des consommateurs, afin d’assurer un meilleur régime alimentaire aux populations locales.

Introduction. In the water-savingand income-generating agroforestry cropping systems developed andpromoted by the ICRISAT in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa, particularlyin Niger, fruits of domesticated Ziziphus mauritiana (“applesof the Sahel”) are severely damaged by fruit flies (Carpomya incompleta),and chemical pesticide application poses economic, environmentaland human health problems. In the Bio-reclamation of Degraded Lands (BDL)system, apple of the Sahel is the main high-value crop, while inthe Dryland Eco-Farm (DEF), it is grown alongside watermelon. Sclerocaryabirrea (marula plum) is presently being investigated asa dryland tree species for fruit and oil production, either in orchardsor such systems as BDL. Materials and methods. To completepreliminary results of earlier studies published elsewhere, we collectedand incubated in 2010 ripe fruits of marula plum and watermelonin Sadoré, Niger, where the above-mentioned agroforestry systemsare developed, and we recorded emerging fruit flies. We also conducteda spot-spraying experiment (using GF-120) in an apple of the Sahel orchardin Niamey in 2010; we recorded undamaged and damaged fruits and incubatedthe latter. In the same orchard, we set up in 2011 a fruit fly trappingsurvey targeting the invasive species Bactrocera invadens (Chempac®traps using methyl eugenol as the attractant). Results and discussion.The results showed that only Ceratitis cosyra emergedfrom marula plums, and only Dacus spp. from watermelon.The GF-120 spot-spraying experiment showed that C. incompleta was notattracted / intoxicated, contrary to Ceratitis spp.and Dacus spp.; the sprayed trees yielded significantly moremarketable fruits than unsprayed ones; only C. incompleta emergedfrom damaged fruit. Detection trapping revealed for the first timethe presence of B. invadens in the Sahelian zone ofNiger, including at the time of apple of the Sahel fruit production. Conclusion. This, alongside results of earlier studies,suggests a repellent effect of GF-120 on the monophagous C. incompleta species(Trypetinae), while it is attractive to oligophagous/polyphagousDacinae fruit flies; some of them (e.g., Dacus spp.)damage watermelon, which is part of the DEF system, and producefruit at the same time as the jujube tree. The prospects for harnessingthese two opposite regulation pathways are discussed.

Introduction. Natural beveragesface strong competition from synthetic drinks in the open market.Creation of diversity in natural products is a key strategy to withstandthis competition. Pummelo (Citrus grandis Linn.)is one such potential fruit which could be exploited on a commercialscale if processed properly. The bitterness of pummelo juice isa serious handicap in its utilization. The present study aimed atpreparation of a cost-effective, palatable blended beverage of pummelo. Materials and methods. To overcome this problem, pummelowas blended with mango ginger and kokum juice in the ratio of [65:30:5]for the preparation of syrup. The product was stored for 120 daysin ambient conditions of storage and analyzed for changes in itsphysicochemical constituents. Results and discussion.Total soluble solids and total sugar increased during storage, whiletitratable acidity and ascorbic acid content decreased slightlyduring storage. Organoleptically, the best recipe was 25% juice,70 °Brix total soluble solids and 1.5% acidity with a score of 6.3out of 7.0 for overall acceptability. Mango ginger juice suppressedthe bitter aftertaste of pummelo juice and imparted its characteristictaste and flavor to the product. The product was shelf-stable andhad important medicinal constituents in it. The [total revenue / totalcost] ratio of the product was 2.90.

Introduction. Kiwifruit is a typical climacteric fruit, which grows profitably well in sub-temperate climatic conditions. The major problem with kiwifruit is that it does not ripen for about a week at room temperature but after this period there is a sudden rise in the respiration rate and fruits remain in edible condition for only a few days, giving it a very short shelf life in ambient conditions. Materials and methods. Kiwifruits were treated with different concentrations of spermine [(0.5, 1.0 and 1.5) mM] and spermidine [(1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) mM] by the immersion method; biochemical and physiological analyses were carried out, then fruit were stored in ambient conditions for 15 days. Results and discussion. Polyamine-treated fruits did not show any amount of ethylene evolution up to the 6th day of storage as compared with those of control, in which it started after the 3rd day of storage. The respiration rate was also the lowest in treated fruit. Similarly, polygalacturonase and lipoxygenase activities rose rapidly in control fruits in comparison with polyamine-treated fruits. Conclusion. The doses of spermine at 1.5 mM and spermidine at 2.0 mM showed the best results in extending the shelf life of kiwifruits when stored in ambient conditions [(22 ± 4) ◦C, RH: (65 ± 5)%].

The product. Coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) is an ancient tropical beverage whose original properties have drawn the attention of manufacturers as a natural functional drink. Preservation. This refreshing liquid comes mainly from immature coconuts which are difficult to collect, store and thus to commercialise. Nevertheless, some studies, mostly from Asian countries, tend to prove that the shelf life of immature coconut fruits could be prolonged thanks to post-harvest treatments. Processing. Coconut water itself, extracted from the nut, is obviously easier to handle but is also very sensitive to biological and chemical injuries. Thermal treatment combined with chemical additives are already used by the industry but other technologies such as micro- and ultrafiltration are not yet available on an industrial scale. Whatever the process, taste, aroma and colour (linked to enzymatic activities) are still difficult to control. Discussion. Results of former and recent investigations are discussed. Finally, suggestions are made for further research to increase our knowledge of this original tropical juice.

Introduction. Les populations de Kidal, au nord du Mali, traditionnellementnomades, s'orientent progressivement vers l'agriculture du fait de sécheressesrécurrentes ; la culture du palmier dattier bien que représentée est encore peu élaboréedans cette région. Notre étude s'est inscrite dans le cadre des projets de développementde la phoeniciculture au nord du Mali. Elle a eu pour objectif de recenser et decaractériser les ressources phytogénétiques du palmier dattier afin d’envisager desstratégies de développement de ce patrimoine. Matériel et méthodes. Notreétude a été réalisée, dans la région de Kidal, dans neuf sites principaux connus depuislongtemps pour la culture du palmier dattier. Nous avons déterminé le nombre total depieds observés dans la région, l’effectif des pieds productifs, la répartition des sexes,les cultivars représentés, l'âge des pieds et leurs périodes de maturation. Unecaractérisation des principaux cultivars a été établie en se basant sur des caractèresvégétatifs et des caractères morphologiques des inflorescences, des fruits et des graines.Résultats et discussion. Nous avons recensé plus de 4000 palmiers dattiersdans la région échantillonnée ; les proportions de palmiers mâles se sont révéléesélevées. Le site de Tessalit semble héberger la palmeraie la plus importante et la plusancienne. Il présente 39 % de l'effectif total des palmiers dattiers recensés. Notre étudea permis d’identifier 18 cultivars. Les analyses factorielles des correspondancesmultiples sur la caractérisation des cultivars de la région de Kidal ont montré que lavariabilité inter-cultivars semble être très importante quels que soient les caractèresétudiés ; en revanche, la variabilité intra-cultivar est faible. Des proximités ont étédéfinies entre les cultivars de Tigazas locaux et la Tigaza algérienne.

Introduction. Several studies have demonstrated that foodprocessing affects nutrients such as bioactive compounds, protein, starch, fat, fiber,minerals and antioxidant capacity. Our study examined how heat changes the physicochemicalcomposition and antioxidant capacity of peach-palm fruit (Bactrisgasipaes H.B.K.) during flour production. Materials and methods.Five commercial batches of fruit were assessed for total contents of phenolic compoundsand carotenoids, and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC). The fruitwas then cooked and eventually processed into flour. Results and discussion.No significant changes were found for contents of fat, protein, starch and dietary fiberduring flour production. Cooked peach-palm fruit is a source of Mg, Mn, Cu and K, with100 g of fruit containing between 5% and 13.5% of the recommended daily intake. Cookingalso increased carotenoids by 17%, thus helping to compensate for the 28% loss duringdrying. No stage of processing affected polyphenol contents or H-ORAC.Conclusion. Because of its high bioactive compound content, peach-palmflour shows potential for use in the development of functional foods.

Introduction. Papaya is grown mainly under tropical conditions due to its requirement of high temperatures year-round. With modern greenhouse technology and production systems, the Mediterranean countries are now able to produce many tropical crops such as banana and papaya. Such technology has also increased the yield and improved fruit quality in comparison with open field production systems. Materials and methods. Our study was conducted in an unheated greenhouse in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Three papaya cultivars (‘SS-45’, ‘BH-65’ and ‘Sel-42’) were evaluated for their physical and physicochemical properties and yield. Results. There were no significant differences in chemical properties related to fruit cultivars. Conversely, certain features of the development cycle of these three cultivars varied: BH-65 flowered at only 65.4 cm compared with SS-45 (133.8 cm) and Sel-42 (135.1 cm). Fruit set was improved for Sel-42 (63.7 fruits) compared with SS-45 (49.3 fruits) and BH-65 (31.3 fruits). The corresponding yields for Sel-42, SS-45 and BH-65 were (28.3, 21.3 and 7.8) kg per plant, respectively. The Sel-42 cultivar presented the largest fruits (weight, 460.0 g; width, 11.7 cm; length, 16.7 cm), closely followed by those of SS-45 (433.3 g, 11.3 cm and 15.3 cm, respectively). In contrast, the cultivar BH-65 produced the smallest fruits (weight, 250.0 g; width, 9.7 cm; length, 13.3 cm). The physical and chemical characteristics did not vary among the cultivars. Conclusion. Our results allow us to recommend the cultivars Sel-42 and SS-45 for greenhouse cultivation under a Mediterranean climate in Turkey.

Introduction. Plum cv. SantaRosa shows climacteric behaviour and grows profitably under sub-temperateconditions in India. After ripening, it has a very limited shelflife (3–4 days) in ambient conditions [(38 ± 2) °C and at (68 ± 4)%RH]. Hence, there is an urgent need to extend its marketabilityusing recent techniques. Materials and methods. Plumswere harvested at the pre-climacteric and climacteric stages ofmaturity and packed with newspaper shreds (control), KMnO4-impregnatedchalks, KMnO4-impregnated newspaper shreds or ethylene-absorbent sachets;then they were transported by road to New Delhi. The biochemicaland physiological analyses were carried out at 3-day intervals onplums stored in supermarket conditions [(20 ± 1) °C and at (90 ± 2)%RH] for 15 days. Results and discussion. Untreatedfruits had less firmness than those which were packed with ethyleneabsorbents. The activities of fruit-softening enzymes such as lipoxygenase(LOX), polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin methylesterase (PME) increasedrapidly in the control treatment in comparison with plums packed withvarious ethylene absorbents, the least being either with ethylene-absorbentsachets or with KMnO4-impregnated newspaper shreds. Plums of pre-climacteric andclimacteric maturity attained respiration and ethylene evolutionpeaks on the 9th day and 6th day, respectively. Conclusions. Theplums of pre-climacteric and climacteric stages of maturity packed withethylene-absorbent sachets showed the best results in supermarketconditions in maintaining the firmness, quality and shelf life ofplum up to the 12th day and 9th day of storage, respectively.