International Court of Justice — International maritime boundary delimitation between Nicaragua and Honduras — Dispute regarding boundary line dividing territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf in the Caribbean Sea — Effect of islands — Sovereignty over islands

International Court of Justice — Admissibility — New claim introduced during proceedings — Whether new claim inherent in original claim

Treaties — Interpretation — Multilateral treaty — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”) — UNCLOS Articles 15, 74 and 83

Sea — Delimitation of maritime boundaries — Geographical context — Semi-enclosed sea — Territorial sea — Exclusive economic zone — Continental shelf — Governing law — UNCLOS — UNCLOS Articles 15, 74 and 83 — Establishment of single maritime boundary delimiting several coincident zones — Methods of delimitation — Whether equidistance/relevant circumstances approach suitable in light of circumstances — Relevant coasts — Identification of baselines — Bisector method of delimitation — Relevant geographical circumstances — Principle of uti possidetis juris — Whether applicable to delimitation of maritime space

Territory — Islands — Sovereignty over minor maritime features — Whether sovereignty established by post-colonial effectivités — Application of criteria formulated by Permanent Court of International Justice in Legal Status of Eastern Greenland case — Whether activities relied upon established overall pattern of conduct sufficient to demonstrate intention to act as sovereign

International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Compromissory clause contained in bilateral treaty — Whether conditions for exercise of jurisdiction satisfied — Exercise of jurisdiction — Whether jurisdiction restricted to delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf

Treaties — Interpretation — Multilateral treaty — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”) — UNCLOS Articles 74 and 83 — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Article 31 of Vienna Convention — General rule of interpretation — Reservations and declarations — UNCLOS Article 310 — Declaration by Romania regarding effect of uninhabited islands devoid of economic life upon delimitation of maritime spaces

Treaties — Interpretation — Bilateral treaties — Procès-Verbaux concluded between Romania and Soviet Union — Treaty between Parties concluded in 2003 — Whether concerning the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf

Sea — Exclusive economic zone — Continental shelf — Delimitation of maritime boundaries between opposite and adjacent coastal States — Geographical context — Enclosed sea — Governing law — UNCLOS Articles 74(1) and 83(1) and (4) — Practical approach to delimitation to achieve equitable solution — Application of equidistance/relevant circumstances approach — Three-stage approach — Relevant coasts — Baselines — Provisional equidistance line — Whether requiring adjustment — Relevant geographical circumstances

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Dispute between the Netherlands and France — Dispute concerning financing of operations contemplated by 1991 Additional Protocol to Convention on the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution by Chlorides, 1976 — Auditing of accounts — Dispute relating to calculation of amount France to repay the Netherlands — The Netherlands proposing calculation based on 61.5 French francs per ton of chlorides stored — France proposing calculation based on actual costs per unit — Annex III to Protocol concerning financial arrangements — Point 4.2.1 of Annex III to Protocol — Method of calculation — Submission of dispute to Arbitral Tribunal pursuant to Article 13 of Convention and Article 7 of Protocol — Article 13 of Convention — Annex B to Convention concerning arbitration

Rivers — Rhine — Environmental standards — Convention on the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution by Chlorides, 1976 — Distribution of costs between France and the Netherlands — Auditing of accounts

Treaties — Interpretation — Application — 1991 Additional Protocol to Convention on the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution by Chlorides, 1976 — Annex III to Protocol on financial arrangements — Auditing of accounts — Interpretation of point 4.2.1 of Annex III to Protocol — Interpretation of treaties in accordance with international law — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Whether Articles 31 and 32 of Vienna Convention applicable — Whether codifying customary law — Whether general rule of interpretation in Article 31 forming integral whole — Basis for treaty interpretation — Relative importance of constituent elements of rule — Role of good faith — Relationship between Articles 31 and 32 — Subsequent practice of the Parties — Context of point 4.2.1 — Article 4 of Protocol — 1991 Declaration of the Heads of the Delegation — Object and purpose of Protocol — Relevant rules of international law — Supplementary means of interpretation — Point 4.2.1 of Annex III to Protocol providing for final auditing of accounts — Method of calculation — Reimbursement sum France obliged to pay the Netherlands

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Extent of mandate — Power to interpret mandate — Competence de la compétence — Finality and review of arbitral awards — Panel of experts — Arbitration tribunal with power to review decision of experts — Standard of review — Test of whether experts exceeded mandate — Whether interpretation of mandate reasonable — Whether implementation of mandate reasonable — Failure to state reasons — Whether amounting to excess — Procedural irregularities — Whether power to annul decision in part implicit in mandate of arbitration tribunal — Arbitration Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army

Arbitration — Evidence — Value of different types of evidence — Cartographic evidence — Requirement that findings be based on evidence and properly reasoned

Territory — Boundaries — Internal administrative boundary — Relevance of international law principles respecting boundaries between States — Territory inhabited by tribal and nomadic peoples — Transfer of the area of certain chiefdoms from one province to another in 1905 — Extent of territory so transferred — Whether to be approached on tribal or territorial basis — Grazing rights of nomads — Sudan — Abyei area

Treaties — Interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Application of principles of treaty interpretation in international law to agreements between Government of Sudan and Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army