Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2022
This study aims to analyze the positions and syntactic functions of dependent and independent personal pronouns in the Kakavandi Laki dialect in the region of Harsin (Kermanshah/Iran), an endangered dialect of Persian. The paper provides a morpho-syntactic description and investigates the dialectal characteristic positions of the pronominals in regard to their syntactic functions, which illustrate noticeable differences in comparison to Persian. The main functions under investigation include: subjective, objective, oblique and possessives, on the basis of which the pronominal positional variety is classified in the dialect. The study further examines the dialectal agreement patterns which demonstrate both ergative and non-ergative features.
1 The direct/oblique case division can be summarized as the contrast between the unmarked (nominative and absolutive) cases and the marked (ergative) ones.
2 This includes both the linguistic knowledge of one of the authors (Simin Moradkhani), as a speaker of K. Laki and a resident of Harsin, as well as interviews and questionnaires with 20 other K. Laki speakers who participated in the survey.
3 Samii, Hosein, Sarf u nahv-i Farsi (Tehran, 1333/1954), 38–39Google Scholar.
4 Moein, Mohammad, Ezafih (Tehran, 1341/1962), 75Google Scholar.
5 Basari, Talat, Dastur-i zaban-i Farsi (Tehran, 1348/1969), 314–319Google Scholar.
6 Nadimi, Hasan, Tarh-i dastur-i zaban-i Farsi (Tehran, 1354/1975), 72–73.Google Scholar
7 Shafai, Ahmad, Mabani-yi ‘ilmi-yi dastur-i zaban-i Farsi (Tehran, 1366/1987), 23Google Scholar.
8 Moshkataldini, Mehdi, Dastur-i zaban-i Farsi bar payih-yi nazariyih-yi gaštari (Mashhad, 1366/1987), 153Google Scholar.
9 Moshkataldini, Mehdi, Dastur-i zaban-i Farsi: vajigan va peivandha-yi sakhti (Tehran, 1386/2007), 198–201Google Scholar.
10 Vazinpur, Nader, Ghava‘id-i zaban-i Farsi (Tehran, 1375/1996), 148–153Google Scholar.
11 Anvari, Hasan and Givi, Hasan Ahmadi, Dastur-i zaban-i Farsi (2) (Tehran, 1375/1996), 182–183.Google Scholar
12 Bateni, Mohammad Reza, Tosif-i saxtiman-i dasturi-yi zaban-i Farsi (Tehran, 1380/2001), 153–154Google Scholar.
13 Farshidvard, Khosru, Fi‘l va guruh-i fi‘li va tahavul-i an dar zaban-i Farsi (Tehran, 1383/2004), 51–53.Google Scholar
14 Kamyar, Taghi Vahidiyan, Dastur-i zaban-i Farsi(1) (Tehran, 1386/2007), 102–103Google Scholar.
15 Hamid Izadpanah, Farhang-i Laki ([no place mentioned], 1367/1988), 49–50.
16 Alipurkhorramabadi, Kamin, Dastur-i zaban-i Laki, Zarbulmasalha va Vajinamih (Khorramabad, 1384/2005), 109–112.Google Scholar
17 The list of abbreviated forms which are used throughout the paper is presented in Table 14.
18 In regard to the consonantal phonemes of K. Laki, noteworthy is that, an extra semi-vowel /w/ is observed in the dialect comparatively to Persian. It also includes the following diphthongs: /ow/, /aw/, /ey/, /øw /, /əw /, /ew/.
19 Throughout the paper, examples (a) represent K. Laki and (b) Persian instances; also, to clarify the point, personal pronouns are shown in bold.
20 Though its presence in the agreement pattern of middle Persian is evident.
21 Dixon, R., Ergativity (Cambridge, 1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Trask, R. L., “On the Origin of Ergativity,” in Ergativity: Towards a Theory of Grammatical Relations, ed. by Plank, F. (New York, 1979)Google Scholar.
22 Deo, A. and Sharma, D., “Typological Variation in the Ergative Morphology of Indo-Aryan Languages,” Linguistic Typology, 10, no. 3 (2006): 370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 Still, this possibility is not seen in the case of the usage of third person singular pronouns after the preposition.
To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.
To save this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your Dropbox account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.
To save this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your Google Drive account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.