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IDEE E CONOSCENZA NELLE POLITICHE PUBBLICHE EUROPEE: TECNOCRAZIA O POLITICIZZAZIONE?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Claudio M. Radaelli

Introduzione

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La conoscenza nelle politiche pubbliche dell'Unione europea: un vantaggio a metà?

Come spesso accade, l'interesse attuale per la dimensione cognitiva della politica rappresenta più una riscoperta che una novità assoluta. In senso lato, essa comprende filoni ben noti, addirittura classici, degli studi politici. Lo dimostra la ricca letteratura su temi diversi quali l'incrementalismo (Lindblom 1959), la razionalità limitata (Simon 1957), le mappe cognitive delle élites politiche (Axelrod 1976), la concezione dei meccanismi di governo come apprendimento (Deutsch 1966, 80; Heclo 1972), il cosiddetto «complesso militare-industriale» (Rosen 1973), e la tecnocrazia (Fisichella 1997). Perché dunque «riscoprire» il ruolo politico della conoscenza? O meglio, qual è il potenziale di studi i quali, sia nell'ambito dell'analisi sulle politiche pubbliche (Capano 1995; Radaelli 1997) sia nelle relazioni internazionali (Jacobsen 1995), reclamano una maggiore considerazione per i fattori cognitivi nelle scelte di policy? Quanto sono efficaci nella spiegazione del cambiamento {policy change)? E, da ultimo, come possono essere valutati da un punto di vista normativo? Una delle idee cardine della prospettiva cognitiva è che la politica vada oltre la semplice risoluzione dei conflitti. L'apprendimento, la propensione alla soluzione dei problemi, i fora di discussione e il policy enlightenment - si sostiene - possono contare più della politica basata su stili conflittuali. La politica sta forse superando il modello della democrazia competiti- va-awersariale?

Summary

Summary

The role of expertise in European public policy has become the object of a passionate debate. On the one hand, it has been argued that knowledge, in various guises, can foster learning, enlightenment, problem-solving attitudes, and policy change. On the other, the public policy of the European Union (EU) is in the firing line because of its technocratic bias. However, what is meant by technocracy in the case of the EU? How can political scientists be fascinated by the positive input of knowledge, and, at the same time, horrified by technocratic policy-making? The aim in this article is to tackle this puzzle by suggesting a conceptual framework. Concepts such as technocracy, epistemic communities, and bureaucratic politics refer to different modes of the politics of expertise. Empirically, they should be contrasted with the logic of politicization. Case studies discussed in this article suggest that the power of expertise is being counterbalanced by a process of politicization. The conclusion is that the main challenge is neither to preserve an unattainable de-politicized Union nor to assume that politicization will tame technocracy, but to make expertise more accountable in an increasingly politicized environment.

Type
Ricerche
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , December 1999 , pp. 517 - 546
Copyright
Copyright © 1999 by Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna 

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