Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:10:12.610Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

LO STATO SOCIALE NELL'ERA DELL'AUSTERITÀ PERMANENTE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Paul Pierson

Introduzione

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Da tempo riconosciuto come un elemento caratterizzante delle democrazie industriali avanzate, il welfare state reclama oggi più attenzione che mai. Malgrado l'incremento delle disuguaglianze in molti paesi, le domande di tagli alla spesa sociale si sono intensificate. I tentativi in tale senso hanno provocato un acceso dibattito e diffuse proteste e ciò pone il welfare al centro del dibattito politico e del conflitto sociale.

Summary

Summary

Throughout the ranks of affluent democracies, social policies are at the center of political discussion and social conflict. In a context of permanent austerity, the contemporary politics of the welfare state takes shape against a backdrop of intense pressures for welfare retrenchment and enduring popularity. Even strong supporters of the welfare state may come to acknowledge the need for ad justement, and even severe critics may need to confront the political realities of continuing popular enthusiasm for social provision. Thus in most of the affluent democracies, the politics of social policy centers on the renegotiation, restructuring, and modernization of the terms of the post-war social contract rather than its dismantling. Furthermore, the politics of welfare state restructuring varies according to the specific world of welfare capitalism (liberal, social democratic and conservative), and according to the specific countries within a same welfare regime. Finally, starting from the perspectives of prominent actors in the reform process, change occurs along three dimensions: re-commodification, cost-containment, and modernization. Each constitues a potentially important dimension of welfare state restructuring, and particular combinations of the three dimensions take place within each welfare regime in peculiar ways also linked to electoral incentives and institutional stickiness.

Type
Saggi
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , December 1999 , pp. 393 - 439
Copyright
Copyright © 1999 by Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna 

References

Riferimenti bibliografici

Alber, J. (1998), Recent Developments in Continental Welfare States: Do Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands Prove to be Birds of a Feather?, Paper presentato al 14° Congresso Mondiale di Sociologia, Montreal, luglio.Google Scholar
Andersen, J.G. (1997), Beyond Retrenchment: Welfare Policies in Denmark in the 1990s, Paper presentato nell'ambito dell'incontro organizzato dall'European Consortium for Political Research, Bergen, settembre.Google Scholar
Arthur, B. (1994), Path Dependence and Increasing Returns in Economics, Ann Arbour, University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Baccaro, L. e Locke, R. (1996), Public Sector Reform and Union Participation: The Case of the Italian Pension Reform, Working Paper, n. 3922-96-BPS, Sloan School of Management, Cambridge (Mass.).Google Scholar
Bonoli, G., George, V. e Taylor-Gooby, P. (in stampa), European Welfare Futures: Towards a Theory of Retrenchment, Cambridge, Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bonoli, G. e Palier, B. (1997), Reclaiming Welfare: The Politics of French Social Protection Reform, in Rhodes, M. (a cura di), Southern European Welfare States, Portland, Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Brady, D.W. e Voldron, C. (1998), Revolving Gridlock: Politics and Policy from Carter to Clinton, Boulder, Westview Press.Google Scholar
Castles, F.G. (1996), Needs-Based Strategies of Social Protection in Australia and New Zealand, in Esping-Anderson (1996a), pp. 88–115.Google Scholar
Castles, F.G. e Pierson, C. (1996), A New Convergence? Recent Policy Developments in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, in «Policy and Politics», n. 3, pp. 233–245.Google Scholar
Clayton, R. e Pontusson, J. (1999), Welfare State Retrenchment Revisited: Entitlement Cuts, Public Sector Restructuring, and In egalitarian Trends in Advanced Capitalist Societies, in «World Politics», n. 1, pp. 67–98.Google Scholar
Collier, D. e Levitsky, S. (1997), Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research, in «World Politics», pp. 431–451.Google Scholar
Ebbinghaus, B. (1999), Any Way Out of ‘Exit from Work'? Reversing the Entrenched Pathways of Early Retirement in Europe, USA and Japan, Paper presentato all'interno del progetto Max Planck Institut «Adjustment to Economic Internationalization».Google Scholar
Ebbinghaus, B. e Manow, P. (1998), Varieties of Welfare Capitalism, Paper inedito.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1985), Politics against Markets, Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990), The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1996), Welfare States Without Work: The Impasse of Labour Shedding and Familism in Continental Social Policy, in Id. (a cura di), Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economies, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications, pp. 66–87.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999), Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ferrera, M. (1996), Il modello sud-europeo di welfare state, in «Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica», n. 1, pp. 67–101.Google Scholar
Ferrera, M. (1997), The Uncertain Future of the Italian Welfare State, in «West European Politics», n. 1, pp. 231–241.Google Scholar
Ferrera, M. e Gualmini, E. (1999), Salvati dall'Europa. Lavoro e welfare in Italia fra gli anni ‘70 e gli anni ‘90, Bologna, Il Mulino.Google Scholar
Ferrera, M. e Gualmini, E. (2000), Italy: Rescue From Without?, in Scharpf, F. e Schmidt, V. (a cura di), Welfare and Work in Open Economies, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Flora, P. (1989), From Industrial to Postindustrial Welfare State?, Annali dell'Istituto di Scienze Sociali, numero monografico, Institute of Social Science, Tokio.Google Scholar
Garrett, G. (1998), Partisan Politics in the Global Economy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Giaimo, S. e Manow, P. (1999), Welfare State Adaptation or Erosion? The Case of Health Care Reform in Britain, Germany, and the United States, in «Comparative Political Studies», dicembre.Google Scholar
Golden, M., Wallerstein, M. e Lange, P. (1999), Postwar Trade-Union Organization and Industrial Restructuring in Twelve Countries, in Kitschelt, H., Lange, P., Marks, G. e Stephens, J.D. (a cura di), Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 194–230.Google Scholar
Hacker, J. (1998), The Historical Logic of National Health Insurance: Structure and Sequence in the Development of British, Canadian, and U.S. Medical Policy, in «Studies in American Political Development», n. 1, pp. 57–130.Google Scholar
Hall, P. A. (1999), The Political Economy Europe in an Era of Interdependence, in H. Kitschelt et al. (1999), pp. 135–163.Google Scholar
Hemerijck, A. e Manow, P. (1998), The Experience of Negotiated Reform in Germany and the Netherlands, paper presentato nell'ambito del progetto Max Planck Institut «The Adjustment to Economic Internationalization», gennaio.Google Scholar
Hills, J. (1998), Thatcherism, New Labour and the Welfare State, in «Center for the Analysis of Social Exlusion Paper», n. 13, London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Huber, E. e Stephens, J. (in stampa), Partisan Governance, Women's Employment and the Social Democratic Service State, in «American Sociological Review».Google Scholar
Iversen, T. (1998), The Choices for Scandinavian Social Democracy in Comparative Perspective, in «Oxford Review of Economic Policy», n. 1, pp. 59–75.Google Scholar
Iversen, T. e Wren, A. (1998), Equality, Employment and Budgetary Restraint: the Trilemma of the Service Economy, in «World Politics» n. 4, pp. 507–546.Google Scholar
Iversen, T., Pontusson, J. e Soskice, D. (a cura di) (1998), Unions, Employers and Central Banks, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Judis, J.B. (1995), Abandoned Surgery: Business and the Failure of Health Care Reform, in «The American Prospect», n. 21, pp. 65–73.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, H., Lange, P., Marks, G. e Stephens, J.D. (a cura di) (1999), Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Krehbiel, K. (1998), Pivotal Politics: A Theory of US Lawmaking, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kohli, M., Rein, M., Guillemard, A.M. e van Gunsteren, H. (1991), Time for Retirement: Comparative Studies of Early Exit from the Labor Force, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Korpi, W. (1999), Faces of Inequality: Gender, Class and Inequalities in Different Types of Welfare States, Paper inedito, Swedish Institue for Social Research.Google Scholar
S., Kuhnle. e Eitrheim, P. (1999), The Scandinavian Model: Trends and Perspectives, WP/23, European University Institute, Paper presentato nell'ambito dei seminari dell'European Forum.Google Scholar
Levy, J. (1999), Vice into Virtue? Progressive Politics and Welfare Reform in Continental Europe, in «Politics and Society», n. 2, pp. 239–273.Google Scholar
Lindbom, A. (1999), Dismantling the Social Democratic Welfare Model? Has the Swedish Welfare State Lost Its Defining Charateristics?, Paper presentato al Workshop 26, European Consortium for Political Research, Mannheim, marzo.Google Scholar
Manow, P. e Seils, E. (1999), ‘Adjusting Badly': the German Welfare State, Structural Change and the Economy, Paper presentato per il progetto Max Planck Institut «Adjustment to Economic Internationalization» gennaio.Google Scholar
Myles, J. (1996), When Markets Fail: Social Welfare in Canada and the United States, in Esping-Andersen (1996a), pp. 116–140.Google Scholar
Myles, J. (1999), The Maturation of Canadas Retirement Income System: Income Levels, Income Inequality and Low Income among the Elderly, Paper inedito.Google Scholar
Myles, J. e Pierson, P. (1997), Friedman's Revenge: the Reform of ‘Liberal’ Welfare States in Canada and the United States, in «Politics and Society», pp. 443–472.Google Scholar
Myles, J. e Pierson, P. (in stampa), The Comparative Political Economy of Pension Reform, in P. Pierson (in stampa).Google Scholar
North, D.C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O'Conner, J., Orloff, A. e Shaver, S. (1999), States, Families, Markets, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, C. (1998), Globalisation and the Changing Governance of Welfare States: Superannuation Reform in Australia, in «Global Society», n. 1, pp. 31–47.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (1994), Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (1996), The New Politics of the Welfare State, in «World Politics», n. 2, pp. 143–179.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (1997), Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics, Eui.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (1998), Irresistible Forces, Immovable Objects: Postindustrial Welfare States Confront Permanent Austerity, in «Journal of European Public Policy», n. 4, pp. 539–560.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. Pierson, P. (a cura di) (in stampa), The New Politics of the Welfare State, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. e Weaver, R.K. (1993), Imposing Losses in Pensions Policy, in Weaver, R.K. e Rockman, B.A. (a cura di), Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press, pp. 110–150.Google Scholar
Ragin, C. (1987), The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies, Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ross, F. (1998), A Framework for Studying Unpopular Policies: Partisan Possibilities, Institutional Liabilities and the Anti-State Agenda, Paper inedito.Google Scholar
Rothstein, B. (1998), Just Institutions Matter, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scharpf, F.W. (1986), The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration, in «Public Administration», pp. 239–278.Google Scholar
Scharpf, F.W. (1997), Employment and the Welfare State: A Continental Dilemma, Max Planck Institut Working Paper, n. 7.Google Scholar
Schwartz, H. e Rhodes, M. (1999), Internationalization and the Liberal Welfare States: the UK, Australia and New Zealand, Paper presentato per il progetto Max Planck Institut «Adjustment to Economic Internationalization».Google Scholar
Shalev, M. (1998), Limits and Alternatives to Multiple Regression in Macro-Comparative Research, Paper presentato alla II Conferenza «Welfare State», Crossroads, Stoccolma, giugno.Google Scholar
Soskice, D. (1999), Divergent Production Regimes: Coordinated and Uncoordinated Market Economies in the 1980s and 1990s, in Kitschelt et al. (1999), pp. 101–134.Google Scholar
Stephens, J.D. (1996), The Scandinavian Welfare States: Achievements and Prospect, in Esping-Andersen (1996a), pp. 32–65.Google Scholar
Stephens, J.D., Huber, E. e Ray, L. (1999), The Welfare State in Hard Times, in Kitschelt et al. (1999), pp. 164–193.Google Scholar
Svallfors, S. (1995), The End of Class Politics? Structural Cleavages and Attitudes to Swedish Welfare Policies, in «Acta Sociologica», pp. 53–74.Google Scholar
Svallfors, S. (1997), Worlds of Welfare and Attitudes To Redistribution: A Comparison of Eight Western Nations, in «European Sociological Review», n. 3, pp. 283–304.Google Scholar
Swenson, P. (1992), Union Politics, the Welfare State, and Intraclass Conflict in Sweden and Germany, in Golden, M. e Pontusson, J. (a cura di), Bargaining for Change: Union Politics in North America and Europe, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, pp. 45–76.Google Scholar
Thelen, K. (in stampa), Why German Employers Cannot Bring Themselves to Dismantle the German Model, in T. Iversen, J. Pontusson e D. Soskice (a cura di), Unions, Employers and Central Bank: Wage Bargaining and Macro-economic Regimes in an Integrating Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tsebelis, G. (1995), Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multi-partyism, in «British Journal of Political Science», pp. 289–325.Google Scholar
Van Kersbergen, K. (1995), Social Capitalism: A Study of Christian Democracy and the Welfare State, London, Routledge e Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Visser, J. e Hemmerijck, A. (1997), ‘A Dutch Miracle’: Job Growth, Welfare Reform, and Corporatism in the Nederlands, Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Wilensky, H., (1981), Leftism, Catholicism, and Democratic Corporatism: the Role of Political Parties in Recent Welfare State Development, in Flora, P. e Heidenheimer, A.J. (a cura di), The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America, New Brunswick, N.J., Transaction Books, pp. 345–382.Google Scholar
Weaver, R.K. (1986), The Politics of Blame Avoidance, in «Journal of Public Policy», pp. 371–398.Google Scholar