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A War Generation?: The Radcliffe College Community in the Great War Era, 1914–1926

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2020

Michael McGuire
Michael McGuire*
Affiliation:
Mount Saint Mary College
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: Michael.McGuire@msmc.edu
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Abstract

Over 2,000 Radcliffe College students, administrators, and alumnae irregularly involved themselves in World War I (WWI) activism. While most matriculating and matriculated Radcliffe members collectively contributed to war work, their individual records illuminate peculiar paradoxes that challenge historical concepts of America's WWI culture. Radcliffe females generally assumed war tasks untethered to their professional experiences and political aspirations. Many undergraduates and graduates contended that they chose, circumscribed and concluded war-connected work at their discretion—not Radcliffe's and/or America's. Moreover, domestic efforts designed to awaken Americans' war patriotism and activity encountered a decidedly dormant and indulgent Cambridge college compound. Not until fall 1918—over a year into U.S. belligerency—did Radcliffe's campus completely mobilize for ‘selfless' war service. Radcliffe's WWI-related chronicles—including its members’ post-hostilities humanitarian activity—suggest that “coercive voluntarism” and “complete citizenship” were not ubiquitous forces in WWI America.

Keywords

First World WarRadcliffe Collegehumanitarian activitycoercive voluntarismcomplete citizenshipforeign relationsAmerican women's war work
Type
Essays
Information
The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , July 2020 , pp. 406 - 425
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (SHGAPE)

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References

Notes

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30 L. Standish et al., “To the Editor,” RN, Dec. 4, 1914; B. Elliot, “To 1915,” RN, Dec. 4, 1914; H. Kleinschmidt “To the Editor,” RN, Dec. 4, 1914.

31 “Classes and Clubs,” RN, Dec. 11, 1914; Officers’ notes, Dec. 8, 1914, and Jan. 19 and Feb. 16, 1915, Radcliffe College Alumnae Association RG IX (hereafter RCAA/RGIX/7), Class of 1915 Collection, series 7, RCA-SL-RI.

32 B. Lazenby, “War Relief Committee,” RN, Oct. 22, 1915; Penelope Noyes to Lucy Paton, May 22, 1919, Radcliffe College Alumnae Association Records, RG IX, series 8, box 13, RCA-SL-RI (hereafter RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI).

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43 Elizabeth Sanders, “The War and Peace Election of 1916,” in America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History, eds. Gareth Davies and Julian E. Zelizer (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015), 118, 123–33; Cooper, John Milton Jr., Woodrow Wilson (New York: Vintage, 2011), 339–48Google Scholar; Doenecke, Justus D., Nothing Less than War: A New History of America's Entry into World War I (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011), 161–64, 171–72, 183–85, 204–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Neiberg, The Path to War, 161, 174.

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46 “French Orphans,” RN, Dec. 1, 1916; Minutes of Class Officers, Oct. 16, 1916, RCAA/RGIX/7, Class of 1918 Collection, RCA-SL-RI (hereafter RCAA/RGIX/7/18C-RCA-SL-RI); Secretary's Notes, Oct. 13 and Dec. 25, 1916, RCAA/RGIX/7, Class of 1919 Collection, RCA-SL-RI (hereafter RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI).

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48 Treasurer's Report for 1916–17, RCAA/RGIX/7/18C-RCA-SL-RI.

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51 Forms—Edson, Betty Lazenby, Marguerita Lazenby, Monks, Riest, and Whittier, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI.

52 Mrs. Russell Sage, “Opportunities and Responsibilities of Leisured Women,” North American Review 181 (Nov. 1905): 712.

53 “The Clearing House,” Vassar Quarterly 2 (May 1917): 176.

54 Handbook, 18; “Special Aid Cards” and “General Editorial,” RN, Apr. 5, 1917.

55 Forms—Jan.–Mar. 1917, RCAAR/RGIX/7/13-RCA-SL-RI.

56 Form—Bowler, RCAAR/RGIX/7/13-RCA-SL-RI; Bius, Joel R., “The Damn Y Man in WWI: Service, Perception and Cigarettes,” in The YMCA at War: Collaboration and Conflict during the World Wars, eds. Copeland, Jeffrey C. and Xu, Yan (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2018), 17Google Scholar.

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58 Seward, “Obituary,” 156; Holden to family, Feb. 27, 1917, RHP-RCA-SL-RI.

59 Lee, “Red Cross Membership,” RN, Oct. 20, 1916.

60 Radcliffe Club of New York to Briggs, n.d, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RC.

61 “Ruth Holden,” RQ (Aug. 1917): 96.

62 William Neilson, “Commencement Address,” RQ (Aug. 1917): 91–94.

63 Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 6, 23, 41–51, 83.

64 Howells, A Century to Celebrate, 119; Emily Daniel and Ruth Taft Peterson, “The Joint Meeting of the Alumnae Association and the Union” and “News and Views,” RQ (Aug. 1917): 99, 109–12; “French Officers Visit Harvard,” Harvard Alumnae Bulletin 23 (Dec. 9, 1920): 245.

65 Forms—Apr. 1917–Dec. 1918, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI.

66 Forms—Ives, Steele, and Young, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI; Jensen, Mobilizing Minerva, 14.

67 “Service List,” RQ (May 1918): 74–77; “Service List,” RQ (Aug. 1918): 118–19; “Service List,” RQ (Dec. 1918): 21–24; “Service List,” RQ (Mar. 1919): 47–49; “Service List,” RQ (June 1919): 93–94; “Service List,” RQ (Sept. 1919): 124–27; “Class Notes,” RQ (Dec. 1918): 29–30.

68 Putnam to Patton, Mar. 3, 1919, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI; Putnam to family, Sept. 13, 1917, and May 21, June 19, and Sept. 7, 1918, in On Duty and Off: Letters of Elizabeth Cabot Putnam Written in France May 1917–September 1918 (Cambridge, MA: The Riverside Press, 1919) 78–79, 173, 211Google Scholar.

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70 “President Urges Support of Red Cross,” New York Times, Apr. 7, 1917.

71 Irwin, Making the World Safe, 74.

72 “Appointments and Occupations,” RQ (Feb. 1918): 54–55; “Appointments and Occupations,” RQ (Aug. 1918): 138; “Service List,” RQ (May 1918): 74–77; “Service List,” RQ (Aug. 1918): 117–18; “Service List,” RQ (Dec. 1918): 20–24; “Service List,” RQ (Mar. 1919): 47–49; “Service List,” RQ (June 1919): 92–94; “Service List,” RQ (Sept. 1919): 124–28; Baker, “Report of the Radcliffe War Work Committee” (hereafter “Report”), RQ (Dec. 1918): 16.

73 Forms—Barnes, Bowker, Brown, Cabot, Alice Carter, Ketcham, Metcalf, Mowery, Putnam, Rich, Robinson, Stewart, Stockton, Williams, and Windle, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI.

74 Forms—Cabot, Goodale, and Rich, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI.

75 Jensen, Mobilizing Minerva, ix.

76 ARC-AFFW Agreement, Sept. 27, 1917, box 43; Minutes of Meeting, Nov. 8, 1917, box 103, Records of the American National Red Cross, series 2, record group 200, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD; Forms—Babbitt, Bacon, Bayley, Beard, Bigelow, Blauvet, Fiona Brooks, Susan Brooks, Croly, Emerson, Fay, Hartwell, Robinson, Stockton, and Wheeler, RCAAR/RCIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI.

77 Forms—Adams, Babcock, Cutting, Evans, Everett, Fay, Hall, Moore, Noyes, and Phillips, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI; “Women Enrolling to Serve Country,” Boston Daily Globe, Mar. 10, 1917; “Bay State Woman Working Hard for Preparedness,” Boston Daily Globe, Mar. 25, 1917; Graham, Judith S., ed., “Out Here at the Front”: The World War I Letters of Nora Saltonstall (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004), 27–28, 71Google Scholar.

78 Forms—Armstrong, Boody, Boyd, Fabens, Galer, Gorham, Hadley, Hardon, Heffinger, Jordan, Lee, Loux, Caroline Manning, Nina Manning, Piper, Poole, Prescott, Roberts, Runkle, Simpson, Spear, Stilwell, and Winslow, RCAAR/RCIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI; Jensen, Mobilizing Minerva, 99–103; Breen, William J., Uncle Sam at Home: Civilian Mobilization, Wartime Federalism, and the Council of National Defense, 1917–1919 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1984), 4Google Scholar; Sanders, “The War and Peace Election of 1916,” 126; Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 94; Greenwald, Women, War, and Work, 169; Zeiger, In Uncle Sam's Service, 13–14.

79 Forms—Austin, Bowler, Cox, Hood, Huling, Mason, Perham, Perry, Schoff, Simmons, Stedman, Amy Stewart, Evelyn Stewart, Todd, Tupper, and Winship, RCAAR/RCIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI.

80 Edith Gratia Stedman (hereafter EGS) to “Marj.,” Dec. 12, 1917, Jan. 1918, Feb. 2, Mar. 17, and Apr. 6, 1918, (copy), series I; Autobiography, 51–60, series III, Papers of EGS, 1833–1978, RCA-SL-RI.

81 Baker, “Radcliffe War Service,” RQ (Nov. 1917): 2–3; McGuire, “Cultures de Guerre in Picardy, 1917,” Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 42 (Winter 2016): 38–41; Dalby, Louise Elliott, “An Irrepressible Crew”: The Smith College Relief Unit (Northampton, MA: Sophia Smith Collection, 1968), 72Google Scholar.

82 Reports on Service Cards, Mar. 11–12, 1918, Penelope Barker Noyes Papers, SC6, RCA-SL-RI; Form—Noyes, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI; Statement on the Intercollegiate Canteen Unit, n.d., and unidentified author to Briggs, May 24, 1918, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI.

83 Dorothy and Schneider, Carl J., Into the Breach: American Women Overseas in World War I (New York: Viking, 1991), 72Google Scholar.

84 Statement of War Work Committee, Oct. 20, 1918, Radcliffe College Alumnae Association Records, RG IX, series 8, box 14, RCA-SL-RI (hereafter RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI); Baker, “Report,” RQ (May 1918): 73; Baker, A. Nathalie Jewett, and Katharine Monroe Day, “Report,” RQ (Aug. 1918): 113–14.

85 Williams to Baker, May 27, June 5 and 16, July 1, 9, and 30, Aug. 19, 1918, Radcliffe College in France Scrapbooks, 1917–1920, RCA-SL-RI (hereafter RCIF-RCA-SL-RI); Bennett to Helen Thayer, June 11, 1918, box 7, SCRU Records, Smith College Archives, Northampton, MA; McGuire, Michael, “A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and the Great War, 1914–1918,” New England Quarterly 91 (June 2018): 325–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nivet, Philippe, Les réfugies français de la Grande Guerre, 1914–1920: les «Boches du Nord» (Paris: Economica, 2004), 84Google Scholar.

86 Jensen, Mobilizing Minerva, 105–07.

87 “Editorial,” RN, Apr. 27, 1917.

88 Julia Leaycraft to Briggs, Apr. 20, 1917; Charles Pack to Briggs, Mar. 31, 1917; Briggs to Leaycraft, Apr. 25, 1917; Briggs to Roger Pierce, May 3, 1917, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI.

89 “Radcliffe Farm Army,” RN, May 18, 1917; “The Liberty Loan,” RN, May 25, 1917. Weiss, Fruits of Victory, 58–59.

90 Treasurer's Report, May 12, 1917, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI.

91 “The Woman Slacker,” editorial, Ladies Home Journal 34 (July 1917): 7.

92 A. Lawrence Lowell to Briggs, Aug. 10 and 24, 1917; Briggs to Susan Lyman, Aug. 19, 1917; L. Ames Brown to Briggs, Sept. 24, 1917; Briggs to unstated recipient, Aug. 1917, and Briggs to Dean Owen Templin, Oct. 8, 1918, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI.

93 “Red Cross,” RN, Sept. 29, 1917; “War Courses,” RN, Oct. 12, 1917; “Undergraduates and the War,” RQ (Nov. 1917): 4–5.

94 “War Work Discussed at Mass Meeting,” RN, Sept. 29, 1917; Officers’ Meeting, Oct. 25 and Nov. 16, 1917, RCAA/RGIX/7/18C-RCA-SL-RI; Secretary's Notes, Nov. 6, 1917; Augustine Georgelin to Mademoiselle, 10 fevrier [sic] 1918; Secretary Ellen Collier, Annual Report 1918; Treasurer's Reports, Nov. 28, 1917–Jan. 9, 1918, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI.

95 “New Programs for Current Events Classes,” RN, Oct. 5, 1917; Margaret Garrison, “A Place for the Conscientious Objector,” RN, Oct. 5, 1917.

96 “Red Cross Report,” RN, Nov. 9, 1917.

97 “1756 Bricks Purchased for Y.M.C.A. Hut,” RN, Nov. 23, 1917.

98 Officers’ Meeting, Dec. 4, 1917; Treasurer's Report, 1917-18, RCAA/RGIX/7/18C-RCA-SL-RI; Secretary's Notes, Dec. 13, 1917; Treasurer's Report, Jan. 12–25 and Mar. 11, 1918, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI.

99 Delia Marble to Briggs, Jan. 11, 1918; Herbert Hoover to Briggs (copy), Jan. 15, 1918; Briggs to Hoover, Jan. 17, 1918; Paul Kennaday to Briggs, Apr. 19, 1918; Ezra Baker to Briggs, Apr. 24, 1918, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI; “Radcliffe Will Organize Farm Unit,” RN, Mar. 1, 1918; “Faculty Endorses Farm Plan,” RN, Mar. 8, 1918; Weiss, Fruits of Victory, 49, 66–69, 75–77, 169. Seale, William, The Garden Club of America: 100 Years of a Growing Legacy (Washington: Smithsonian, 2012), 10–11Google Scholar; Gowdy-Wygant, Cecilia, Cultivating Victory: The Women's Land Army and the Victory Garden Movement (Pittsburg: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013), 43–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 98–100.

100 “Stock Taking,” RN, Jan. 11, 1918.

101 “Briggs Emphasizes Surgical Dressings Work,” RN, Feb. 23, 1918; Dorothy Manks, “To the College,” RN, Mar. 22, 1918.

102 “Prof. Fitch Challenges Radcliffe,” “Where-with-all Shall They Be Clothed,” and “General Editorial,” RN, Mar. 22, 1918; D. Hodgson, “Red Cross Work Booms,” RN, Mar. 29, 1918.

103 “What Is Radcliffe Doing to Win the War?” and “Radcliffe and the War,” RN, May 17, 1918.

104 Meeting, May 24, 1918, RCAA/RGIX/7/18C-RCA-SL-RI; Treasurer's Report, May 21, 1918, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI; “Cercle Francais Gives Profit for Aid of Wounded” and “Red Cross Notices,” RN, May 24, 1918; “Red Cross Campaign,” RN, June 19, 1918.

105 Baker to Briggs, May 4, 1918, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RC; “Mr. Baker Promises Farm at Dummer Academy,” RN, May 10, 1918; “Our Agricultural Patriots,” RN, May 24, 1918; P. Robinson, “The Radcliffe Farm,” RQ (Dec. 1918): 132–33; ‘Byfield Farm Yields Generous Harvest,’ RN, Oct. 18, 1918; Weiss, Fruits of Victory, 48–52, 67, 144.

106 “Entire College Registers for War Work” and “College Statistics Still Uncertain,” RN, Sept. 27, 1918; Edith Smith, “Around the Apple Tree,” RQ (Dec. 1918): 24–25.

107 William Ingersoll to Briggs, Sept. 3 and Nov. 19, 1918, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI; Mastrangelo, Lisa, “World War I, Public Intellectuals and the Four Minute Men: Convergent Ideals of Public Speaking and Civic Participation,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 12 (2009): 607–09CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

108 Secretary's Notes and Annual Report, 1918–1919 (hereafter SNAR18-19), RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI.

109 “General Editorial,” RN, Nov. 8, 1918; Selma Hunt, “The Radcliffe Clubs,” RQ (Mar. 1919): 59; Schneider, Into the Breach, 72.

110 “Red Cross Pleads for Immediate Help,” RN, Jan. 17, 1919; “War Board Ends Useful Career,” RN, Apr. 4, 1919.

111 J. Evans, “To the Editor,” RN, Nov. 7, 1919; J. Evans, “Under the Apple Tree,” RQ (Dec. 1919): 18.

112 Charles Dummer to Baker, Jan. 28, 1919, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI.

113 Director General Densmore to Mrs. William Scholefield, Aug. 27, 1919 (copy), and Schofield to Briggs, Oct. 15, 1919, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI.

114 “Service List,” RQ (Mar. 1919): 46 [emphasis in original].

115 Baker, “Report,” RQ (Mar. 1919): 44-45; Williams to Baker, Nov. 17, 1918 and Feb. 3, 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI.

116 Secretary's Report, Nov. 2 and 13, 1918; Mrs. Jasper Whiting to Ring, Nov. 5, 1919; Treasurer's Report, Nov. 14–23, 1918, Nov. 29, 1919, Oct. 5, 1921, Dec. 1, 1922, and May and Oct. 28, 1924, SNAR18-19, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI.

117 Paulina Fessenden, “Report of the French Orphan Committee,” Triennial Report (Dec. 1920), 6; Scrapbook, n.p., RCAAR/RG IX/7, Class of 1917 Collection, RCA-SL-RI.

118 Le Village Reconstitué: Secours et Soins aux Habitants des Villages (Puteaux: n.p. 1917), 1–3; Baker to Alumnae, Jan. 14, 1919. See also Huntington to Baker, Aug. 5, 1919, Holman to Baker, May 19, 1919, Collier to Baker, Aug. 4, 1919, Katharine Shortall to Baker, Feb. 8, 1920, Browne to Baker, June 2, 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI; Stockton to Baker, Jan. 16, 1919, War Department to Baker, Jan. 18, 1919, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI; Diary, May 28, 1919, Anna Eveleth Holman Papers, (hereafter AEHP)-RCA-SL-RI; May 26, 1919, Mary Ursula Burrage Letters to family (hereafter MUBL)-RCA-SL-RI; Baker, “Report,” RQ (Mar. 1919): 44–45, 86.

119 Stockton to Holman, July 10, 1919, Holman to mother, Oct. 13, 1919, AEHP-RCA-SL-RI; Sept. 3, 1919, MUBL-RCA-SL-RI.

120 Forms—Burrage and Collier, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI.

121 Jeffrey Brackett to Baker, Jan. 22, 1919, Eloise Tremaine to Baker, Jan. 20, 1919, Burrage to Baker, Jan. 3, 1919, Browne, Collier, Holman, and Burrage applications, n.d., Holman to Baker, Jan. 20 and Mar. 25, 1919, and Stockton to Baker, Feb. 7, 1919, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI.

122 Report, June 1920, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI; Treasurer's Annual Report, Aug. 31, 1919, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI.

123 Browne, Collier, Holman, and Burrage applications, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI.

124 Affidavit, Jan. 19, 1919, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI.

125 July 20 and Aug. 6 and 11, 1919, MUBL-RCA-SL-RI; Diary, July 26–28, Aug. 3–7, and Sept. 2–8, 1919, AEHP-RCA-SL-RI; Holman to Baker, Aug. 7 and 31 and Oct. 13, 1919, Collier to Baker, Aug. 4, 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI.

126 Holman to Baker, Aug. 31, 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI.

127 Driving May 1919–Apr. 1920, AEHP-RCA-SL-RI; Holman to Baker, Aug. 17, 1919 and Jan. 18, 1920, Burrage to Baker, Nov. 8, 1919 and Feb. 11, 1920, Browne to Baker, June 2, June 29, July 29, Nov. 27 and 29, and Dec. 30, 1919, Huntington to Baker, Aug. 5 and 8, Oct. 9, and n.d. 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI; July 13 and Aug. 4, 1919, MUBL, RCA-SL-RI. Shortall, 23–37.

128 Holman Report, June 1920; Browne to Baker, Mar. 19, 1920, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI; Archives Nationales (Fontainebleau), 32 BB 289, Décret du Président de la République Française sur la Médaille de la Reconnaissance française, Aug. 6, 1919; Homage de Reconnaissance, s.d., AEHP-RCA-SL-RI.

129 McGuire, “A highly successful experiment in international partnership?,” 110.

130 Neiberg, The Path to War, 8.

131 “Radcliffe's Opportunity,” RN, Oct. 17, 1919.