Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:02:12.778Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Blood cells of the arcid clam, Scapharca inaequivalvis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2009

Jackie A. Holden ,
Richard K. Pipe ,
Antonio Quaglia  and
Graziella Ciani
Jackie A. Holden
Affiliation:
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB
Richard K. Pipe
Affiliation:
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB
Antonio Quaglia
Affiliation:
Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Departimento di Bologia, Istituto di Anatomia Comparata, Direzione Via Bilmelore, 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Graziella Ciani
Affiliation:
Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Departimento di Bologia, Istituto di Anatomia Comparata, Direzione Via Bilmelore, 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Light and electron microscopical studies were carried out in order to characterize the blood cells of the bivalve mollusc, Scapharca inaequivalvis (Bruguière). Cytochemical techniques were also used to investigate peroxidase, phenol oxidase and lysosomal enzyme activity in the cells. Four types of blood cell were found: the more numerous erythrocytes and three populations of white blood cells. The red blood cells were found to be nucleated and contained dense cytoplasmic granules and various organelles; a well-developed Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, variable numbers of mitochondria and fine cytoplasmic microtubules were observed. The white blood cells were generally smaller and less frequent. The type 1 cells possessed variable numbers of acidophilic, cytoplasmic granules and showed a high degree of vacuolation. The highly granular cells showed more extensive pseudopodia, perhaps indicative of intense phagocytic activity. The type 2 cells were basophilic and possessed few or no cytoplasmic granules. The type 3 cells were infrequently seen; they were relatively large and packed with large, dense, acidophilic, membrane-bound granules. Peroxidase and arylsulphatase activity was found to be present in the type 1 and 2 white blood cells and in the cytoplasmic granules of the erythrocytes. No phenol oxidase activity was detected.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 74 , Issue 2 , May 1994 , pp. 287 - 299
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brooks, S.P.J., Zwaan, A. de, Thillart, G.van den, Cattani, O., Cortesi, P. & Storey, K.B., 1991. Differential survival of Venus gallina and Scapharca inaequivalvis during anoxic stress: covalent modification of phosphofructokinase and glycogen phosphorylase during anoxia. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 161, 207–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, T.C., 1981. Bivalves. In Invertebrate blood cells, vol. 1 (ed. N.A., Ratcliffe and A.F., Rowley), pp. 233–300. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cheng, T.C. & Cali, A., 1974. An electron microscope study of the fate of bacteria phagocytized by granulocytes of Crassostrea virginica. Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology, 4, 25–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, T.C. & Foley, D.A., 1975. Hemolymph cells of the bivalve mollusc Mercenaria mercenaria: an electron microscopical study. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 26, 341–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, W.D. & Nemhauser, I., 1980. Association of centrioles with the marginal band of a molluscan erythrocyte. Journal of Cell Biology, 86, 286–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, W.D. & Nemhauser, I., 1985. Marginal bands and the cytoskeleton in blood cells of marine invertebrates. In Blood cells of marine invertebrates. Experimental systems in cell biology and comparative physiology (ed. W.D., Cohen), pp. 3–49. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.Google Scholar
Cowden, R.R., 1966. A cytochemical study of the nucleated, hemoglobin-containing erythrocytes of Glycera americana. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 85, 45–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuenot, L., 1891. Etudes sur le sang et les glandes lymphatiques dans la série animale. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Générale, Series 2, 9, 19–54.Google Scholar
Dawson, A.B., 1933. Supravital studies on the colored corpuscles of several marine invertebrates. Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 64, 233–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griesbach, H., 1891. Beitrage zur histologie des blutes. Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsmechanik, 39, 22–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, J.E. & Schultz, J., 1976. Studies on the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 251, 1371–1374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holden, J.A. & Pipe, R.K., 1994. Phenol oxidase activity in the haemolymph and haemocytes of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, in press.Google Scholar
Klebanoff, S.J., 1970. Myeloperoxidase: contribution to the microbicidal activity of intact leukocytes. Science, New York, 169, 1095–1097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangum, C.P. & Mauro, N.A., 1985. Metabolism of invertebrate red blood cells: a vacuum in our knowledge. In Circulation, respiration, and metabolism - current comparative approaches (ed. R., Gilles), pp. 280–289. Berlin: Springer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manwell, C., 1963. The chemistry and biology of hemoglobin in some marine clams. I. Distribution of the pigment and properties of the oxygen equilibrium. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 8, 209–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchetti, R., Provini, A. & Crosa, G., 1989. Nutrient load carried by the River Po into the Adriatic Sea, 1968–87. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20, 168–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michiels, C. & Remacle, J., 1988. Use of inhibition of enzymatic antioxidant systems in order to evaluate their physiological importance. European Journal of Biochemistry, 117, 435–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odell, E.W. & Segal, A.W., 1988. The bactericidal effects of the respiratory burst and the myeloperoxidase system isolated in neutrophil cytoplasts. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 971, 266–274.Google ScholarPubMed
Ohuye, T., 1937. On the coelomic corpuscles in the body fluid of some invertebrates. VII. On the formed elements in the body fluid of some marine invertebrates which possess the red blood corpuscle. Science Reports of the Tohoku University. Series 4. Biology, 12, 203–239.Google Scholar
Ohuye, T., 1938. On corpuscles in the body fluids of some invertebrates: general considerations on the results obtained by the preceding investigation. Science Reports of the Tohoku University. Series 4. Biology, 13, 359–380.Google Scholar
Pipe, R.K., Porte, C. & Livingstone, D.R., 1993. Antioxidant enzymes associated with the blood cells and haemolymph of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 3, 221–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sato, T., 1931. Untersuchungen am blut der gemeinen japanischen archemuschel (Arca inflata Rve.). Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Physiologie, 14, 763–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, H., 1988. Phenol oxidase (EC.1.14.18.1), a marker enzyme for defence cells. Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 17, no. 3, 194 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, V.J. & Söderhäll, K., 1991. A comparison of phenol oxidase activity in the blood of marine invertebrates. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 15, 251–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thillart, G.van den, Lieshout, G.van, Storey, K.Cortesi, P. & Zwaan, A. de., 1992. Influence of long-term hypoxia on the energy metabolism of the haemoglobin-containing bivalve Scapharca inaequivalvis: critical O2 levels for metabolic depression. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 162B, 297–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vismann, B., 1993. Hematin and sulfide removal in hemolymph of the hemoglobin-containing bivalve Scapharca inaequivalvis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 98, 115–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vooys, C.G.N. de, Zwaan, A. de, Roos, J., Carpené, E. & Cattani, O., 1991. Anaerobic metabolism of erythrocytes of the arcid clam Scapharca inaequivalvis (Bruguière): effects of cadmium. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 98B, 169–175.Google Scholar
Zwaan, A. de, Cattani, O. & Putzer, V.M., 1993a. Sulfide and cyanide induced mortality and anerobic metabolism in the arcid blood clam Scapharca inaequivalvis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 105C, 49–54.Google Scholar
Zwaan, A. de, & Cortesi, P., 1993. Energy metabolism of invertebrate erythrocytes: anaerobic metabolism of blood clams. In Surviving hypoxia: mechanisms of control and adaptation (ed. P.W., Hochachkaet al.), pp. 41–52. London: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Zwaan, A. de, Cortesi, P., Cattani, O., Isani, G. & Vitali, G., 1993b. Energy metabolism of the red blood cells of arcid clams as compared to vertebrates. Biologia Marina, supplemento al Notiziaro S.I.B.M., 1, 91–96.Google Scholar
Zwaan, A. de, Cortesi, P., Thillart, G. van den, Roos, J. & Storey, K.B., 1991. Differential sensitivities to hypoxia by two anoxia-tolerant marine molluscs: a biochemical analysis. Marine Biology, 111, 343–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar