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Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall's English Translation of the First Books of Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatnâme (Book of Travels)1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 October 2014

CAROLINE FINKEL
CAROLINE FINKEL*
Affiliation:
Honorary Fellow, University of Edinburgh School of History, Classics and Archaeology, carolinefinkel@gmail.com
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Extract

In 2007 the translation into English of the first two books of Evliya Çelebi's (EÇ) Seyahatnâme by the celebrated Austrian diplomat and orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall was republished in the Royal Asiatic Society (RAS) series Classics of Islam. Hammer's translation was based on what is now ms. RAS 22 in the RAS Library, and was first published under the auspices of the Oriental Translation Fund (OTF) in three parts: in 1834 (as Vol. I/i), 1846 (Vol. I/ii) and 1850 (Vol. II). It includes EÇ's account of his home city of Istanbul (Vol. I) and his first trip away – to Bursa in 1640 – as well as subsequent travels during the 1640s, including to Crimea, the Caucasus and northern Anatolia (Vol. II). The Committee of the OTF agreed to buy the manuscript and its continuation, now ms. RAS 23, from Hammer in 1832.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , January 2015 , pp. 41 - 55
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 2014 

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Footnotes

1

I owe many debts to the scholars who have laid the foundations of ‘Evliya Çelebi Studies’, in particular, for this article, to Pierre Mackay, Nuran Tezcan, Robert Dankoff and Klaus Kreiser. I am also grateful to Edith Ambros (University of Vienna), and to Sibylle Wentker (Austrian Academy of Sciences) who has herself worked on Hammer's Istanbul years, and graciously consented to read the article before submission. Alison Ohta, Kathy Lazenblatt and Helen Porter of the Royal Asiatic Society patiently facilitated my research in the RAS library, and Anna Grabolle Çeliker resolved some problems with the German. I thank the anonymous readers and Charlotte de Blois for her editorial work. All errors are my own.

References

2 For basic information on EÇ and his Seyahatnâme, see http://www.ottomanhistorians.com/database/html/evliya_en (currently being reconstructed).

3 Joseph von Hammer became Freiherr Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall in 1835 when he was bequeathed the title and estate of the last Count von Purgstall by the Count's widow.

4 von Hammer, Joseph, Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century by Evliyâ Efendi (Evliya Çelebi), (reprint, 2 vols; London, 2007)Google Scholar, cited as Narrative of Travels (2007).

5 Joseph von Hammer, Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century by Evliyâ Efendi (Evliya Çelebi), I/i (1832); I/ii (1846); II (1850) – cited as Narrative of Travels (1832, etc).

6 EÇ mentions that he visited Bursa with his father, briefly, on two earlier occasions; until the veracity of this passage in the text is convincingly evaluated, we might qualify our statement thus, “his first independent trip away”: see Kahraman, Seyit Ali, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi (Istanbul, 2011), ix, pp. 90–91 Google Scholar (on this source, see n.46 below).

7 The translation is thus the equivalent of ms. Bağdat 304 in Topkapı Palace Library in Istanbul (TKSK). The TKSK set, of which this is the first volume, is the oldest and best known version (albeit lacking Books 9 and 10, which survive only as copies), although probably not in EÇ's own hand. For a discussion of this archetype, the various copies deriving from it and how they relate to one another, see: Mackay, Pierre A., ‘The manuscripts of the Seyahatnâme of Evliya Çelebi; Part I: the Archetype’, Der Islam, LII (1975), pp. 278–298 Google Scholar. See also Taeschner, F., ‘Die neue Ausgabe von Evlijā Tschelebis Reisewerk’, Der Islam, XVIII (1929), pp. 299–310 Google Scholar; Kreutel, R. F., ‘Neues zur Evliyā-Çelebi-Forschung’, Der Islam, XLVIII (1972), pp. 269–279 Google Scholar.

8 RAS archive, Minutes of the Proceedings of the Oriental Translation Committee, Vol. 1, (2 May 1832), p.136. The Oriental Translation Committee controlled the OTF, which was established in 1828 by a committee of the RAS from which it was theoretically independent; see Simmonds, Stuart and Digby, Simon (eds), The Royal Asiatic Society. Its History and Treasures (Leiden and London, 1979), pp. 35–36 Google Scholar.

9 For an alternative view, see most recently, Hakan T. Karateke, Evliyā Çelebī's Journey from Bursa to the Dardanelles and Edirne. From the fifth book of the Seyāhatnāme (Leiden and Boston, 2013), pp. 12–14.

10 For a biography, see Hathaway, Jane, El Hajj Beshir Agha (Oxford, 2005)Google Scholar.

11 The eight extant books of the archetype are bound in five volumes: Bağdat 304 (Bks 1, 2); Bağdat 305 (Bks 3,4); Bağdat 307 (Bk 5); Revan 1457 (Bk 6); Bağdat 308 (Bks 7,8). For the story of how EÇ's work reached Istanbul, see: Mackay (1975), pp. 278–279.

12 A convenient list is: Buğday, Korkut, Evliya Çelebi's Anatolienreise (Leiden, 1996), pp. 7–10 Google Scholar.

13 This was the Müntehabat-i Evliya Çelebi, published between 1259/1843 and 1279/1862 in Istanbul and Bulaq.

14 Cevdet, Ahmed (ed.) Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi (Istanbul, 1314–1896/1318–1901), i–vi Google Scholar; Kilisli Rıfat Bilge (ed.) (Istanbul, 1928), vii–viii; Ahmed Refik Altınay (ed.) (Istanbul, 1935, 1938), ix–x.

15 See Robert Dankoff, An Evliya Çelebi Bibliography: http://tebsite.bilkent.edu.tr/evliya.pdf

16 Various authors, notably Ali Kahraman, Seyit, Dağlı, Yücel and Dankoff, Robert, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi (Istanbul, 1996–2007), i–x Google Scholar. [A revised edition has since appeared: authors as above, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi (Istanbul, 2011), i–x in 2 vols].

17 For a modern Turkish version based on the academic transcription, see Ali Kahraman, Seyit and Dağlı, Yücel, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi (Istanbul, 2003–2011), i–x Google Scholar. A generous selection of extracts in English is Dankoff, Robert and Kim, Sooyong, An Ottoman Traveller (London, 2010)Google Scholar.

18 An extensive if incomplete list of Hammer's publications is at http://gams.uni-graz.at/hp/pdf/37_Werksverzeichnis.pdf; this is part of University of Graz project: Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall. Erinnerungen und Briefe.

19 von Hammer, Joseph, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches (Pest, 1827–1835) i–x Google Scholar, cited as GoR. Despite its outmoded historical method, this remains a useful reference work on account of the wealth of European sources for Ottoman history that Hammer utilises.

20 Hammer wrote his Memoirs, Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben, of which a third-person summary based on the typescript of the original manuscript is available online: http://gams.uni-graz.at/hp/pdf/5_Exzerpt.pdf (cited as Erinnerungen (Graz)). For a selective first-person version, see Josef von Hammer-Purgstall, Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben (Vienna and Leipzig, 1940); also available online: http://www.zeno.org/Kulturgeschichte/M/Hammer-Purgstall,+Joseph+Freiherr+von/Erinnerungen+aus+meinem+Leben (cited as Erinnerungen (Vienna)). Since both versions of the Erinnerungen consulted here are incomplete, it is possible that there are more mentions of EÇ's work in the autograph than are included in either.

21 Also known as Katib Çelebi; presumably the works listed in his bibliographic work, Keşfü’z-zunun.

22 Erinnerungen (Graz), p. 36; Wentker, Sibylle, ‘Joseph von Hammer-Purgstalls Erste Reise nach Istanbul im Spiegel seiner “Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben”’, Osmanlı Araştırmaları Dergisi, XXV (2005), pp. 225–247 Google Scholar describes Hammer's first visit to Istanbul.

23 Erinnerungen (Graz), p. 45, Erinnerungen (Vienna), p. 133.

24 ‘Merkwürdiger Fund einer Türkischen Reisebeschreibung’, Intelligenzblatt zur Wiener Allgemeinen Literaturzeitung, II (1814), pp. 9–15 (cited as ‘Merkwürdiger Fund’). For a Turkish translation, see Nuran Tezcan, ‘Türkçe Bir Seyahatnâmenin İlginç Bulunuşu’ (typescript: I thank the author warmly for allowing me access to this). As does the present paper, Tezcan draws on the ‘Merkwürdiger Fund’ for her article, ‘Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi’nin Hammer-Purgstall tarafından Bilim Dünyasına Tanıtılması hakkında’ (On Hammer-Purgstall's introduction of Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatnâme to the scholarly world), Osmanlı Araştırmaları Dergisi, XXXIV (2009), pp. 203–230.

25 The Argyropulo were a leading Phanariot family; Ioan's brother Iakov also served as an Ottoman diplomat in Europe, and was Grand Dragoman from 1812 to 1817 ( Sturdza, Mihail-Dimitri, Dictionnaire historique et généalogique des grandes familles de Greèce, d’Albanie et de Constantinople (Paris, 1983), p. 216 Google Scholar. Although the letters Hammer received from a great variety of correspondents is gradually being made available at http://gams.uni-graz.at/hp, twelve letters from Argryopulo to Hammer (http://gams.uni-graz.at/hp/pdf/35_Brieflisten.pdf), p.1590 are not yet catalogued; the earliest apparently dates from December 1811. (http://gams.uni-graz.at/hp/pdf/24_Briefe1811.pdf), p.1007.

26 Hammer first met the romantic orientalist Count Wenceslas Rzewuski in 1800, on his return from his first visit to Istanbul; they soon became close friends: Antoni, J. [Antoni Jozef Rolle], Vie de l’Emir Rzewuski, transl. van Aarssen, P. (Rome, 1950), p. 15 Google Scholar. In her Memoirs (where she dates their meeting to 1808) Rzewuski's wife Rosalie writes warmly and at length of Hammer, describing him as “l’ami le plus fidèle et le plus dévoué”, (Mémoires de la comtesse Rosalie Rzewuska (1788–1865) publiées par sa arrière-petite-fille Giovannella Caetani Grenier in 2 volumes (Rome, 1939), i, pp. 117–118).

27 This is ms. H.O. 193 in the Austrian National Library in Vienna, which I have not seen.

28 Erinnerungen (Vienna), p. 145: Thornton was author of The Present State of Turkey. . . (London, 1807).

29 Erinnerungen (Vienna), pp. 145,151.

30 ‘istektebehü al-fakir Mehmed Emin bin Velieddin gufire lehuma sene [1]198’. cf. Kreutel (1972), p. 273, where he suggests that Mehmed Emin is probably identical with the former, similarly named inspector of the foundation of the powerful Chief Black Eunuch Hacı Beşir Ağa; (Mackay (1975), p. 294 rejects this identification). The manuscript was based on one of the two extant 1742 copies, that known as the Pertev Paşa manuscript: Mackay (1975), pp. 294, 280.

31 http://gams.uni-graz.at/hp/pdf/21_Briefe1808.pdf, p. 826. Seetzen was a keen collector of geographical works and the manuscripts he amassed form the main part of the oriental manuscript collection of Gotha Library.

32 Fundgruben des Orients, I (1809), p. 43ff; Vols 1–5 of the Fundgruben are available online: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008694376 (cited as FdO).

33 FdO I (1809), p. 59.

34 ‘Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Volksdialekts zu Diarbekr, aus dem IVten Bande der Reisebeschreibung Ewlia’s’, FdO IV (1814), pp. 106–108; ‘Ueber die kurdische Sprache und ihre Mundarten, aus dem III. Bande der Reisebeschreibung Ewlia’s’, FdO IV (1814), pp. 246–247; ‘Uebersetzung eines satyrischen Gedichtes, in fünfzeiligen Strophen, im kurdischen dialekte, Rusigian (aus der Reisebeschreibung Ewlia’s)’, FdO IV (1814), pp. 380–382.

35 Erinnerungen (Vienna), p. 218; Erinnerungen (Graz), p. 83.

36 Erinnerungen (Vienna), p. 232; Erinnerungen (Graz), p. 86.

37 Erinnerungen (Vienna), p. 232; Erinnerungen (Graz), p. 99.

38 Erinnerungen (Graz), p. 100: it is unclear if by this he meant the translation of the four books he had in hand.

39 ‘Sprachproben der Tartaren von Dobrutscha, aus Ewlia's ReiseBeschreibung III. Theil’, FdO V (1816), p. 84; ‘Ueber die Bedeutung des Namens Attila und den Wohnsitz seines Stammes an der Wolga, aus Ewlia und dem Dchihannuma’, FdO V (1816), p. 102; ‘Merkwürdige Stelle über den Ursprung der Magyaren, aus der Reisebeschreibung Ewlia's II. Theile’, FdO V (1816), p. 204.

40 Erinnerungen (Vienna), p. 233; Erinnerungen (Graz), pp. 99–100. Robert Gordon was at the time secretary at the British Embassy in Vienna (1815–1826): see Muriel E. Chamberlain, ‘Gordon, Sir Robert (1791–1847), diplomatist’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004); also online: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11080

41 Erinnerungen (Graz), p. 324: he also writes that Gordon gave him three or four Persian manuscripts in exchange for the part of the translation he sent to Aberdeen.

42 Wentker (2005), p. 227.

43 In 1813, in the face of possible Austrian neutrality towards Napoleon's France, rather than hostility, Aberdeen was appointed ambassador extraordinary and minister plenepotentiary at Vienna, and charged with pressing for the latter. In mid-August, however, before he could reach his destination, Austria joined Russia and Prussia in their war on France. Aberdeen reached the Austrian government in its military headquarters and pursued the retreating French across war-torn Europe in the emperor's suite. After the Coalition armies marched on Paris in spring 1814, Aberdeen was a negotiator in the subsequent Treaty of Paris that sealed Napoleon's defeat. He returned to London soon after: see Chamberlain, ‘Gordon, George Hamilton, fourth earl of Aberdeen (1784–1860)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004); also online at: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11044. Robert Gordon was appointed to a post in the St Petersburg embassy at the end of 1812, and in 1813 joined his brother for part of his wartime travels: see Chamberlain, ‘Gordon, Sir Robert’. I thank Dr Wentker for guidance on this chronological crux.

44 Report of the Proceedings of the First General Meeting of the Subscribers to the Oriental Translation Fund (1828), p. 24. When it appeared, the translation was unaccompanied by the original text, and with only rare notes.

45 For an account of Bellino's life, see R. D. Barnett, ‘Charles Bellino and the Beginnings of Assyriology’, Iraq, VI (1–2) (1974), pp. 5–28.

46 http://gams.uni-graz.at/hp/pdf/29_Briefe1816.pdf, p. 1221; also abstract: FdO V (1816), pp. 45–48. This was the battle of Gaugamela in 331 bce, which is today considered to have taken place east of Mosul. Cf. Kahraman and Dağlı, (2010), iv, p. 744 for the relevant section of EÇ's text in modern Turkish (cf. n.6 above; the modern Turkish version of the Seyahatnâme has been prepared by the some of the scholars who made the academic translation; it is more accessible than the latter, and because it may be deemed reliable, I have preferred to cite it rather than the academic transcription when directing the reader to a modern text of the work.). Rich also had strong views on EÇ's scholarship; in a letter to Hammer dated 19 April 1816, about the latter's short article on Kurdish dialect (cf. FdO IV (1814), pp. 380–382; cited above at n.33), he opines that a poem composed by Abdal Khan of Bitlis and quoted by EÇ is nothing other than “corrupted Turkish”, and that EÇ's subsequent list of Kurdish words with Turkish equivalents (cf. Kahraman and Dağlı (2010), iv, pp. 141–144) are also Turkish: “Evlia's division of the Dialects is ridiculous. Let me once more advise you to beware of him”. (Sibylle Wentker, personal communication – Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv, Graz: StLA, Herrschaftsarchiv Hainfeld, Korrespondenz Hammer-Purgstall, Fasz. R). Rich was unaware of the typographical error at the head of the poem as printed in FdO, which ascribes it to the Han of Tiflis rather than Bitlis.

47 ‘Cemetries and catacombs of Paris’, Quarterly Review, XXI (1819), p. 376; cf. Dağlı and Kahraman (2005), ii, p.129 for the relevant section of EÇ's text in modern Turkish.

48 The Classical Journal, XXIV (1821), pp. 361–364.

49 The Foreign Quarterly Review, I (1827), pp. 13–14; cf. Kahraman and Dağlı (2003), i, p. 25 for the relevant section of EÇ's text in modern Turkish.

50 ‘Chronological history of the West Indies’, Quarterly Review, XXXVIII (1828), p. 203; cf. Kahraman and Dağlı (2003), i, p. 315 for the relevant section of EÇ's text in modern Turkish. Interestingly, there is no such conjecture by the translator, namely Hammer, in the Narrative of Travels (1846) i, ii., p. 12 – was it perhaps excised during preparation of the work for publication?

51 Robert Irwin, Introduction to Narrative of Travels (2007), i, pp. 3–4.

52 Irwin, Robert, For Lust of Knowing (London, 2006), p. 151 Google Scholar.

53 von Diez, Heinrich Friedrich, Unfug und Betrug [Mischief and Deception] in der morgenländischen Litteratur nebst vielen hundert Proben von der groben Unwissenheit des H. v. Hammer zu Wien in Sprachen und Wissenschaften (Halle und Berlin, 1815)Google Scholar.

54 Erinnerungen (Graz), p. 97.

55 von Hammer, Joseph, Fug und Wahrheit in der morgenländischen Literatur nebst einigen wenigen Proben von der seinen Gelehrsamkeit des Herrn von Diez zu Berlin, in Sprachen und Wissenschaften (Vienna, 1816)Google Scholar.

56 “Wesentliche Betrachtungen oder Geschichte des Krieges Zwischen den Osmanen und Russen in den Jahren 1768 bis 1774 von RESMI ACHMED EFENDI, aus dem Türkischen übersetzt und durch Anmerkungen erlärdert von HEINRICH FRIEDRICH VON DIEZ”, The Edinburgh Review, XXVII (1816), p. 361; the history in question is Hulâsat ül-I’tibar.

57 Mommsen, Katharina's book, Goethe und Diez. Quellenuntersuchungen zu Gedichten der Divan-Epoche (revised edition, Bern, 1995)Google Scholar deals with the incident; this book is reviewed inter alia by Martin Bidney in Studies in Romanticism, XXXV 3 (1996), pp. 482–485: the review dwells on the feud (I have not seen Mommsen's book).

58 Sur les origines Russes: extraits de manuscrits orientaux. . . (St Petersburg, 1827).

59 Szenkovskii, Osip, Lettre de Tutundju-Oglou-Moustafa-Aga, véritable philosophe turk, a M. Thaddée Bulgarin (St Petersburg, 1828)Google Scholar; see also Serikoff, Nikolaj, “Thinking in a different language: the Orientalist Senkovskii and ‘Orientalism’”, Acta Orientalia Velnensia, X 1–2 (2009), pp. 111–124 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

60 Szenkovskii (1828), p. 16.

61 Serikoff (2009), p. 121.

62 “Lettre de Tutundju-Oglou-Mustoufa-Aga”, Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register, XXV (1828), pp. 790–793.

63 “Response à la lettre de Tutundju-oglou”, par M. de Hammer, Journal Asiatique, series 2 2 (1828), pp. 50–71.

64 “M. Von Hammer's Reply to M. Senkowski”, Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register, XXVI (1828), pp. 271–277.

65 Erinnerungen (Graz), pp. 202–203 (sub annum 1828).

66 Hamaker, H. A., “GESCHICHTE DES OSMANISCHEN REICHES, grossentheils aus bisher unbenütsten Handschriften und Archiven”, Bibliotheca Critica Nova, IV (1828), pp 293–331 (in Latin)Google Scholar.

67 “Éclaircissemens sur quelques points contestés de l’histoire des Arabes, des Byzantins, des Seljoukides et des Ottomans”, Journal Asiatique, series 2 3 (1829), pp. 241–274.

68 Hamaker, H. A., Réflexions critiques sur quelques points contestés de l’histoire orientale pour servir de réponse aux éclaircissemens de M. de Hammer (Leiden, 1829), pp. 3–4 Google Scholar.

69 Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register, XXVII (1829), pp. 584–588; Klaproth's anonymous review first appeared in the Paris journal Universel on 5 March 1829.

70 In his GoR, Hammer uses the Seyahatnâme as a source to add colour to his descriptions of some events where EÇ was a participant, notably the rebellions of the pashas that shook Anatolia in 1648: GoR (1829), v, pp. 420–428. He describes the work at the beginning of Vol. v.

71 RAS archive, Minutes Vol.1, p. 10 (28 June 1828).

72 G. C. Boase, the Rev. H. C. G. Matthew, “Renouard, George Cecil (1780–1867)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004–); also online at: http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/23/101023380.

73 RAS archive, Minutes Vol.1, p. 15 (20 Dec 1828).

74 RAS archive, Minutes Vol.1, p. 42 (26 Nov 1829).

75 RAS archive, Minutes Vol.1, p. 75 (21 May 1831); Vol.1, p. 9 (19 June 1828).

76 RAS archive, Minutes Vol.1, p. 136 (2 May 1832).

77 Hammer writes in his Memoirs that Rzewuski asked him to make his will, which included this gift, in mid-November 1809, following his wounding in the Austrian defeat by Napoleonic troops at Aspern, east of Vienna, in May of the same year: Erinnerungen (Graz), p. 60; for his widow Rosalie's account of Rzewuski's bravery in this engagement, see Mémoires de la Comtesse Rosalie Rzewuska. . . (1939), i, pp. 132–133. The manner of Rzewuski's death was a mystery, as Rosalie describes in her Memoirs: Rzewuski joined insurgents fighting Russian rule at Daszow in modern Poland, and never came home – was he killed in battle, murdered or assassinated, or did he secretly return to the Middle East, where he had travelled widely in 1817–1819? Rosalie writes of Hammer's part in the search for his friend: “Mr Hammer, l’orientaliste, écrivit à Alep, à Smyrne; nos recherches furent inutiles” (Mémoires de la Comtesse Rosalie Rzewuska (1939), ii, pp. 195–198). See also Vie de l’Emir Rzewuski (1950), p. 220.

78 RAS archive, Minutes Vol.1, p. 136 (2 May 1832).

79 RAS archive, Minutes Vol. 3, p. 51 (8 March 1838); Mitchell's death was recorded in the OTF Minutes at the time: Vol. 2, p. 129 (28 August 1835).

80 RAS archive, Minutes Vol. 3, p. 61 (31 May 1838).

81 RAS archive, OTF Correspondence (1836–1849), pp. 93–94 (19 June 1838).

82 RAS archive, Minutes Vol. 3, p. 141 (18 July 1844).

83 RAS archive, OTF Correspondence (1836–1849), pp. 268–269 (2 June 1846).

84 RAS archive, Minutes Vol. 3, p. 167 (16 January 1847).

85 RAS archive, Minutes Vol. 4, p. 12 (21 July 1849).

86 RAS archive, Minutes Vol. 4, p. 13 (15 December 1849).

87 RAS archive, Minutes Vol. 4, p. 20 (7 December 1850).

88 RAS archive, Minutes Vol. 4, p. 24 (1 March 1851).

89 Narrative of Travels (1832) i/i.xii.

90 Narrative of Travels (1832) i/i.xii–xiii, pp. 160–164; scholars consider this claim, and the descriptions of the places he purports to have seen, as a fantastical element in the work.

91 1090 ah is in fact equivalent to 1679 ce, but this presumably typographical error in the “Biographical Sketch” masks a greater one: Hammer's date for the siege of Candia is a decade out, but in his account of Mehmed's reign, he gives the correct date: Narrative of Travels (1832), i/i.xiii, p. 164. As Hammer was surely aware, EÇ's first trip away from Istanbul was to Bursa in 1051/1640 (but cf. n.6 above), when he was almost 30 years old. Yet he states that his (1646) visit to Erivan took place earlier, perhaps because EÇ refers to it under his account of the events of Murad IV's reign (Narrative of Travels (1832), i/i., p.127, cf. i/i,vi,xiii).

92 Narrative of Travels (1832), i/i., p.2; cf. Kahraman and Dağlı (2003), i, p. 2.

93 Narrative of Travels (1850), ii, p. 244; cf. Dağlı and Kahraman (2005), ii, p. 590.

94 Narrative of Travels (1832), i/i.x.

95 ms. RAS 22.89a; cf. Robert Dankoff, Seyit Ali Kahraman and Yücel Dağlı, Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi (revised edition, Istanbul, 2006), i, p. 134.

96 Narrative of Travels (1832), i/i, p. 158.

97 Kahraman and Dağlı (2006) iii, pp. 1, 95, 99, 100ff, pp. 114–116, 137–137, 177, 179, 192, 346.

98 Kahraman and Dağlı (2006), iii, p. 160, cf. Kahraman (2011), ix, p. 468.

99 Simmonds and Digby (1979), p. 36; see also, for details: RAS archive, Minutes Vol.4. NP (27 October 1863ff)