Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:22:26.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw” and the Land of the Sky: The Archaeology and History of Tututepec

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Arthur A. Joyce ,
Andrew G. Workinger ,
Byron Hamann ,
Peter Kroefges ,
Maxine Oland  and
Stacie M. King
Arthur A. Joyce
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Hale Building, Campus Box 233, Boulder, CO 80309-0233
Andrew G. Workinger
Affiliation:
Sociology, Anthropology, and Geography Department, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga; Chattanooga, TN 37403
Byron Hamann
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Department of History, University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th St., Chicago, IL 60637
Peter Kroefges
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Albany, SUNY, Social Sciences 263, Albany, NY 12222
Maxine Oland
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Ave., Evanston, IL 60208–1310
Stacie M. King
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article balances current understandings of the political landscape of Postclassic Mesoamerica through a conjunctive analysis of the archaeology and ethnohistory of the Mixtec Empire of Tututepec in the lower Río Verde region of Oaxaca. Tututepec has long been known from ethnohistoric sources as a powerful Late Postclassic imperial center. Until recently, however, little has been known of the archaeology of the site. We discuss the founding, extent, chronology, and aspects of the internal organization and external relations of Tututepec based on the results of a regional survey, excavations, and a reanalysis of ethnohistoric documents. Tututepec was founded early in the Late Postclassic period when the region was vulnerable to conquest due to political fragmentation and unrest. Indigenous historical data from three Mixtec codices narrate the founding of Tututepec as part of the heroic history of Lord 8 Deer “Jaguar Claw.” According to these texts, Lord 8 Deer founded Tututepec through a creative combination of traditional Mixtec foundation rites and a strategic alliance with a highland group linked to the Tolteca-Chichimeca. Archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence indicate that Tututepec continued to expand through the Late Postclassic, growing to 21.85 km2, and at its peak was the capital of an empire extending over 25,000 km2.

Este artículo forma un balance de los entendimientos actuales sobre el paisaje político del Postclásico en Mesoamérica por medio de un análisis conjuntivo de la arqueología y etnohistoria del imperio Mixteca de Tututepec, Oaxaca. Tututepec ha sido conocido desde tiempo atrás por fuentes etnohistóricas como la capital de un centro imperial poderoso del Postclásico tardío. Sin embargo, hasta recientemente, poco se ha sabido de la arqueología del sitio siendo su localización misma un asunto de debate. Discutimos los orígenes, extensión, cronología, y aspectos de la organización interna y relaciones externas de Tututepec basadas en los resultados de un recorrido regional, excavaciones, y un reanálisis de documentos etnohistóricos. Tututepec fue fundado tempranamente en el Postclásico Tardío cuando la regioón había sido vulnerable a la conquista forastera debido a fragmentación política y agitación. La fundación de Tututepec como parte de la historia heroica del Señor 8 Venado “Garra de Jaguar,” es narrada en tres códices Mixtecas. Según estos textos, Señor 8 Venado fundó Tututepec por medio de una combinación creativa de ritos fundacionales mixtecas tradicionales y una alianza estratégica con un grupo enlazado a los Tolteca-Chichimeca. La evidencia indica que Tututepec continuó su expansióon a través de Postclásico Tardío, creciendo a 21.85 km2, y en su máximo fue la capital de un imperio extendido sobre 25,000 km2.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , September 2004 , pp. 273 - 297
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Acuña, René 1984 Relaciones geográficas del sigh XVI: Antequera, Vols. 1 and 2. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Acuña, René 1985 Relaciones geográficas del sigh XVI: Tlaxcala, Vol. 2. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Aguilar Medina, Íñigo, Soriano, Sara Molinari, and Ana Ma. Luisa Velasco, L. 1994 Población chatina: naturaleza y demografía. Antropología 41: 49–65.Google Scholar
Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de 1975[ca.l600] Obras históricos. 2 vols. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico.Google Scholar
Anders, Ferdinand, Jansen, Maarten, and Jiménez, Gabina Aurora Pérez 1992 Crónica mixteca: El rey 8 Venado, Garra de Jaguar, y la dinastía de Teozacualco-Zaachila. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico.Google Scholar
Bakewell, Elizabeth, and Hamann, Byron 2001 Mesolore: Exploring Mesoamerican Culture CD-ROM. Brown University, Providence.Google Scholar
Balkansky, Andrew K, Kowalewski, Stephen A., Rodríguez, Verónica Pérez, Pluckhahn, Thomas J., Smith, Charlotte, Stiver, Laura R., Beliaev, Dmitri, Chamblee, John F., Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., Pérez, Roberto Santos 2000 Archaeological Survey in the Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 27(4):365–389.Google Scholar
Ball, Hugh G., and Brockington, Donald L. 1978 Trade and Travel in Prehispanic Oaxaca. In Mesoamerican Communication Routes and Cultural Contacts, edited by Thomas A. Lee, Jr. and Carlos Navarrete, pp. 107–114. Paper No. 40. New World Archaeological Foundation, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Barlow, Robert H. 1949 The Extent of the Empire of Culhua Mexico. Iber-Americana, No. 28. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Berlin, Heinrich 1947 Fragmentos desconocidos del códice de Yanhuitlán y otras investigaciones mixtecas. Antigua Librería Robredo, Mexico.Google Scholar
Bevan, Bernard 1934 Travels with a Donkey in Mexico. National Geographic Magazine 66:757–788.Google Scholar
Bitman, Bente, and Sullivan, Thelma 1978 The Pochteca. In Mesoamerican Communication Routes and Cultural Contacts, edited by Thomas A. Lee and Carlos Navarrete, pp. 211–220. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1978 Monte Albán: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., Kowalewski, Stephen A., Feinman, Gary, and Appel, Jill 1982 Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part I: Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, Vol. 7, Memoirs of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology 15, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Burgoa, Fray Francisco de 1989 [1674] Geográfica descripción. 2 vols. Editorial Porrúa, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Byland, Bruce E., and Pohl, John M. D. 1994 In the Realm of 8 Deer, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge 2001 How to Write the History of the New World. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1960 Interpretation of the Codex Bodley 2858. Translated by Ruth Morales and John Paddock. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1966 Interpretación del códice Colombino/Interpretation of the Codex Colombino. Bound with: Smith, Mary Elizabeth Las glosas del códice Colombino/The Glosses of the Codex Colombino. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1977 Reyes y reinos de la Mixteca, Vol. 1. Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1979 Reyes y reinos de la Mixteca, Vol. 2. Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico.Google Scholar
Christensen, Alexander 1998 Biological Affinity in Prehispanic Oaxaca. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Codices Becker I/II 1961 Akademishe Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.Google Scholar
Codex Bodley 2858 1960 Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Codex Colombino 1892 In Homenaje á Cristóbal Colón: Antiguedades mexicanas publicadas por la junta colobina de México en el cuarto centenario del descubrimiento de América. Oficina tipográfica de la Secretaría de Fomento, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Codex Mendoza 1980 Editorial Innovatión, S. A., México. D.F.Google Scholar
Codex Selden 3135 1964 Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Codex Zouche Nuttall 1987 Akademishe Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1993 Rewriting History . Nature 362(6422): 705.Google Scholar
Cohn, Bernard 1996 Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Cortés, Hernán 1971 [1519–1525] Letters from Mexico. Introduction by J. H. Elliott and translated by A. R. Pagden. Orion Press, New York.Google Scholar
Dahlgren, Barbro 1990 La Mixteca: Su cultura e historia prehispánicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, D.F.Google Scholar
Davies, Nigel 1968 Los señorios independientes del imperio azteca. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Míxico, D.F.Google Scholar
Davies, Nigel 1987 The Aztec Empire: The Toltec Resurgence. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
DeCicco, Gabriel, and Brockington, Donald L. 1956 Reconocimiento arqueológico en el suroeste de Oaxaca. Informe No. 6. Dirección de Monumentos Prehispánicos, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
Denevan, William M. (editor) 1976 The Native Population of the Americas in 1492. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 1955 [1580] Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nuevu España, 4th edition. Porrúa, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Fernández de Recas, Guillermo S. 1961 Cacicazgos y nobiliario indigena de la Nueva España. Institute Bibliográfico Mexicano, México, D.F.Google Scholar
Fox, James 1971 A Rotinese Dynastic Genealogy: Structure and Event. In The Translation of Culture: Essays to E. E. Evans-Pritchard, edited by Thomos O. Biedelman, pp. 37–77. Tavistock Publications, London.Google Scholar
Furst, Jill 1986 The Lords of “Place of the Ascending Serpent”: Dynastic Succession on the Nuttall Obverse. In Symbol and Meaning Beyond the Closed Community, edited by Gary Gossen, pp. 57–68. Studies on Culture and Society I. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Albany.Google Scholar
García-Zambrano, Angel 1994 Early Colonial Evidence of Pre-Columbian Rituals of Foundation. In Seventh Palenque Round Table, edited by Merle G. Robertson and Virginia Fields, pp. 217–227. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Gerhard, Peter 1993 A Guide to the Historical Geography of New Spain. Revised edition. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 1987 Excavaciones en Charco Redondo 1986. Report submitted to the Centro Regional de Oaxaca, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Oaxaca, Mexico.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 1991 Ballgames and Boundaries. In The Mesoamerican Ball-game, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox, pp. 317–345. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 1988 Archaeological Investigations on the Pacific Coast of Oaxaca, Mexico, 1986. Report submitted to the National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen 2000 Into the Minds of the Ancients: Advances in Maya Glyph Studies. Journal of World Prehistory 14(2) 121–201.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen, and Stuart, David 1996 Of Gods, Glyphs and Kings: Divinity and Rulership among the Classic Maya. Antiquity 70:289–312.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R. 1996 Bajo el Cerro de los Pájaros: Cambios historicos y cerámicos en la cuenca del Río Verde. Paper presented at the Segunda Conferencia Bianual de Estudios Oaxaqueños, Oaxaca, Mexico.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten 1982a Huisi Tacu. CEDLA, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten 1982b The Four Quarters of the Mixtec World. In Space and Time in the Cosmovision of Mesoumerica, edited by F. Ytichy, pp. 85–95. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munich.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten 1998 Monte Albán y Zaachila en los codices mixtecos. In The Shadow of Monte Albán, edited by Maarten Jansen, Peter Krofges, and Michel Oudijk, pp. 67–122. CNWS, Leiden.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten, and Jiménez, Gabina Aurora Pérez 2000 La Dinustia de Añute: historia, literatura e ideologáa de un reino mixteco. Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Leiden.Google Scholar
Jorrín, María 1974 Stone Monuments. In The Oaxaca Coast Project Reports: Part I, edited by Donald L. Brockington, María Jorrín, and J. Robert Long, pp. 23–81. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology No. 8, Nashville, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Josserand, J. Kathryn, Jansen, Maarten E. R. G. N., and Romero, María de los Angeles 1984 Mixtec Dialectology: Inferences from Linguistics and Ethnohistory. In Essays in Otomanguean Culture History, edited by J. Kathryn Josserand, Marcus Winter, and Nicholas Hopkins, pp. 141–163. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology No. 31. Nashville, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A. 1991a Formative Period Occupation in the Lower Río Verde Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: Interregional Interaction and Social Change. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A. 1991b Formative Period Social Change in the Lower Rio Verde Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 2:126–150.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A. 1993 Interregional Interaction and Social Development on the Oaxaca Coast. Ancient Mesoamerica 4:67–84.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A. (editor) 1999 El proyecto patrones de asentamiento del Río Verde. Report submitted to the Consejo de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A., Bustamante, Laura Arnaud, and Levine, Marc N. 2001 Commoner Power: A Case Study from the Classic Period Collapse on the Oaxaca Coast. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 8(4):343–385.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A., and King, Stacie M. 2001 Household Archaeology in Coastal Oaxaca, Mexico. Final report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., Crystal River, Florida.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A., and Winter, Marcus 1989 Investigaciones arqueológicas en la cuenca del Río Verde inferior, 1988. Notas Mesoamericanas 11:249–262.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A., Winter, Marcus, and Mueller, Raymond G. 1998 Arqueología de la casta de Oaxaca: Asentamientos del periodo formativo en el valle del Río Verde inferior. Estudios de Antropología e Historia No. 40. Centro INAH Oaxaca. Oaxaca, Mexico.Google Scholar
King, Stacie M. 2003 Social Practices and Social Organization in Ancient Coastal Oaxacan Households. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kiracofe, James B. 1995 Architectural Fusion and Indigenous Ideology in Early Colonial Teposcolula: The Casa de la Cacica: A Building at the Edge of Oblivion. Anales de Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas 66:45–84.Google Scholar
Koontz, Rex 1994 The Iconography of El Tajin, Veracruz, Mexico. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Art History, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A., Feinman, Gary M., Finsten, Linda, Blanton, Richard E., and Nicholas, Linda M. 1989 Monte Albán’s Hinterland, part II: Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlán, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology 23, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A., Feinman, Gary M., Finsten, Linda, and Blanton, Richard E. 1991 Pre-Hispanic Ballcourts from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox, pp. 25–14. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Landa, Diego de (edited by María del Carmen León Cázares) 1994[1566] Relacion de las cosas de Yucatan. Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Mexico.Google Scholar
Lind, Michael 1979 Postclassic and Early Colonial Mixtec Houses in the Nochixtlán Valley, Oaxaca. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology No. 23. Nashville, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Maler, Teobert 1883 Notes sur la basse mixtéque. Revue d’ethnologie 2:154–161.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1992 Mesoamerican Writing Systems. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Martínez Gracida, Manuel 1910 Los indios oaxaqueños y sus monumentos arqueológicos. Civilización mixteco-zapoteca. Five unpublished volumes in the Biblioteca Pública Central del Estado de Oaxaca, Mexico.Google Scholar
Mignolo, Walter 1995 The Darker Side of the Renaissance. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Monaghan, John 1994 Irrigation and Ecological Complimentarity in Mixtec Cacicazgos. In Caciques and Their People, edited by Joyce Marcus and Judith Zeitlin, pp. 143–161. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 80, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Michael J., and Lewarch, Dennis E. 1992 Regional Analysis of the Zapotec Empire, Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. World Archaeology 23(3):264–282.Google Scholar
O’Mack, Scott 1990 Reconocimiento arqueológico en Tututepec, Oaxaca. Notas Mesoamericanas 12:19-38.Google Scholar
Orr, Heather 2001 The Pictographs of Piedra San Vicente, Coastal Oaxaca, México-September, 1996. Final report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., Crystal River, Florida.Google Scholar
Piña Chán, Román 1960 Algunos sitios arqueológicos de Oaxaca y Guerrero. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 16:65–76. VII Mesa Redonda de la Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M. D. 1994 Politics of Symbolism in the Mixtec Codices. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology 46, Nashville. Tennessee.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M. D. 1996 Codex Bodley. Notebook for the Mixtec Pictographic Writing Workshop at Texas, No. 3.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M. D. 1999 The Lintel Paintings of Mitla and the Function of the MitlaPalaces. In Mesoamerican Architecture as a Cultural Symbol, edited by Jeff K. Kowalski, pp. 176–197. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M. D., Monaghan, John, Stiver, Laura 1997 Religion, Economy, and Factionalism in Mixtec Boundary Zones. In Códices y documentos sobre México: Segundo simposio Vol. 1. Edited by Salvador Rueda Smithers, Constanza Vega Sosa, and Rodrigo Martínez Baracs, pp. 205–232. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.Google Scholar
Rabin, Emily 1981 Chronology of the Mixtec Historical Codices: An Overview. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Ethnohistory, Colorado Springs.Google Scholar
Reyes, Antonio de los 1593 Arte en Lengua Misteca. Pedro Balli, Mexico.Google Scholar
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de 1954–82 Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated by Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J. D. Anderson. 12 vols. Monographs of the School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall 1985a Other Times, Other Customs: The Anthropology of History. In Islands of History, by Marshall Sahlins, pp. 32–72. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall 1985b Captain James Cook; or, the Dying God. In Islands of History, by Marshall Sahlins, pp. 104–135. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall 1991 The Return of the Event, Again; with Reflections on the Beginnings of the Great Fijian War of 1843 to 1855 between the Kingdoms of Bau and Rewa. In Clio in Oceania, edited by A. Biersack, pp. 37–100. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall 1994 The Discovery of the True Savage. In Dangerous Liasons: Essays in honor of Greg Dening, edited by D. Merwick, pp. 41–94. University of Melbourne, Parkville.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., Parsons, Jeffrey, and Santley, Robert S. 1979 The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, Mary Elizabeth 1963 The Codex Colombino, A document of the South Coast of Oaxaca. Tlalocan 4(3):276–288.Google Scholar
Smith, Mary Elizabeth 1966 Las glosas del códice Colombino/The Glosses of the Codex Colombino. Bound with: Caso, Alfonso. Interpretación del códice Colombino/Interpretation of the Codex Colombino. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, México D.F.Google Scholar
Smith, Mary Elizabeth 1973 Picture Writing from Ancient Southern Mexico: Mixtec Place Signs and Maps. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael 1990 Long-Distance Trade under the Aztec Empire: The Archaeological Evidence. Ancient Mesoamerica 1(2): 153–169.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael 2004 City Size in Late Postclassic Mesoamerica. Journal of Urban History, in press.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1972 An Archaeological Settlement Survey of the Nochixtlán Valley, Oaxaca. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology No. 1, Nashville, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1983 Postclassic Mixtec Kingdoms: Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Evidence. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 255–260. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1984 The Mixtecs in Ancient and Colonial Times. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1993 Tututepec: A Postclassic-Period Mixtec Conquest State. Ancient Mesoamerica 4(1): 167–174.Google Scholar
Stiver, Laura 2001 Prehispanic Mixtec Settlement and State in the Teposcolula Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1995 A Study of Maya Inscriptions. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Terraciano, Kevin 2000 The Colonial Mixtec Community. The Hispanic American Historical Review 80(1): 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibón, Gutierre 1961 Pinotepa Nacional: Mixtecos, negros y triques. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Google Scholar
Troike, Nancy 1974 The Codex Colombino-Becker. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of London.Google Scholar
Urcid, Javier 1993 The Pacific Coast of Oaxaca and Guerrero: The Westernmost Extent of Zapotec Script. Ancient Mesoamerica 4: 141–165.Google Scholar
Urcid, Javier, and Joyce, Arthur A. 2001 Carved Monuments and Calendrical Names: The Rulers of Río Viejo, Oaxaca. Ancient Mesoamerica 12(2): 199–216.Google Scholar
Weaver, Muriel Porter 1993 The Aztecs, Maya, and their Predecessors. 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Winter, Marcus 1989 Oaxaca: The Archaeological Record. Minutiae Mexicana, Mexico.Google Scholar
Woensdregt, Rosanna 1996 San Pedro Tututepec: En la época colonial temprana. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Workinger, Andrew 2002 Understanding Coastal/Highland Interaction in Prehispanic Oaxaca, Mexico: The Perspective from San Francisco de Arriba. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar