Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:46:51.791Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

ECKIXIL: Understanding the Classic to Postclassic Survival and Transformation of a Peten Maya Village

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kevin R. Schwarz
Kevin R. Schwarz*
Affiliation:
ASC Group, Inc., 800 Freeway Drive North, Suite 101, Columbus, Ohio, 43054 (kschwarz@ascgroup.net)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study uses architectural and activity area analyses to examine the Classic-Postclassic transition and the resulting Postclassic-Early Historic (A. D. 1000–1697) Maya society in the Petén Lakes region of Guatemala. The research combines a detailed temporal comparison of architectural styles and an analysis of changing architecture as the restructuring of everyday social action. The methods have significance beyond Maya studies in addressing questions of cultural continuity or in-migration. Archaeological data from recent excavations, including new radiocarbon dates, document the intensive settlement of the Quexil Islands in the Terminal Classic period (A. D. 800–1000) and its occupation thereafter. Architectural evidence from the Quexil Islands and other Petén Lakes sites indicates a mosaic pattern of change, reflecting to varying extents Classic-Postclassic continuity and external contacts, with differences among sites rather than the complete replacement of populations. Evidence of the later incorporation of this small village, known ethnohistorically as “Eckixil,” in the Late Postclassic-Early Historic Itza polity, demonstrates a strong linkage with the political core, illustrating the political complexity of this hinterland region.

Este estudio utiliza los análisis arquitectónicos y de áreas de actividad para examinar la transición entre el Clásico y el Postclásico y la resultante sociedad Maya del Postclasico Tardío-Histórico Temprano (1000–1697 d. C.) que habitó la región alrededor de Lago Petén-Itzá de Guatemala. La investigación combina una comparación temporal detallada de los estilos arquitectónicos y un análisis de la arquitectura cambiante como acción social diaria de la reestructuración. La metodología ha significado más allá de estudios Mayas en el tratamiento de las cuestiones de la continuidad cultural o en la in-migración.Los datos arqueológicos de excavaciones recientes, incluyendo nuevas fechas del radiocarbono, documentan el asentamiento intensivo de las Islas Quexiles en el período Clásico Terminal (800–1000 d. C.) y la ocupación posterior a eso. La evidencia arquitectónica de las Islas del Lago Quexil y otros sitios de la región de los lagos de Peten indica un patrón mosaico de cambio, reflejando hasta cierto punto la continuidad y contactos externos durante la transición del Clásico al Postclásico, con diferencias entres sitios. La incorporación de esta aldea pequeña, conocida etnohistoricamente como “Eckixil”, en la unidad sociopolítica Itzá Postclásico-Historico Temprano, demuestra la integración fuerte con la base política, ilustrando la complejidad política de esta región rural.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 20 , Issue 3 , September 2009 , pp. 413 - 441
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abrams, Elliot M. 1994 How the Maya Built Their World: Energetics and Ancient Architecture. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. 1974 A Trial Estimation of the Classic Maya Palace Population at Uaxactun. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, edited by Norman Hammond, pp. 285–296. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E., and Jones, Richard. G 1981 Spatial Patterns of Regional Growth among Classic Maya Cities. American Antiquity 46:201–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldenderfer, Mark S. (Editor) 1993 Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South Central Andes. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldenderfer, Mark S., and Stanish, Charles. M 1993 Domestic Architecture, Household Archaeology, and the Past in the South-Central Andes. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp. 1–12. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, Rani T. 2005 Isla Cilvituk and the Difficulties of Spanish Colonization in Southwestern Campeche. In The Postclassic to Spanish-era Transition in Mesoamerica: Archaeological Perspectives, edited by Susan Kepecs and Rani T. Alexander, pp. 161–182. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Álvarez, Monica, Rivera, Patricia, and Foias, Antonia. E 2001 Excavaciones en Grupo D: Operación MSJ15A. In Proyecto Arqueologico Motul De San Jose, Informe #4: Temporada de Campo 2001, edited by Antonia E. Foias, pp. 35–56. Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Williams University, Williamstown, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Andres, Christopher R. 2005 Building Negotiation: Architecture and Sociopolitical Transformation at Chau Hiix, Lamanai, and Altun Ha, Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University. University Microforms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Andres, Christopher R., and Pyburn, K. Anne 2004 Out of Sight: The Postclassic and Early Colonial Periods at Chau Hiix, Belize. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice, pp. 402–423. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1991 Site-Planning Principles and Concepts of Directionality among the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 2:199–226.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1992 Deciphering Maya Architectural Plans. In New Theories of the Ancient Maya, edited by Elin C. Danien and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 173–185. University Museum Monograph 77. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, and Sabloff, Jeremy. A 2002 Spatial Orders in Maya Civic Plans. Latin American Antiquity 13:201–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avendaño y Loyola, Andres 1987 [1705] Relation of Two Trips to Peten: Made for the Conversion of the Heathen Ytzaex and Cehaches. Translated by Frank Comparato. Labyrinthos, Culver City, California.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1971 The Identification of a Second Plaza Plan at Tikal, Guatemala and Its Implications for Ancient Maya Social Complexity. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1982 Ancient Maya Houses and Their Identification: An Evaluation of Architectural Groups at Tikal and Inferences Regarding Their Functions. Revista Española de antropología Americana 12:111–129.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1999 Excavations in Residential Areas of Tikal: Groups with Shrines. Tikal Report No. 21. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 2003 Plaza Plans at Tikal: A Research Strategy for Inferring Social Organization and Processes of Cultural Change at Lowland Maya Sites. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, & Affairs of State, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff, pp. 253–280. School for American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 2004 Maya Heterarchy as Inferred from Classic-Period Plaza Plans. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:127–138.Google Scholar
Berman, Marc 1994 Lukurmata: Household Archaeology in Prehispanic Bolivia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bey, George J. III, Hanson, Craig. A, and Ringle, William. N 1997 Classic to Postclassic at Ek Balam, Yucatán: Architectural and Ceramic Evidence for Defining the Transition. Latin American Antiquity 8:237–254.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre 1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchli, Victor 1999 The Archaeology of Socialism. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bullard, William R. 1970 Topoxte, A Postclassic Site in Peten Guatemala. In Monographs and Papers in Maya Archaeology, edited by William R. Bullard, pp. 245–309. Papers of the Peabody Museum, Volume 61, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Burley, David V, Horsfall, Gayle. A, and Brandon, John. A 1992 Structural Considerations of Metís Ethnicity: An Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Study. University of South Dakota Press, Freeman.Google Scholar
Cecil, Leslie G. 2001 Technological Styles of Late Postclassic Slipped Pottery from the Central Petén Lakes Region, El Petén, Guatemala. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F. 1983 A Contextual Consideration of the Tayasal-Paxcaman Zone, El Peten, Guatemala. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. University Microforms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane. Z 1983 La cerámica de la zona Tayasal-Paxcamán, Lago Petén-Itzá, Guatemala. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane. Z 1994 Maya Veneration of the Dead at Caracol, Belize. In Seventh Palenque Roundtable, 1989, edited by Merle G. Robertson and Virginia M. Fields, pp. 53–60. Pre-Columbian Research Library, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane. Z 2001 The Royal Court of Caracol, Belize: Its Palaces and Its People. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 102–137. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane. Z 2003 Minor Centers, Complexity, and Scale in Lowland Maya Settlement Archaeology. In Perspectives on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity, edited by Gyles Iannone and Samuel V. Connell, pp. 108–118. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1990 The Invisible Maya: Population History and Archaeology at Santa Rita Corazal. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by T. Patrick Culbert and Don S. Rice, pp. 199–214. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen. F 2004 Hermeneutics, Transitions, and Transformations in Classic to Postclassic Maya Society. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice, pp. 12–27. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Christie, Jessica J. 2003 The Tripartite Layout of Rooms in Maya Elite Residences: Symbolic Centering, Ritual Mediating, and Historical Governing. In Maya Palaces and Elite Residence: An Interdisciplinary Approach, edited by Jessica J. Christie, pp. 291–314. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Connell, Samuel V. 2003 Making Sense of Variability Among Minor Centers: The Ancient Maya of Chaa Creek, Belize. In Perspectives on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity, edited by Gyles Iannone and Samuel V. Connell, pp. 27–41. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 1988 The Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization. In The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, edited by Norman L. Yoffee and George L. Cowgill, pp. 69–101. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick, and Rice, Don. S (Editors) 1990 Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 2004 After the Maelstrom: Collapse of the Classic Maya Kingdoms and the Terminal Classic in Western Peten. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice, pp. 102–124. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., Morgan, Kim, Woolley, Claudia, and Escobedo, Héctor 2003 The Political Acquisition of Sacred Geography: The Murciélagos Complex of Dos Pilas. In Maya Palaces and Elite Residences, edited by Jessica J. Christie, pp. 120–153. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., O’Mansky, Matt, Wolley, Claudia, Van Tuerenhout, Dirk, Inomata, Takeshi, Palka, Joel, and Escobedo, Hector 1997 Classic Maya Defensive Systems and Warfare in the Petexbatun Region: Archaeological Evidence and Investigations. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:229–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence. M, and Rice, Don. S 2004 The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Assessing Collapse, Transitions, and Transformations. The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice, pp. 545–572. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
De Montmollin, Olivier 1989 The Archaeology of Political Structure. Cambridge University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Duncan, William N. 2005 The Bioarchaeology of Ritual Violence in Postclassic El Petén, Guatemala (AD 950–1524). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. (Editor) 1976 The Early Mesoamerican Village. Academic Press, New York Google Scholar
Foias, Antonia E., Foster, Megan, and Spensley, Ellen 2000 Excavaciones en la Estructura Oeste del Grupo D: Operatión MSJ15A. In Proyecto Arqueologico Motul de San Jose: Informe # 3, Temporada de Campo 2000, edited by Antonia Foias y Jeannette Castellanos, pp. 29–52. Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Williams University, Williamstown, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Foias, Antonia E., and Sanchez, José 1999 Conclusiones de la Temporada de 1999. In Proyecto Arqueológico Motul de San José: Informe #2, Temporada de Campo 1999, edited by Antonia E. Foias, pp. 47. Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Williams University, Williamstown, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Fox, John W. 1980 Highland to Lowland Mexicanization Processes in Southern Mesoamerica. American Antiquity 45:43–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, John W. 1987 Maya Postclassic State Formation Segmentary Lineage Migration in Advancing Frontiers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fox, John W., and Cook, Garret 1996 Reconstructing Maya Communities: Ethnography for Archaeology. Current Anthropology 37(5):811–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freidel, David, Scheie, Linda, and Parker, Joy 1993 A Forest of Kings: the Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. W. Morrow, New York.Google Scholar
Freter, AnnCprrine 1994 The Classic Maya Collapse at Copan, Honduras: An Analysis of Maya Rural Settlement Pattern. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside, edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and Steven E. Falconer, pp. 160–176. Smithsonian University Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony 1984 The Constitution of Society. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 1999 Olmec Thrones as Ancestral Altars: The Two Sides of Power. In Material Symbols: Culture and Economy in Prehistory, edited by John E. Robb, pp. 224–256. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 26. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.Google Scholar
Glassie, Henry 1975 The Folk-Housing of Middle Virginia. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles W. 2003 The Politics of Warfare in the Usumacinta Basin: La Pasadita and the Realm of Bird Jaguar. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by M. Kathryn Brown, and Travis W. Stanton, pp. 31–48. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles W., Scherer, Andrew. K, Rene Muñoz, A., and Vasquez, Rosaura 2008 Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan: Divergent Political Trajectories in Adjacent Maya Polities. Latin American Antiquity 19:249–174.Google Scholar
Gonlin, Nancy 1993 Rural Household Archaeology at Copan, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University. University Microforms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Gonlin, Nancy 1994 Rural Household Diversity in Late Classic Copan, Honduras. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies, edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and Steven E. Falconer, pp. 177–197. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
González, Jason J. 1998 Domestic Architecture of Terminal Classic Seibal: Maya Identities, Transformations, and Culture Change. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth 2004 Lamanai Reloaded: Alive and Well in the Early Postclassic. In Archaeological Investigations in the Eastern Maya Lowlands, edited by Jaime Ave, John Morris, and Sherlyne Jones, pp. 223–241. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, Volume 1, Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and Health, Belize.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth 2006 An Ethnicity to Know. In Maya Ethnicity: the Construction of Ethnic Identity from Preclassic to Modern Times, edited by Frauke Sachse, pp. 109–124. Verlag Anton Sauerwein, Markt Schaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Guthe, Carl E. 1922 Report on the excavations at Tayasal. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook 21:318–319.Google Scholar
Hamblin, Nancy and Pitcher, Brian. L 1980 The Classic Maya Collapse: Testing Class Conflict Hypotheses. American Antiquity 45:246–267.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter D. 1970 The Central Acropolis, Tikal: A Preliminary Study of the Functions of Its Structural Components during the Late Classic Period. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. University Microforms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter D. 2001 Thrones and Throne Structures in the Central Acropolis of Tikal as an Expression of the Royal Court. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen D. Harrison, pp. 74–101. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter D. 2003 Palaces of the Royal Court of Tikal. In Maya Palaces and Elite Residence, edited by Jessica J. Christie, pp. 98–119. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1988 Musical Hammocks at Tikal: Problems with Reconstructing Household Composition. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Richard R. Wilk, and Wendy Ashmore, pp. 121–134. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian, and Cannon, Aubrey 1983 Where the Garbage Goes: Refuse Disposal in the Maya Highlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:117–163.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia 1987 The Uses of Maya Structures: A Study of Architecture and Artifact Distribution at Las Sepulturas, Copan, Honduras. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia 1991 Status and Power in Classic Maya Society: An Archaeological Study. American Anthropologist 93:894–918.Google Scholar
Hermes, Bernard, Noriega, Raul, Quintana, Oscar, and Würster, Wolfgang W. 2000 Resultados. In El sitio Maya de Topoxté: investigaciones en una isla del Lago Yaxhá, Petén, Guatemala, edited by Wolfgang W.Würster, pp. 34–52. Von Zabern, Main Am Rhein, Germany.Google Scholar
Hillier, Bill, and Hanson, Julienne 1984 The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles, and Connell, Samuel. V (Editors) 2003 Perspectives on Ancient Maya Social Complexity. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Ichon, Alain, Fauver-Bertholet, M.F., and Plocienak, C. 1980 Archéologie de sauvetage dans la Vallée due Río Chixoy: No. 2: Cavinal . Institut d’Ethnologie, Paris.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 1995 Archaeological Investigations at the Fortified Center of Aguateca, El Peten, Guatemala: Implications for the Study of the Classic Maya Collapse. Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. University Microforms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Johnston, Kevin J., and Gonlin, Nancy 1998 What do Houses Mean? Approaches to the Analysis of Classic Maya Commoner Residences. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Stephen D. Houston, pp. 141–186. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher 1969 The Twin Pyramid Group Pattern: A Classic Maya Architectural Assemblage at Tikal, Guatemala. Ph.D dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. University Microforms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Jones, Grant D. 1998 The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.Google Scholar
Jones, Grant D., Rice, Don. S, and Rice, Prudence. M 1981 The Location of Tayasal: A Reconsideration in Light of Peten Ethnohistory and Archaeology. American Antiquity 46:530–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Sian 1997 The A rchaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. Routledge Press, London.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A., and Johannesen, Sissel 1993 Abandonment and the Production of Archaeological Variability at Domestic Sites. In Abandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches, edited by Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomka, pp. 138–156. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A., and Gillespie, Susan. D (Editors) 2000 Beyond Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Kent, Susan 1984 Analyzing Activity Areas. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Kent, Susan (Editor) 1990 Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Killion, Thomas W. 1990 Cultivation Intensity and Residential Site Structure: An Ethnoarchaeological Examination of Peasant Agriculture at Sierra de Los Tuxtlas. Latin American Antiquity 3:22–32.Google Scholar
King, Eleanor, and Potter, Daniel. F 1994 Small Sites in Prehistoric Maya Socioeconomic Organization: A Perspective from Colha, Belize. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside, edited by Glenn W. Schwartz, and Steven E. Falconer, pp. 64–90. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Landa, Diego 1941 [1579] Relación de las cosas de Yucatán. Translated by Alfred M. Tozzer. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Volume 18. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Leventhal, Richard M. 1983 Household Groups and Classic Maya Religion. In Prehistoric Maya Settlement Patterns: Essays in Honor of Gordon R. Willey, edited by Evon Z. Vogt and Richard M. Leventhal, pp. 55–76. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon, and Valdez, Fred Jr. (Editors) 2004 Ancient Maya Commoners. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
López de Cogolludo, Diego 1971 Los tres siglos de la dominación española en Yucatan. Akadem, Graz, Austria.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A., and Isaac, Barry. L (editors) 1989 Prehistoric Maya Economies of Belize. Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement 4. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
McGuire, Randall H., and Schiffer, Michael. B 1983 A Theory of Architectural Design. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:277–303.Google Scholar
Mackie, Euan W. 1961 New Light on the End of the Classic Maya Culture at Benque Viejo, British Honduras. American Antiquity 27:216–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzanilla, Linda 1996 Corporate Groups and Domestic Activities at Teotihuacan. Latin American Antiquity 7:228–246.Google Scholar
Manzanilla, Linda, and Barba, Luis 1990 The Study of Activities in Classic Households: Two Case Studies from Coba and Teotihuacan. Ancient Mesoamerica 1:41–49.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1993 Ancient Maya Political Organization. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century, A.D., edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and John S. Henderson, pp. 111–183. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2000 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn 1997 Cultural Transformation at the Maya Postclassic Community of Laguna de On, Belize. Latin American Antiquity 8:293–317.Google Scholar
Miller, Mary Ellen 1998 A Design for Meaning. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Stephen D. Houston, pp. 187–222. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Moore, Jerry D. 1996 Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Moore, Jerry D. 2004 Cultural Landscapes in the Ancient Andes. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Moriarty, Matthew D. 2004 Settlement Archaeology at Motul de San José, Petén, Guatemala: Preliminary Results from the 1998–2003 Field Seasons. Mayab 17:1–30.Google Scholar
Noble, Sandra E. 1999 Maya Seats and Maya Seats-of-Authority. Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia. University Microforms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David 1986 Stability through Change: Lamanai, Belize, from the Ninth to the Seventeenth Century. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and E.W. Andrews V, pp. 223–250. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Peréz Rodríguez, Verónica 2006 States and Households: The Social Organization of Terrace Agriculture in Postclassic Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 17:3–22.Google Scholar
Plank, Shannon E. 2004 Maya Dwellings in Hieroglyphs and Archaeology: An Integrative Approach to Ancient Architecture and Spatial Cognition. BAR International Series 1324. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Plunket, Patricia, and Uruñuela, Gabriela 2002 Shrines, Ancestors and Volcanic Landscapes at Tetimpa, Puebla. In Domestic Ritual in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Patricia Plunket, pp. 31–42. Cotsen Institute for Archaeology, University of California at Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Pohl, Mary 1983 Maya Ritual Faunas: Vertebrate Remains from Burials, Caches, Caves, and Cenotes in the Maya Lowlands. In Civilization of the Ancient Americas: Essays in Honor of Gordon R. Willey, edited by Richard M. Leventhal and Alan L. Kolata, pp. 55–105. University of New Mexixco Press and Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W. 2001 Architecture, Ritual, and Social Identity at Late Post-classic Zacpetén, Petén, Guatemala: Identification of the Kowoj. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.Google Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W. 2002 Remembering Mayapán: Kowoj Domestic Architecture as Social Metaphor and Power. In The Dynamics of Power, edited by, Maria O’Donovan, pp. 301–323. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Papers No. 30. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W. 2003 The Exemplary Center of the Late Postclassic Kowoj Maya. Latin American Antiquity 14:408–430.Google Scholar
Pyburn, K. Anne 1989 Preclassic Maya Community and Settlement at Nohmul, Belize. BAR International Series 509. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S. 1986 The Peten Postclassic: A Settlement Perspective. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and E. Wyllys Andrews V, pp. 301–347. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S. 1988 Classic to Postclassic Household Transitions in the Central Peten, Guatemala. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Richard R. Wilk, and Wendy Ashmore, pp. 227–248. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S. 1996 Hydraulic Engineering in Central Petén, Guatemala: Ports and Interlacustrine Canals. In Arqueología mesoamericana a homenaje a William T. Sanders, edited by Alba Guadalupe Pastache and Jeffery R. Parsons, pp. 109–122. Arqueología Mexicana, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico D.F. Google Scholar
Rice, Don S., and Puleston, Dennis. E 1981 Ancient Maya Settlement Patterns of Peten. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Wendy Ashmore, pp. 121–157. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S., and Rice, Prudence. M 1990 Population Size and Population Change in the Central Peten Lakes Region,Guatemala. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by T. Patrick Culbert and Don S. Rice, pp. 123–148. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S., Rice, Prudence. M, and Pugh, Timothy. W 1998 Settlement Continuity and Change in the Central Peten Lakes Region: The Case of Zacpeten. In Anatomia de una civilización: aproximaciones interdisciplinarias a la cultura Maya, edited by Andres Ciudad Ruiz, Yolanda Fernandez Marquinez, Jose Miguel Garcia Campillo, M. Josefa Iglesias Ponce de Leon, Alfonso Lacadena Garcia-Gallo, and Luis T. Sanz Castro, pp. 207–252. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1987 Macanché Island, El Petén, Guatemala. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1996 Postclassic Censers around Lake Peten Itza, Guatemala, In Arqueología Mesoamericana: Homenaje a William T. Sanders, edited by Alba Guadalupe Mastache and Jeffery R. Parsons, pp. 123–135. Arqueología Mexicana, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico, D.F. Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., Demarest, Arthur. A, and Rice, Don. S 2004 The Terminal Classic and the “Classic Maya Collapse” in Perspective. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice, pp. 1–11. The University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don. S 1980 Informe Preliminar de “Proyecto Lacustre,” Peten, Guatemala: La Primera Temporada, 1979. Boletin de la escuela de ciencias antropologicas de la Universidad de Yucatán 8:75–90.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don. S 1982 Informe Preliminar de “Proyecto Lacustre,” Peten, Guatemala: La Segunda Temporada, 1980. Boletin de la escuela de ciencias antropologicas de la Universidad de Yucatan 10:39–42.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don. S 2004 Late Classic to Postclassic Transformations in the Petán Lakes Region, Guatemala. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice, pp. 125–139. The University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don. S 2005 Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Maya Political Geography in Central Petén, Guatemala. In The Postclassic to Spanish-Era Transition in Mesoamerica: Archaeological Perspectives, edited by Susan Kepecs and Rani T. Alexander, pp. 139–160. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M., Negrón, Tomás Gallerta and Bey, George J. III 1998 The Return of Quetzalcoatl: Evidence for the Spread of a World Religion during the Epiclassic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:183–232.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia 1999 Toward an Archaeology of Everyday Life: Maya Farmers of Chan Nòohol and Dos Chombitos Cik’in, Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. University Microforms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1973 Major Themes in the Past Hypotheses of the Maya Collapse. In The Classic Maya Collapse, edited by T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 21–34. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1975 Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A., and Willey, Gordon. R 1967 The Collapse of Maya Civilization in the Southern Lowlands: A Consideration of History and Process. Southwest Journal of Anthropology 23(4):311–336.Google Scholar
Santley, Robert S., and Hirth, Kenneth. G (Editors) 1993 Prehispanic Domestic Units in Western Mesoamerica: Studies of Household, Compound and Residence. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.Google Scholar
Saul, Frank P. 1973 Disease in the Maya Area the Pre-Columbian Evidence. In The Classic Maya Collapse, edited by T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 301–324. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda, Grube, Nikolai, and Boot, Erik. K 1995 Some Suggestions on the K’atun Prophecies in the Books of Chilam Balam in the Light of Classic-period History. Texas Notes on Precolumbian Art, Writing, and Culture, no. 72. Department of Art and Art History, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Glenn M., and Falconer, Stephen. E 1994 Rural Approaches to Complexity. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside, edited by Glenn W. Schwartz, and Stephen E. Falconer, pp. 1–9. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Schwartz, Glenn M., and Falconer, Stephen. E (Editors) 1994 Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Schwarz, Kevin R. 2003 Transformatión Clásica-Postclásica en patrones de asentamiento rurales: Las investigaciones del Islote Quexil Oriental, El Petén, Guatemala. In XVI Simposio de Investigaciones de Guatemala, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte and Hector Escobedo, pp. 70–91. National Institute of Anthropology and History, Guatemala City, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Schwarz, Kevin R. 2004 Understanding Classic to Postclassic Household and Community Spatial Transformation: The Rural Maya of the Quexil-Petenxil Basins, Guatemala. Unpublished Ph.D.; dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen J. 1989 Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity. Routledge Press, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, Alfred L. 1962 Residential and Associated Structures at Mayapan. In Mayapan, Yucatan, Mexico, edited by H.E.D. Pollock, Ralph L. Roys, T. Proskouriakoff, Alfred L. Smith, pp. 165–320. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 619. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E., and Gifford, James. C 1966 Maya Ceramic Varieties, Types, and Wares at Uaxactun: Supplement to “Ceramic Sequence at Uaxactun, Guatamala,” In Middle America Research Records, Volume 3, edited by Margaret A.L. Harrison and Robert Wauchope, pp. 125–174. Middle America Research Institute, Tulane University.Google Scholar
Tate, Carolyn E. 1992 Yaxchilan: The Design of a Maya Ceremonial City. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric 1954 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric 1970 Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair 1988a Excavations at Seibal: Department of Peten, Guatemala: Peripheral Survey and Excavation- Settlement and Community Patterns. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Volume 16, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair 1988b Developmental Cycles of Households and Houses at Seibal. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Wendy Ashmore and Richard R. Wilk, pp. 97–121. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair, and González, Jason J. 2004 The Last Hurrah: Continuity and Transformation at Seibal. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice, pp. 60–82. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Valdés, Juan Antonio 2001 Palaces and Thrones Tied to the Destiny of the Royal Courts in the Maya Lowlands. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 138–164. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, Juan 1983 [1701] History of the Conquest of the Province of the Itza. Translated by Frank Comparato. Labyrinthos, Culver City, California.Google Scholar
Wauchope, Robert 1938 Modern Maya Houses: A Study of Their Archaeological Significance. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, No. 502. Carnegie Institution. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Webster, David 2002 The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. Thames & Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Welsh, Bruce. M. 1988 An Analysis of Classic Lowland Maya Burials. BAR International Series 409. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilk, Richard R., and Ashmore, Wendy (editors) 1988 Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Wilk, Richard R., and Rathje, William 1982 Archaeology of the Household: Building a Prehistory of Domestic Life. American Behavioral Scientist 25:617–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Würster, Wolfgang W. (Editor) 2000 El Sitio Maya De Topoxté: Investigaciones en una isla del lago Yaxhá, Petén, Von Zabern, Main Am Rhein, Germany.Google Scholar