Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T04:49:17.730Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Fall of the Moche: A Critique of Claims for South America’s First State

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jeffrey Quilter  and
Michele L. Koons
Jeffrey Quilter
Affiliation:
Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138 (quilter@fas.harvard.edu)
Michele L. Koons
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138 (mkoons@fas.harvard.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Moche archaeological culture of the North Coast of Peru has been reified into a political system and claimed as the first state in South America. While some recent scholarship has reduced the size of the proposed state, the idea of Moche as a distinct political, social, or ethnic entity remains. In this article we demonstrate that even by the “classic” neoevolutionary theory of the 1960s—1980s the criteria for Moche statehood were not met. We suggest that neoevolutionary models for one or more Moche states are inadequate for understanding an archaeological culture that endured for more than six centuries, and we offer suggestions for directions for future research.

La cultura arqueológica Moche, de la costa norte del Perú, ha sido concebida como un sistema político y declarada el primer estado en Sudamérica. Aún cuando recientes investigaciones han reducido el tamaño del supuesto estado moche, la conceptualización de los moche como una entidad política, social y étnica distinguible aún subsiste. En este artículo demostramos cómo, aún bajo los estándares “clásicos” del neoevolucionismo de las décadas del los años 1960s a los 1980s, nunca se cumplieron los criterios para considerar a los moche como un estado. Sugerimos que los modelos neoevolucionistas son inadecuados para definir a los moche como uno o varios estados y para entender una cultura arqueológica que se extendió por más de 600 años. Finalmente, of recemos sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , June 2012 , pp. 127 - 143
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Alva, Walter 1988 Discovering the New World’s Richest Unlooted Tomb. National Geographic 147(4):510–548.Google Scholar
Alva, Walter 1994 Sipán. Cervecería Backus y Johnston, Lima.Google Scholar
Alva, Walter 1999 Sipán, descubrimiento e investigatión. Cervecería Backus y Johnston, Lima.Google Scholar
Alva, Walter, and Donnan, Christopher B. 1993 The Royal Tombs of Sipán. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Arkush, Elizabeth, and Stanish, Charles 2005 Interpreting Conflict in the Ancient Andes. Current Anthropology 46:3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atwood, Roger 2010 Lord of Úcupe. Archaeology 63:21.Google Scholar
Bankes, George 1980 Moche Pottery from Peru. British Museum, London.Google Scholar
Bawden, Garth 1996 The Moche. Blackwell, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Bawden, Garth 2004 The Art of Moche Politics. In Andean Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman, pp. 116–129. Blackwell, Maiden, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Benson, Elizabeth P. 1972 The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. Praeger, New York and Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Berezkin, Yuri 1980 An Identification of Anthropomorphic Mythological Personages in Moche Representations. Ñawpa Pacha 18:1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berezkin, Yuri 1987 Moche Society and Iconography. In Pre-Columbian Collections in European Museums, edited by Anne-Marie Hocquenghem, Peter Tamási, and Christine Villain-Gandossi, pp. 210–211. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.Google Scholar
Berezkin, Yuri 1990 Estructura social de la civilización mochica y su reflejo en la iconografóa [in Russian with a Spanish abstract]. In Problemy arkheologii i drevnei istorii stran Latinskoi Ameriki, edited by Vladimir A. Bashilov, pp. 223–247. Nauka, Moscow.Google Scholar
Billman, Brian R. 1996 The Evolution of Prehistoric Political Organizations in the Moche Valley, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Billman, Brian R. 2002 Irrigation and the Origins of the Southern Moche State on the North Coast of Peru. Latin American Antiquity 13:371–400.Google Scholar
Billman, Brian R. 2010 How Moche Rulers came to Power. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 181–200. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Bonavia, Ducco, and Makowski, Krzysztof 1999 Las pinturas murales de Pañamarca. Iconos: revista peruana de conservatión, arte y arqueología 2:40–54.Google Scholar
Bourget, Steve 2001 Rituals of Sacrifice: Its Practice at Huaca de la Luna and its Representation in Moche Iconography. In Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru, edited by Joanne Pillsbury, pp. 89–109. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Bourget, Steve 2010 Cultural Assignations during the Early Intermediate Period: The Case of Huancaco, Virú Valley. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 199–220. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Cárdenas Martín, Mercedes 1976 Informe preliminar del trabajo de campo en el Valle de Chao (Departamento de La Libertad). Instituto Riva Agüero, Seminario de Arqueología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Butters, Castillo, Jaime, Luis 1989 Personajes míticos, escenas y narraciones en la iconografía mochica. Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Butters, Castillo, Jaime, Luis 1993 Prácticas funerarias, poder e ideología en la sociedad moche tardía: El Proyecto Arqueológico San José de Moro. Gaceta Arqueológico Andina 23:61–76.Google Scholar
Butters, Castillo, Jaime, Luis 1996 La tumba de la sacerdotisa de San José de Moro. Centro Cultural de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Butters, Castillo, Jaime, Luis 2010 Moche Politics in the Jequetepeque Valley: A Case for Political Opportunism. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 83–109. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Butters, Castillo, Jaime, Luis, and Donnan, Christopher B. 1994 Los mochicas del norte y los mochicas del sur. In Vicús, edited by Krzysztof Makowski, Christopher B. Donnan, and Iván Amaro Bullon, pp. 143–176. Banco de Crédito del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Butters, Castillo, Jaime, Luis, and Castillo, Santiago Uceda 2008 The Mochicas. In Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, pp. 707–730. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butters, Castillo, Jaime, Luis, and Quilter, Jeffrey 2010 Many Moche Models: An Overview of Past and Current Theories and Research on Moche Political Organization. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo B., pp. 1–16. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Chapdelaine, Claude 2008 Moche Art Style in the Santa Valley: Between Being “à la mode” and Developing a Provincial Identity. In The Art and Archaeology of the Moche: An Ancient Andean Society of the Peruvian North Coast, edited by Steve Bourget and Kimberly L. Jones, pp. 129–152. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Chapdelaine, Claude 2010 Moche Political Organization in the Santa Valley: A Case of D irect Rule Through Gradual Control of the Local Population. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 250–277. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Chapdelaine, Claude 2011 Recent Advances in Moche Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research (19):191–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapdelaine, Claude, Pimentel, Victor, and Gamboa, Jorge 2009 Gallinazo Cultural Identity in the Lower Santa Valley: Ceramics, Architecture, Burial Patterns, and Sociopolitical Organization. In Gallinazo: An Early Cultural Tradition on the Peruvian North Coast, edited by Jean-Francois Millaire with Magali Morlion.pp. 181–206. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Collier, Donald 1955 Cultural Chronology and Change as Reflected in the Ceramics of the Virú Valley, Peru. Fieldiana Anthropology v. 43. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.Google Scholar
Daggett, Richard 1983 Megalithic Sites in the Nepeña Valley, Peru. In Investigations of the Andean Past, edited by Daniel H. Sandweiss, pp. 75–97. Cornell University Latin American Program, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Daggett, Richard 1984 The Early Horizon Occupation of the Nepeña Valley, North Central Coast of Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Dillehay, Tom D. 2001 Town and Country in Late Moche Times: A View from Two Northern Valleys. In Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru, edited by Joanne Pillsbury, pp. 259–283. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Dillehay, Tom D., Kolata, Alan L., and Swenson, Edward 2009 Paisajes culturales en el Valle de Jequetepeque: los yacimientos arqueológicos. Ediciones Sian, Trujillo and Lima.Google Scholar
Donnan, Christopher B. 1973 Moche Occupation of the Santa Valley, Peru. University of California Publications in Anthropology Vol. 8. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Donnan, Christopher B. 1976 Moche Art and Iconography. Latin American Studies 33. University of California, Los Angeles, Latin American Center, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Donnan, Christopher B. 1978 Moche Art of Peru: Pre-Columbian Symbolic Communication. Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Donnan, Christopher B. 2009 The Gallinazo Illusion. In Gallinazo: An Early Cultural Tradition on the Peruvian North Coast, edited by Jean-François Millaire with Magali Morlion, pp. 17–32. University of California, Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Donnan, Christopher B. 2010 Moche State Religion: A Unifying Force in Moche Political Organization. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 47–69. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Donnan, Christopher B., and Mackey, Carol J. 1978 Ancient Burial Patterns of the Moche Valley, Peru. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Donnan, Christopher B., and Cock, Guillermo A. (editors) 1986 The Pacatnamu Papers, Vol. 1. Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Donnan, Christopher B., and Cock, Guillermo A. 1997 The Pacatnamu Papers, Vol. 2. The Moche Occupation. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Fagan, Brian M. 2008 World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction. 7 th ed. Pearson-Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Franco Jordán, Régulo, Mora, Cesar Gálvez, and Sánchez, Segundo Vásquez 1994 Arquitectura y decoración mochica en la Huaca Cao Viejo, Complejo El Brujo: resultados preliminares. In Moche:propuestas y prospectivas. Actas del Primer Coloquio Sobre la Cultura Moche (Trujillo, 12 al 16 de abril de 1993), Travaux de l’lnstitut Francais d’Etudes Andines, edited by Santiago Uceda and Elías Mujica t. 79, pp. 147–180. Universidad Nacional de la Libertad, Trujillo, Peru, and Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos; and Asociación Peruana para el Fomento de las Ciencias Sociales, Lima.Google Scholar
Franco Jordán, Régulo, Mora, Cesar Gálvez, and Sánchez, Segundo Vásquez 1999 Tumbas de cámara moche en la Plataforma Superior de la Huaca Cao Viejo, Complejo el Brujo. Programa Arqueologico Complejo El Brujo, Boletin 1:5–29.Google Scholar
Franco Jordán, Régulo, Mora, Cesar Gálvez, and Sánchez, Segundo Vásquez 2010 Moche Power and Ideology at the El Brujo Complex and in the Chicama Valley. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 110–131. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Fried, Morton H. 1967 The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Golte, Jürgen 1994 Iconos y narraciones: la reconstrucción de una sequencia de imágenes moche. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Gose, Peter 1996 Oracles, Divine Kingship, and Political Representation in the Inka state. Ethnohistory 43:1–32.Google Scholar
Haas, Jonathan 1982 The Evolution of the Prehistoric State. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Haas, Jonathan 1985 Excavations on Huaca Grande: An Initial View of the Elite at Pampa Grande. Journal of Field Archaeology 12:391–109.Google Scholar
Haas, Jonathan 1987 The Exercise of Power in Early Andean State Development. In The Origins and Development of the Andean State, edited by Jonathan Haas, Sheila Pozorski, and Thomas Pozorski, pp. 31–35. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hastings, Charles M., and Moseley, Michael E. 1975 The Adobes of Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna. American Antiquity 40:196–203.Google Scholar
Hecker, Gisela, and Hecker, Wolfgang 1985 Pacatnamú y sus construcciones: centra religioso pre-hispánico en la Costa Norte Peruana. Publicación dentro del proyecto de edición del legado científico de Heinrich Ubbelohde-Doering. M. Vervuert, Frankfurt.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hocquenghem, Anne Marie 1987 Iconografía Mochica. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fondo Editorial, Lima.Google Scholar
Isbell, William H., and Schreiber, Katharina J. 1978 Was Huari A State? American Antiquity 43:372–379.Google Scholar
Jones, Grant D., and Kautz, Robert R. 1981 The Transition to Statehood in the New World. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kaulicke, Peter 1991 Moche, Vicús Moche, y el Mochica Temprano. Boletín del Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos 21: 853–903.Google Scholar
Kent, Jonathan D., Tham, Teresa Rosales, Sánchez, Victor Vásquez, Busch, Richard A., and Gaither, Catherine M. 2009 Gallinazo and Moche at the Santa Rita B Archaeological Complex, Middle Chao valley. In Gallinazo: An Early Cultural Tradition on the Peruvian North Coast, edited by Jean-François Millaire with Magali Morlion, pp. 167–179. University of California, Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koons, Michele L. 2011 Moche in the Middle Horizon: Licapa II and the (Late?) Moche Phenomenon. Paper presented at a round-table at Dumbarton Oaks, Times of Change, Changes of Time: An Inquiry about Absolute and Relative Chronologies of the Moche from Northern Peru, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Kosok, Paul 1965 Life, Land, and Water in Ancient Peru. Long Island University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1930 Archaeological Explorations in Peru, Part II, The Northern Coast. Anthropology Memoirs Vol. 2, pp. 45–116. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.Google Scholar
Lansing, J. Stephen 1993 Emergent Properties of Balinese Water Temples, American Anthropologist 95:97–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larco Hoyle, Rafael 1938 Los Mochicas, Tomo I. Casa Editora La Crónica y Variedades, Lima.Google Scholar
Larco Hoyle, Rafael 1939 Los Mochicas, Tomo II. Empresa Editorial Rimac, Lima.Google Scholar
Larco Hoyle, Rafael 1945 Los Mochicas (Pre-Chimu de Uhle y Early Chimu de Kroeber). Sociedad Geográfica Americana, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Lau, Geroge 2011 Andean Expressions: Art and Archaeology of the Recuay Culture. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Lockard, Gregory D. 2009 The Occupational History of Galindo, Moche Valley, Peru. Latin American Antiquity 20:279–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacCormack, Sabine 1991 Religion in the Andes: Vision and Imagination in Early Colonial Peru. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Maisels, Charles 2010 The Archaeology of Politics and Power: Where, When, and Why the First States Formed. Oxbow Press, The David Brown Book Company, Oakville, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Makowski, Krzysztof 1996 Los seres radiantes, el águila y el búho. La imagen de la divinidad en la cultura mochica, s.II-VIIl d.C., Costa Norte del Perú. In Imágeries y mitos. Ensayos sobre las artes figurativas en los Andes prehispánicos, edited by Krzysztof Makowski, Iván Amaro Bullon, and Max Hernández, pp. 113–133. Fondo Editorial SIDEA y Australis, Lima.Google Scholar
Makowski, Krzysztof 2010 Religion, Ethnic Identity, and Power in the Moche World: A View from the Frontiers. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 280–305. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Millaire, Jean-François 2009 Gallinazo and the Tradición Norcosteña. In Gallinazo: An Early Cultural Tradition on the Peruvian North Coast, edited by Jean-François Millaire with Magali Morlion, pp. 1–17. University of California, Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Millaire, Jean-François 2010a Moche Political Expansionism as Viewed from Virú: Recent Archaeological Work in the Close Periphery of a Hegemonic City-State System. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 221–249. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Millaire, Jean-François 2010b Primary State Formation in the Virú Valley, North Coast of Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 107(14):6186–6191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millaire, Jean-François, with Morlion, Magali (editors) 2009 Gallinazo: An Early Cultural Tradition on the Peruvian North Coast. University of California, Los Angeles, The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Moseley, Michael E. 1992 The Incas and their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. Thames and Hudson, London and New York.Google Scholar
Moseley, Michael E. 2001 The Incas and their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. Revised ed. Thames and Hudson, London and New York.Google Scholar
Moseley, Michael E., and Day, Kent C. 1982 Chan Chan, Andean Desert City. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Mujica Barreda, Elías 2007 El Brujo: Huaca Cao, centro ceremonial moche en el Valle de Chicama/El Brujo: Huaca Cao, A Moche Ceremonial Center in the Chicama Valley. Fundación Wiese, Lima.Google Scholar
Narváez, Alfredo 1994 La mina: una tumba Moche I en el Valle de Jequetepeque. In Moche: propuestas y perspectivas. Actas del Primer Coloquio sobre la Cultura Moche (Trujillo, 12 al 16 de abril de 1993), Travaux de l’lnstitut Français d’Etudes Andines t. 79, edited by Santiago Uceda and Elías Mujica, pp. 59–81. Universidad Nacional de la Libertad, Trujillo, Peru, and Institute Francés de Estudios Andinos y Asociación Peruana para el Fomento de las Ciencias Sociales, Lima.Google Scholar
Netherly, Patricia J. 1984 The Management of Late Andean Irrigation Systems on the North Coast of Peru. American Antiquity 49:227–254.Google Scholar
Netherly, Patricia J. 1988 From Event to Process: The Recovery of Late Andean Organization Structure by Means of Spanish Colonial Written Records. In Peruvian Prehistory: An Overview of the Pre-Inca and Inca Society, edited by Richard W. Keatinge, pp. 257–275. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Netherly, Patricia J. 1993 The Nature of Andean State. In Configurations of Power: Holistic Anthropology in Theory and Practice, edited by John S. Henderson and Patricia J. Netherly, pp. 11–35. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Patterson Thomas, C. 1971 Chavín: An Interpretation of Its Spread and Influence. In Dumbarton Oaks Conference on Chavín, edited by Elizabeth P. Benson, pp. 29–48. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Patterson Thomas, C. 1985a The Huaca La Florida, Rimac Valley, Peru. In Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes, edited by Christopher B. Donnan, pp. 59–69. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Patterson Thomas, C. 1985b Pachacamac, An Andean Oracle Under Inca Rule. In Recent Studies in Andean Prehistory and Protohistory, edited by D. Peter Kvietok and Daniel H. Sandweiss, pp. 133–149. Cornell Latin American Studies Program, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Pauketat, Timothy R. 2007 Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions. Altamira Press, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Pozorski, Shelia, and Pozorski, Tom 2003 La arquitectura residencial y la subsistencia de los habitantes del sitio de Moche: evidencia recuperada por el Proyecto Chan Chan - Valle de Moche. In Moche: hacia el final del milenio: Actas del Segundo Coloquio sobre la Cultura Moche: Trujillo, 1 a 7 de agosto de 1999, la editión, vol. I, edited by Santiago Uceda and Elías Mujica, pp. 119–150. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, and Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Peru.Google Scholar
Proulx, Donald A. 1973 Archaeological Investigations in the Nepeña Valley, Peru. Research Report No. 13. Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Proulx, Donald A. 1985 An Analysis of the Early Cultural Sequence in the Nepeña Valley, Peru. Research Report Number 25. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Quilter, Jeffrey 1990 The Moche Revolt of the Objects. Latin American Antiquity 1:42–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quilter, Jeffrey 1997 The Narrative Approach to Moche Iconography. Latin American Antiquity 8:113–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quilter, Jeffrey 2002 Moche Politics, Religion, and Warfare. Journal of World Prehistory 16:145–195.Google Scholar
Quilter, Jeffrey 2008 Art and Moche Martial Arts. In The Art and Archaeology of the Moche, edited by Steve Bourget and Kimberly L. Jones, pp. 215–228. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quilter, Jeffrey 2010 Moche: Media and Messages. Peabody Museum Press, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Quilter, Jeffrey, and Castillo Butters, Luis Jaime (editors) 2010 New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Quilter, Jeffrey, Régulo Franco, J., César Galvez, M., Doonan, William, Gaither, Catherine, Vásquez, Victor F. Rosales T., Teresa E., Jaime Jiménez, S., Starratt, Hal, and Koons, Michele L. 2012 The Well and the Huaca: Ceremony, Chronology, and Culture Change at Huaca Cao Viejo, Chicama Valley, Peru. Andean Past 10:101–131.Google Scholar
Ramírez, Susan E. 1995 De Pescadores y agricultores: una historia local de la gente del Valle de Chicama antes de 1565. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Átudes Andines 24:245–279.Google Scholar
Ramírez, Susan E. 1996 The World Upside Down: Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.Google Scholar
Ramírez, Susan E. 2005 To Feed and be Fed: The Cosmological Bases of Authority and Identity in the Andes. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.Google Scholar
Rowe, John H. 1954 Max Uhle, 1856–1944, A Memoir of the Father of Peruvian Archaeology. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology (46)1:1–134.Google Scholar
Russell, Glenn, and Leonard, Bankes 1992 Informe preliminar: proyecto reconocimiento arqueologico del Chicama, resultados de laprimera temporada de campo, 1989. Institute Nacional de Cultura, Lima.Google Scholar
Schaedel, Richard P. 1951 Mochica Murals at Pañamarca. Archaeology 4(3): 145–154.Google Scholar
Schaedel, Richard P. 1985 The Transition from Chiefdom to State in Northern Peru. In Development and Decline: The Evolution of Sociopolitical Organization, edited by Henri J. M. Claessen, Pieter van de Velde and M. Estellie Smith, pp. 156–269. Bergin and Garvey, South Hadley, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Service, Elman R. 1962 Primitive Social Organization, An Evolutionary Perspective. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Service, Elman R. 1975 Origins of the State and Civilization: The Process of Cultural Evolution. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Shimada, Izumi 1994 Pampa Grande and the Moche Culture. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Shimada, Izumi 2010 Moche Sociopolitical Organization: Rethinking the Data, Approaches, and Models. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 68–80. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam. T. 2003 The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Spencer, Charles S., and Redmond, Elsa M. 2004 State Formation in Mesoamerica. Annual Review of Anthropology 33:173–199.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 2001 The Origin of State in South America. Annual Review in Anthropology 30:41–64.Google Scholar
Strong, William D., and Evans, Clifford Jr. 1952 Cultural Stratigraphy in the Virú Valley, Northern Peru: The Formative and Florescent Epochs. Columbia Studies in Archaeology and Anthropology Vol. 4. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Swenson, Edward R. 2006 Competitive Feasting, Religious Pluralism, and Decentralized Power in the Late Moche Period. In Andean Archaeology III: North and South, edited by William H. Isbell and Helaine Silverman, pp. 112–143. Springer/Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Swenson, Edward R. 2007 Adaptive Strategies or Ideological Innovations? Interpretive Sociopolitical Developments in the Jequetepeque Valley of Peru during the Late Moche Period. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:253–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swenson, Edward R. 2011 Stagecraft and the Politics of Spectacle in Ancient Peru. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21(2):285–315.Google Scholar
Topic Teresa, L., and Topic, John 1997a La guerra mochica. SIAN: Revista Aqueológica 4:10–12.Google Scholar
Topic Teresa, L., and Topic, John 1997b Hacia una comprensión conceptual de la guerra andina. In Arqueología, antropología e historia en los Andes: homenaje a María Rostworowski, edited by Rafael Varón Gabai and Javier Flores Espinoza, pp. 567–590. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos and Banco Central de Reserva del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Ubbelohde-Doering, Heinrich 1983 Vorspanische Gräber von Pacatnamú, Nordperu. Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie Bd. 26. C.H. Beck, Munich.Google Scholar
Uceda Castillo, Santiago 1997 El poder y la muerte en la sociedad moche. In Investigaciones en la Huaca de la Luna 1995, edited by Santi ago Uceda, Elías Mujica, and Ricardo Morales, pp. 177–188. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional de La Libertad, Trujillo, Peru.Google Scholar
Uceda Castillo, Santiago 2001 Investigations at Huaca de la Luna, Moche Valley: An Example of Moche Religious Architecture. In Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru, edited by Joanne Pillsbury, pp. 47–67. National Gallery of Art., Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Uceda Castillo, Santiago 2010 Theocracy and Secularism: Relationships Between the Temple and Urban Nucleus and Political Change at the Huacas de Moche. In New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization, edited by Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, pp. 130–158. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Uhle, Max 1913 Die Runinen von Moche. Journal de la Société des Americanistes de Paris 10:95–117.Google Scholar
Uhle, Max 1915 Las Ruinas de Moche. Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima 30(3–4):57–71.Google Scholar
Verano, John 1998 Sacrificios humanos, desmembramientos y modificaciones culturales en restos osteológicos: Evidencias de las temporadas de investigation 1995–96 en Huaca de la Luna. In Investigaciones en la Huaca de la Luna 1995–1996, edited by Santiago Uceda, Elías Mujica, and Ricardo Morales, pp. 159–171. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional de la Libertad, Trujillo, Peru.Google Scholar
Verano, John 2001 War and Death in the Moche World: Osteological Evidence and Visual discourse. In Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru, edited by Joanne Pillsbury, pp. 111–125. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1953 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Virú Valley, Peru. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 155. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1988 Portraits in American Archaeology: Remembrances of Some Distinguished Americanists. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Wilson, David J. 1983 The Origins and Development of Complex Prehispanic Society in the lower Santa Valley, Peru: Implications for Theories of State Origins. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:209–276.Google Scholar
Wilson, David J. 1988 Pre-Hispanic Settlement Patterns in the Lower Santa valley, Peru: A Regional Perspective on the Origins and Development of Complex North Coast Society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Yoffee, Norman 2005 Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States and Civilizations. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar